-·

Trigonometric Ratios And Identities

Tl1c word tr·igonoil means 3 triangle and tJ1c word metron means a measurement.
science of measuring triangles. I tcnce trigononietr
Y mean s the

SYSTEMS OF MEASUREMENT OF
ANG LES
There are three systems for measuring angle
s
I. Sexagesimal or English system
2. Centesimal or French system
3. Circular system
Sexagcsimal system : The principal unit
in this syst c~ is ~c~ cc ~0 ) . One right angl
and each part is called one degree ( I0 ) e is divided into 90 equal part
• One degree ~s d1v1
minute and is denoted by (I'). One minute dcd mto 60 equa l parts and each part is called one
is equally divided into 60 equal parts and
(I"). each part is called one second
In Mathematical form :
One right angle 90° (Read as 90 degrees )
10 60' (Read as 60 minutes )
1' 60" (Read as 60 seconds )
Centesimal system : The principal unit
in this system is grade and is denoted by
into I 00 equal parts, called grades, and (g). One right angle is divided
each grade is subdivided into I 00 minu
seconds. tes, and each minute into l00
In Mathematical form :
One right angles = lOOg (Read as 100
grades)
I g = I 00' . (Read as I 00 minutes)
I' = 100" (Read as JOO seconds)
Circ ular system : In circular system
the unit of measurement is radian. One
measure of an angle subtended at the cent radian, written as l c, is the
re of a circle by an arc of length equal
to the radius of the circle.
Rela tion betw een syst ems of mea sure
men t of angl es

TRIGONOM ETRICAL RATIOS OR

FUNCTIONS
Let a line OA make 0 angle with a fixed
line OX and AM is perpendicular from
triangle AMO, trigo nom etrical ratios
A on OX. Then in right -angled
(functions) with respect to 0 arc defmcd
as follows :
p y
sin 0 = - B p
H' cos{ ) ,- H, tan() = A
8
H H
coscc 0 sec() ~ - B p
p
B ' col (} -= P
Note : X
0 [l M
(i) c- ·
0 111c I 1· ·
c -rn 10s are ratios helwccn two sidi.:.s of a right angled trian I ••y •,re ren I
respec 1 to '·111 '·mgk ' so I tv. '
·
gle with
numhers .
(ii) 0 may be acul e angle or ob111 sc angl
e or right angle.

llJ
l2l Trigonometr ic Rall0$ and [dentines

SIGN OF TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS

(i) All ratios sin o, cos O, tan 0. cot o, six e and coscr:.-0
are positi ve in 1st q uadra nt.
(ii) sinO (or cosec 0) positive in Ilnd quadr ant.. rest
arc negati ve.
(iii) tan O (or cot 0 ) positi ve in Ill rd quad rant,
rest are negat ive.
(iv) cos 0 (or sec B) positi ve in IV th qua drant
, rest are negati ve.

DOMAIN AND RANGE OF A TRIG ONO MET RICA

L FUNCTION
lff : X ➔ Y is a function, defined on the set X, then
the doma in of the functi on f, writte n as Doma in is the set of
all independent variab les x, for which the image
f(x) is well defme d cleme nt ofY, called the co-do
main off.
Rang e off: X ➔ Y is the set of all image s f(x) which belong s to
Y , i.e.
Range f = {f(X) E Y :x EX} ~ Y

The domai n and range of trigon ometr ical functi ons

are tabula ted as follows

Trigo nome tric fun c tio n

Doma in Rang e

sinx R., the set of all the real numb er [-\ , I ]

cosx R - I ~ COS X !, I
tan x R - {(2n + 1)%, n EI} R
coscc x R - {nn,n e I} R - \ x :- l < x < l}
sec x R - {(2n +1)% ,n e l} R - { x: -1 < x < 1 }
cot x R - {nn,n e I} R
TRIG ONO MET RICA L RAT IOS OF STA NDA RD
ANG LES
Angle
➔
30° !:
45° 60° 90" 120<>
Ratio J. 135° 150' 1 180°
II I

r ·-
iI 1
0
2
r GR AP !-1 OF Dlc FE RE NT TRIGO
NOMET RIC AL RA TIO S
P.

r
... A ··-••2··v ;S ··~d. , ...
•• -.7. - :\JL_-s=r ..
C~\ p

.... . 1
-$ .--
,. =:ii\2.7.•.. ... 1S:..Z.C ..
. ..,.
2. •••• •. .

c~, x· --- 4-- '"- "'~.....__i,.._.;.

