Muscle systerm

Smooth muscles (involuntary muscles)

- Smooth muscles are usually in
sheets, or layers, with one layer of
muscle behind the other.
- The brain and body tell these muscles
what to do without a person even
thinking about it.
- Smooth muscle is found in the walls of hollow
organs, including
the stomach, intestines, bladder and uterus.
- Smooth muscles are at work all over the body.
- Functions
+ In the stomach and digestive system, they
contract and relax to allow food to make its
journey through the body.
+ Smooth muscles come in handy if a person
is sick and needs throw up. The muscles push
the food back out of the stomach so it comes
up through the esophagus and out of the
mouth.
+ Smooth muscles are also found in the
bladder. When they’re relaxed, they allow a
person to hold in urine until they can get to
the bathroom. They then contract so that
urine can be pushed out.
+ In the eyes, the ciliary muscles, iris dilator
muscle, and iris sphincter muscle are types
of smooth muscles.
+ In the skin, smooth muscle cells such as
those of the arrector pili cause hair to stand
erect in response to cold temperature or fear.
Cardiac muscle, in vertebrates, one of three major
muscle types, found only in the heart. Cardiac muscle is similar to skeletal
muscle, another major muscle type, in that it possesses contractile units known
as sarcomeres; this feature, however, also distinguishes it from smooth muscle,
the third muscle type. Cardiac muscle differs from skeletal muscle in that it
exhibits rhythmic contractions and is not under voluntary control. The rhythmic
contraction of cardiac muscle is regulated by the sinoatrial node of the heart,
which serves as the heart’s pacemaker
- The heart is made up of three layers
+ Pericardium : The pericardium is a fibrous sac surrounding the heart,
consisting of the epicardium, pericardial space, parietal pericardium, and fibrous
pericardium.
+ Myocardium: The cardiac muscle is responsible for the contractility of the
heart and, therefore, the pumping action. The cardiac muscle must contract with
enough force and enough blood to supply the metabolic demands of the entire
body. This concept is termed cardiac output and is defined as heart rate x stroke
volume, which is determined by the contractile forces of the cardiac muscle and
the frequency at which they are activated
+ Endocardium: The endocardium is not cardiac muscle and is comprised of
simple squamous epithelial cells and forms the inner lining of the heart
chambers and valves.
Skeletal Muscle
- Skeletal muscle, also
known as voluntary
muscle, in vertebrates, is
the most common of the
three types of muscle in
the body.
- These are the muscles that
cover the bones provide
strength and flexibility to
the body.Skeletal muscles
are held to the bones with
the help of tendons and
they work as special
connector pieces between bone and muscle.
- Similar to cardiac muscle, however, skeletal muscle is striated; The long,
thin, multinucleated fibers of skeletal muscle have fine red and white
lines, giving the muscle a distinctive appearance. Skeletal muscle fibers
 are held together by connective tissue and communicate with nerves and
blood vessels.
- Unlike Smooth Muscle (stomach, intestines, most internal organs) and
Cardiac Muscle, skeletal muscle is under voluntary control. Skeletal
muscles come in many different sizes and shapes to allow them to do
many types of jobs biggest and most powerful muscles are in the back,
near the spine. These muscles help keep a person upright and standing
tall.
 Muscle systerm : Whether exerting physical energy to exercise, smiling,
frowning, crying, sleeping or are just relaxing, muscles are continuously at
work keeping the body functioning. Although there are three categories of
muscles and each work independently, they combine to keep the body alive,
healthy and in motion.

Skeletal system
The axial skeleton:
-The skeleton forms the framework of the body, protects vital organs and works
with the muscular system to produce movement
-It is divided for study into the axial skeleton(the skull,the spinal column and
the ribs, and the sternum) and the appendicular skeleton (limb bones,pelvis,belt
bone)
The axial skeleton consists:
1.the skull:
+protect the brain
+consists 8 cranial bones and 14 bones of the face
+ skull bones are joined by sutures, excepts
mandible,the temporal bone and the
temporomandibular joint
2.the spinal column:
+26 vertebrae of the spinal column are
divided into 5 regions: cervical, thoracic,
lumbar, thesacrum,the coccyx
+Between the vertebrae are disks of the
cartilage that add strength and flexibility to
spine
+protect the nerves of the spinal column

3.sternum
- shaped like a tie in the middle of
the chest and connects to the ribs
through cartilage, creating the front of the chest, thereby protect the heart,lung
and stomach
-the bones store minerals, when muberals are needed they will be released into
the blood.
- bones also form new red and white blood cell each day.
-new bone is still maed until a person reaches the age of thirty five and the bone
start to weaken when a person get much older

The appendicular skeleton:

This section forms the extremities of the body, which are the shoulder girdle,
arm bones, pelvic girdle and leg bones.
The shoulder girdle:
This structure is comprised of four
bones.
It’s made up of two clavicles,
known as the collar bone and two
scapulas, which are known as the
shoulder bones. Together, these
bones form the shoulder girdle to
which the arms bones attach to.
The arms are composed of three
bones.
The upper bone is known as the
humerus, which is categorized as a
long bone. The lower bones consist
of two bones, which are known as the radius
and the ulna.
Attached to the radius and the ulna are the
wrist bones, otherwise known as the eight
carpels.
Attached to the wrist bones are the hand
bones, which are comprised of five metacarpals. These bones form the palm of
the hand.
Attached to the wrist bones are fourteen phalanges, which form the fingers and
thumbs.
Pelvic gridle:
- A structure to
which the leg
bones are
attached.
- This structure is
made up of 2 os-
coxae or hip
bones. Each hip
bone is divided
into three
sections: the
ilium, the ischium
and the
symphysis or pubis.
- The leg bones are attached to the pelvis called the acetabulums.

Each leg consists of:

One femur or thigh bone. It is in the upper
leg and also be categorized as a long
bone.
Between the upper leg and lower leg is
the patella or knee cap.
The lower leg is composed of tibia and
fibula.
Tibia is known as the shin bone and fibula
runs parallel to tibia.
Attached to the lower leg are seven tarsals, known as the ankle bones.
Attached to the ankle bones are five metatarsals and attached to these bones are
fourteen phalanges, which are the toes.
Last but not at least of the leg bones is the heel of the foot, which is also known
as the calcaneus.
The place where two bones come together is called a joint.
The knee joint is the biggest and
the strongest joint in the body.
The joints are divided into three
categories defined how these joints
move:
Diarthrosis or synovial, means
freely movable.
Amphiarthrosis, means slightly
movable (disk be tween each
vertebrae).
Synarthrosis is immovable (suture
or joints of the cranium).

Lingaments and cartilage:

- Supportive structures for the joint
- Lingaments link bones together at the joints. They are very strong and
can stretch.
- Cartilage:
+ Lubricates joints, help the bones slide past each other without rubbing
together, help joints work smoothly.
+ Helps joints keep their shape while moving,
connects other tissues together and to your
bones.
+ Main tissue in some parts of the body
such as: nose, ears, trachea.

There are three types of cartilage:

- Hyaline cartilage
It lines the joints and caps the end of the bones
Locations: Between the ribs, in the nasal
passages, at the ends of the bones that form
joints.
Fibrocartilage:
The strongest and the least flexible of three
types.
It is tough enough to hold parts of the body
and absord impacts, support muscles, tendons
and ligaments throughout the body.
Locations in the body:
The meniscus in the knee
In disks between the vertebrae in the spine.
Elastic cartilage:
The most flexible cartilage.
It supports parts of the body that need to bend and move to function.
It can bounce back to its original shape.
Locations in the body:
The external ears (the parts of the ears that are outside the body)
The larynx