Unit-8 Chemical Reaction

Science (Project Work)

Class 10
Group
 Group Members

Saurav Subedi Himanshu Kunwar Aaditya Yadav

Kushal Gurung
Sachin Thapa

Ujjwal Bhandari Priyanshu Thapa

 Introduction
• The process in which a substance or
substances undergo change to produce new
substances with new properties is called
chemical reaction.
• The substances which take part in a
chemical reaction are called reactants.
• The substances obtained from a chemical
reaction are called products.
Reactants Products
Hydrogen + Oxygen Water
 Chemical Equation
• Chemical equation is the method of representation
of a chemical reaction with the help of symbols and
formula of the substances involved in it.
• E.g.- when hydrogen and oxygen react to form
water in general , it is represented as:
Hydrogen + Oxygen Water
-But as a chemical equation
H2 + O2 H2O
Reactants Product
Types of Chemical Reactions

1) Addition or combination or synthesis

reaction
2) Decomposition or dissociation or analysis
reaction
3) Displacement or replacement reaction
I. Single displacement reaction
II. Double displacement reaction
4) Acid-base or neutralization reaction
1. Addition or Combination or Synthesis
Reaction
The type of reaction where two o more
than two elements or compounds
combine to from a single new
compound is called a combination
reaction.
E.g.:-Fe(s)+S(s) FeS (s)
Iron + Sulfur Ferrous sulfide
 2. Decomposition or Dissociation
Reaction
The type of reaction in which the molecules
of a compound break down into molecules of
two or more different compounds is called a
decomposition reaction.
a) By using heat:
2KCLO3  2KCL + 3O2
Potassium chlorate Potassium chloride + Oxygen
b) By electricity:
2H2O(l) Electrolysis 2H2 (g)+O2 (g)
Water Hydrogen + Oxygen
c) By catalyst:
2H2O2 MnO
2 2H2O + O
Hydrogen peroxide Water + Oxygen
- MnO2 (Manganese dioxide acts as a
positive catalyst)
d) By light:
2AgBr (s) Light 2Ag(s)+Br2(g)
Silver bromide Silver + Bromine
 3. Displacement or Replacement
Reaction
*The type of reaction in which an atom or a group of atoms
(radical) present in a molecule of the chemical compound is
displaced by another atom or a group of atoms (radical) is
called displacement reaction.
*It has two types:
a) Single displacement reaction:
The reaction in which a less reactive element or a radical in the
compound is replaced by more reactive elements is called
single displacement reaction.
E.g.: Fe (s) + CuSO4(aq) FeSO4(aq) + Cu (s)
Iron(II)+Copper(II) Sulfate Iron(II)Sulfate+ Copper(II)
b) Double displacement reaction:
The type of reaction in which two
reacting compounds exchange their
corresponding their corresponding part
or a radical of the compound to form
two new compounds is called double
displacement reaction.
E.g.AgNO3(aq)+NaCl(aq) NaNO3(aq)+AgCL
Silver nitrate + Sodium chloride Sodium nitrate + Silver
chloride
 4. Acid-Base Reaction
*The reaction in which an acid reacts
with a base to form salt and water is
called acid-base reaction.
*Both acid and base lose their
properties and form new compounds
with different properties during the
acid-base reaction.
*E.g. CaO + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2
* Calcium oxide + Hydrogen chloride Calcium chloride
+ Water
 Factors Affecting Chemical Reaction

*  The amount of the reactant changed into the products per

second is called rate of chemical reaction.
i.e., Rate of reaction=

*There are several factors that affect the rate of a chemical

reaction. Some of them are:
a) Temperature: The rate of a chemical reaction increases
with the rise of temperature. For every 10°C rise in
temperature, the reaction rate almost becomes double.
b) Pressure: Some chemical reactions take place only when
reactants are subjected to a higher pressure than the
atmospheric pressure.
c) Physical state of the reactants (surface area):
For the reactions to occur, the reactants must come into
contact with each other. The rate of reaction also depends
upon the particles size of the reactants.
d) Light: Some chemical reactions take place by the action of
light energy. Such reactions are called photochemical
reactions. Light energy activates the molecules and increases
the rate of reaction.
E.g. 2AgBr (s) Light 2Ag (s) + Br2 (g)
-Silver bromide is decomposed by light.
e) Catalyst: A catalyst is a substance which though present in a
small quantity alters the rate (either accelerates or retards) of a
chemical reaction without being changed or used up. The catalyst
do not undergo any chemical change.
- Catalysts are of two types:
i) Positive Catalyst: It accelerates the rate of the reaction.
E.g. 2H2O2 MnO
2 2H2O + O2
- MnO2 (Manganese dioxide) acts as a positive catalyst and
increases the rate of chemical reaction.
ii) Negative Catalyst: It retards the rate of the reaction.
E.g. 2H2O2 Glycerine
2H2O + O2
- Glycerine acts as a negative catalyst and decreases the rate
of chemical reaction.
 -Characteristics of catalyst:
i) It does not start a reaction. It simply alters
the rate of reaction already started.
ii) It remains unchanged in mass and chemical
composition at the end of the reaction.
iii) A catalyst is specific in its action, i.e. a
given catalyst can be used for a particular
reaction only, not for all reactions
f) Concentration: The rate of reaction
usually increases with an increase in the
concentration of reactant, i.e. higher the
concentration of the reactants, the faster
the reaction. It is because the reaction takes
place due to the collisions between atoms or
molecules.
- Exothermic Reaction: A chemical reaction
which proceeds with the evolution of heat energy
is called exothermic reaction.
E.g. C (s) + O2(g) CO2(g) + Heat
Carbon + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Heat
-Endothermic Reaction: A chemical reaction
which proceeds with the absorption of heat
energy is called endothermic reaction.
E.g. CaCO3(s) + Heat CaO(s) + CO2(g)
Calcium carbonate+ Heat Calcium oxide + carbon
dioxide
Thank you