_:....~_....__....__ _4 X
12=
I
I
y

y-

ta n x

y
.'!\

ti \
I
I,
-

Tngrmorueu ic R2.110,, 1,·en u 1e~

[4 )

SUM AND DIFFERENCE FORMULA E

(i) sin(A + B) = sinA cosB - cosA s in B (ii) sin(.A - B ) = sin.A cosB - ~A ~111 B
(iii) cos(A + B) = cosA cosB - sinA sinB (i \') cos( A - B ) ·- cosA cosI3 - st.nA ~uill

tan A + tanB ta n A - la n B
( v) tan(A + B) = Ata B (vi) tan( A - B ) = 1 + tan A ta:18
1 -tan n

(vii) n
tan ( -+ a) 1+ -
=-
tan- e (viii)
\ 4 1-tan 8

cotAcotB-1 . colAcot B - 1
( ix) cot(A + B) =- - - - (x 1)
cot(A - B) - cotB - cot A
cot A + cotB
(xii) sin(A + B) sin(A-
. . 2B = cos 213 - cos 2 A
. 1 A - sm
8) = sm
(xiii) , · 2A
. 2 B = cos2 B - sm
cos(A + B) cos(A - B) = cos· A - sm
. 2tan0
(xiv) sin2 0 = 2sm 0 cos 0 = )
(1 ➔ tan 2 8
(xv) (cosA ± sin A ):= I ± sin 2A
2
(1 - tan 8) . . :: 2
(xvi) cos2 8 = (1 + tan 2 8)
= cos 2 8 - sm
2
0 =I- ~ sm 0 = 2 cos 8 - I

2tan e
(xvii) tan2 O =
1- tan 2 8

(xviii) Sin-=
2 '
A
. A ± p - cosA COS -=±
2
J1 +cos 2
A
2

(xix) A =± ✓1-cosA
tan-
2 1 ➔ coA

3tanA - tan 3 A
(xx)tan3A= _ tan 2 A (A ., n.1r + 1r/6)
1 3

FORMULAE FOR TRANSFORMATION OF SUM OR DIFFERENCE INTO PRODUCT

(i) sine + sinD = 2sin { (C ; D) }cos{(C; D)}

(ii) sine - sinD = 2cos { (C; D) } sin{ (C ; D) }

(iii) cose + cosD = 2cos {(C;D)}cos{<C;D)}

(iv) cosC - cosD = 2sin re; D)} sin {<D ; C)}

AcosB
sin-
sinB - - ± cosAsin B
(v) - .,., __
= -sinA - -- --- sin( A =B) ; A = n;; _ ..'.:. B"' mr. ·
tanA ± tanB
cos A - cos B - cos A cos B = cosAcosB ' 2 ;
 ..

,:-;.
..,

, nir,ooomd,;, R,o;o, " '' Id'""""

( vi) sin(B i A) ( At n1r,B" m1c 1 n

cot/\ :l cotl3 """ - ' - -~
J
s inA s inB 2

1
(vii) cos A :r sinA =- Ji sin ( ¾:!: A) =- ./2. cor, ( ~- l AJ • t:rnA I r-,t.fl A - (:,ir1 /· i/,-./~1

(viii) I + tanA tan8 ~ cos(A -.~2. . I

cos AcosB
(ix) cotA - tanA '" 2cot2/\

(x)
. A
sm 2 + cos 2
A ,-- -
·· ± ✓1 -• sin A . ~Ill
. A
?. (,,{/~A? ) ,h ':)( /-

FORMULAE FOR TRANSFORMATION OF PRODUCT INTO SUM OH DIFFERD u:(

(i) 2sinA cosB = sin(A + B) + sin(/\ - B)
(ii) 2cosA sinB = sin(A + B) - sin(A - B)
( iii) 2cosA cosB = cos(A + B) + cos(A - B)
(iv) 2sinA sinB = cos(A -- B) - cos(A + B)

TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS OF SOME IMPORTANT ANGLES

. 1° J4- ✓2 - ✓6 1'' J4 ., ..J2 I ✓6

(i) Sin 7- = . (ii) cos 7 2 - 2../2
2 2./2

(✓3 - 1)
(iii) (iv) s inl5° = - - - = o .JS7 S'·
2✓ 2

(✓3+1)
(v) cosl5°=--;;;- = sin75° ( vi) tan 15° = 2 - ✓3 =cot75'·
2-.,2

(vii) cotl 5° =2 + ./3 =tan75° (viii) s in22..!.• =- ..!..J2 - ✓2

2 2

+ ✓2
0

..!..J2
1 0

(ix) cos22..!.
2
=
2
{x) tan22 - 0
.fi. - I
2
1° 2+ I . 1 Ir
(xi) cot22 - = ✓ (xii) - l} = cos72"
2
sml 8° =:
4 ( -.,5
1

• (xiii) cosl8° =
4 .J10 + 2✓5
1
=- sin72" (xiv) s in36" =~ .J10 - 2~ - cos54"

cosJ6° =
4 (.J5 + J) "" sin54°
(xv)

FORMULAE FOR SUM OF THREE ANGLES

(i) sin (A + B + C) ..., ·s1·nA '~' OS
• · 1~
,, ~, ··1 cos A s111
B co,·< (· '
~ cos , ~ co~
J\ cos B sm · ri s ·mC
· sm
· C, - !>mA
- cos A cos B cos C ( ta n/\ + tan B + tan C -- ta n A tern B tan C )
(ii)
cos (A + B + C) ~ cosA cosB cosC - sin/\ sinl3 cosC - sinA cos B si n C - co~J\ ~inB ~i11C
·- cos A cos l3 cos C ( I - tan A Ian 13 - Ian B Ian C - Ian C lan A)
 ,
.
l
(6)
Trio0 onometric Ratios and Identities

(ii~ tan A+ tanB + tanC -tan A tanBtanC

tan (A+ B + C) = 1-ta nAt anB -tan
Bta nC- tanC tanA
(iv) 4sin(60° -A) sinA sin(60° +A) = sin3
A
4cos(60° -A) cosA cos(60° +A )= cos3
A
tan(60° -A) tanA tan(60° +A) = tan3
A
CONDITIONAL IDENTITIES
(I) If A + B + C = 180° , then
(i) sin 2A + sin 2B + sin2C = 4 sin A sin
B sin C
(ii) sin 2A + sin 2B - sin 2C = 4 cosA cos
B sin C
(iii) sin (B + C -A) + sin (C + A- B) + sin
(A+ B -q = 4 sin A sin B sin C
(iv) cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C = -1-4 cos
A cos B cos C
(v) cos 2A + cos 2 B - cos 2C = I - 4 sinA
(2) lfA +B+ C=1 80°, then sin B cos C

(i) ·s + sm
'A + sm
sm · c = 4cos A cos B cos C
2 2 2
( ..) . . B
smA + sm . C . A . B
11 -sm = 4sm - sm -co s -C
2 2 2
(Ill
.. ;-,
,1 cos A + cos B + cosC = I + 4 sm
. A- sm
. -B sm
. C-
2 2 2
(iv) cosA + cosB - cos C = - 1 + 4 cos
~ cos ~ sin~
2 2 2
cosA + cosB + cosC
(v) sinBsinC sinCsinA sinAsinB = 2
(3) If A+ B + C = ,r , then
2
(i) sin A+ sin2B - sin2C = 2 sin A sin
2
B cos C
(ii) cos A + cos2B + cos2C = 1-2 cos
2 A cos B cos C
(iii) sin A + sin2B + sin2C = 2 + 2 cos
2
A cos B cosC
(iv) cos A+ cos2B - cos2C = 1- 2 sin
A sin B cos C
(4) lfA + B + C = ,r , then

