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http://webct.ucsd.edu
Fri., 5:00-6:00 PM, 4254 Urey Hall Mid-term (in class, 35%), Fri., Feb. 10 Final (65%) ,Fri., Mar. 23 NO make up exams Gone over in sections
A01, 02, 03 A04, 08 A05, 06, 07
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Outline
Text Biochemistry (7th Edition). Berg, Tymoczko and Stryer, W. H. Freeman and Company, New York. 2011.
Topic
Carbohydrates Citric Acid Cycle, Oxidative Phosphorylation, Midterm Photosynthesis, Calvin Cycle (35%) Glycogen, Fatty Acids Proteins Nucleotides, Lipids
Time
Weeks 1-2 Weeks 2-5
Weeks 6-7
Weeks 7-8 Weeks 9-10 Weeks 10
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Final (65%)
Metabolic control
Problems from the textbook gone over in section the following week
Syllabus
<10%
10-15%
>15%
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<10%
10-15%
>15%
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and
type II diabetes
1.1 million people died of diabetes in 2005 (WHO)
50% increase expected over next 10 years
Childhood obesity
Metabolic syndrome Insulin resistance Hypertension Cardiovascular disease
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Left: adequate nutrition (weight 180lb; BMI 26.0 kg/m2) Right: 7 years of dietary restriction (weight 134lb; BMI 19.4 kg/m2)
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Important concepts
1. Overall principle 2. Difference between G and G0 3. Energy currency ATP and its equivalents 4. Coupled reactions (calculation)
5. Oxidation states
6. Typical carriers 7. Typical reacations
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Overall Principle
Metabolism
Catabolism
Break-down Generates energy (exergonic) Oxidation High-energy compounds (e.g., ATP) Requires energy (endergonic) Reduction
Anabolism
Synthesize Mechanical work Transport
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Catabolism
Anabolism
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C+D
Products
G 0
G RT ln Keq
'o
G Negative exergonic- Spontaneous reaction How does ratio of Products/Reactants affect reaction? ln( ) But, very hard More Products to know 100 + 4.61 than reactant and Reactants 10 + 2.3 product 1 0 concentrations in living cells 0.1 - 2.3 More Reactants use G than 0.01 - 4.6
Products
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Energy released from oxidation of metabolic fuels are conserved in synthesis of highenergy compounds
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High-Energy Compounds
Pi transferred spontaneously to ADP
Pi transferred spontaneously
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Electrostatic repulsion
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A+B
D+E
C+D
F+G
G + endergonic
G exergonic G + G = x
A+B+E
C+F+G
Gs are additive
Coupled Reactions
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Coupled Reactions
First step in breaking down glucose (i.e., glycolysis) is adding a phosphate to glucose. But, how do we get a phosphate on to glucose?
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High-Energy Compounds
Compounds above ATP can promote synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi
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Coupled Reactions
How do we get a phosphate on to ADP?
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degradation
oxidation
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The more reduced a carbon is to begin with, the more free energy is released by its oxidation
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Electronegativity
Carbon Dioxide d+
d+
H C H
d-
d-
C O
d+
d-
Hd+
Carbon owns 8 electrons reduced Carbon owns 0 electrons oxidized
Electronegativity Scale
Electron withdrawing
Linus Pauling, General Chemistry, W.H. Freeman, San Francisco, 1970. Chapter 6
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Activated carriers
Oxidized form: accept electron Reduced form: donate electron NAD+: R=H NADP+: R=PO32-
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Activated carriers
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Activated carriers
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Activated carriers
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Typical reactions
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Typical reactions
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Typical reactions
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Typical reactions
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Typical reactions
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Typical reactions
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B. Covalent modification
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Compartments
Glycolysis cytoplasm
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Organ Specialization
Liver gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose)
Summary
1. Metabolic reactions are coupled
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Important concepts
1. Overall principle 2. Difference between G and G0 3. Energy currency ATP and its equivalents 4. Coupled reactions (calculation)
5. Oxidation states
6. Typical carriers 7. Typical reacations
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