(I.)
sm2 _A +sm
. 2B . 2 C
.
-+s m -= l -2s.m-s
A . B . C
m- sm-
2 2 2 2 2 2
..
(11) cos, -A +cos 2 -B +cos, -=
C .A .B . C
2+2 s1n- s111 - s1n-
2 2 2 2 2 2
...) . , A . , B . C
(111 sin - +sin -- sin 2 -= 1- 2cos -A cos-B C
2 2 2
sin -
2 2 2
(iv) cos, A +cos2 B - cos, C = 2cos A B C
2 2 cos sin
2
(5) 7l
2 2 2
2 , then
lfx + y + z =
2
(i) sin x + sin2y + sin2z = 1- 2 sin x
2
sin y sin z
(ii) cos x + cos2y + cos2z = 2 + 2 sin
x sin y sin z
t

frjgo°nometric Ratio s and Iden tities

(iii) sin2x + sin2y + sin 2z = 4 [7]

cos x cosy cos 2
(6) If A+ B + C = ,r , then
(i) tanA + tan B +
tan c = tan A tan B tan C
(ii) cotB cot C + cot C cot A+ cot A
cot B = 1
B C C A
(iii) tan - lan -+ta n-ta n-+ A B
2 tan -tan -= 1
2 2 2 2 2
A B C A
(iv) cot - + col -+ col -= col -co B c
2 t-co t-
2 2 2 2 2
MO THO D OF CO MP ON END O AND
DIV IDE NDO
P a
lf q= b , then by componcndo an divid
cndo we can write
p-q a-b
- - = - - O rq-p b-a
--=--
r+q a+b q+p b+a
p+q a+b
or - - = - - O rq+p b+a
--=--
p-q a-b q-p b - a
Not e :- Refe renc e of the abov e form ulae will
be given in the solutions of prob lems .

SO ME IMP OR TAN T RES ULT S

(i) - .Ja 2 + b 2 s a sin x + b cos x s .Ja2 + b 2

(ii) si n2x + cose c2 x ~ 2
(iii) cos2x + sec2 x ~ 2
(iv) tan2 x + cot 2 x ~ 2

{v)
1+ sinO
---
1-si nG
(n
=t an -+ -G) = secO +tan G
4 2

(vi)
1--sinO
- - = tan (n
1 +sin O
0)
- - - = secO - tanG
4 2
1+ cosG
(vii) cotO
-= cosecO ➔ cot0
1- cosO 2
1-co se G
(viii) tan -= cos ec0 -cot e
1+cos G 2
2
(ix) cos o . cos 20 . cos 2 O ............ cos 2
n--l sin 2" 0
O = 2 ., sine ; (o c1:. nn)
cosA + cos (A +B) + cos (A+ 213) sinn B/2 { 1 B}
(x) + .. ...... + cos {A+ ( 11 - I) R} = sinB /Z cos A + (n - ) 2

MIS CEL LAN EOU S POI NTS

(i) Som e usef ul iden titie s :
a) ( + + , _ rlan A -- tanA tanB
( Ian A B C) - tanC
,, t 1- L, an A Ian B
(b) tan() COi 0 - 2 cot 2 U
~ tanO . tan ( 60° -- o) .ta n ( 60° +
="'-

(c )
~ ta11A. 1a11B.tan(A+B)
tan3 0
o)(d ) t:rn (A·l ll) - tanA - tanB
1 .
(.:) s in() sin ( 60" - o) si n (60" + o)
= - sin3 0 (f) cus O cos ( (,0 ·- 0
0 ) • (( ()o I ( / ) "· ~ CO S 3(1
4 cos ' 4
pq Tngonom<'lric Ra110s and ldcn1ll1es

(llJ $<1111 ~ 11 ~('ful ~erie~ :

lA) &in a ➔ si n ( a + /J) + sin (a + 2/J) ......... + lo n tcn11S ""

,;+, [T)P JHi)] p,2n,
sinrn)
cos[a+(;:'}][sin(1-J.
1
)
(b) cos a ➔ cos ( a ➔ fJ) ➔ c-0s ( a ➔ 2 fJ )➔ .. ...... + lo n lcnns = s,n
. f . /J 1 2nn
(2)
(iii) Lca~t value of a sinx + b cos x + c is c - Ja' + b 2 and greatest va lue is c + Ja 2 + b2