SMOG

LISA GURUNG
BIJITA TAMAN
DIKXHYA KUNWAR
SUBARNA GURUNG
PRATHANA GURUNG
HIMALI GURUNG
SUMINA SHRESTHA
 ARTIFICIAL VEGETATIVE
PROPAGATION IN PLANTS
• INTRODUCTION
THE wide variaties of plants reproduce sexual by seed formtion .but
some plants my be reproduce by their vegetative parts such as root,stem
and leaves.its is called vegetative propgation .vegetative reproduction
takes place by natural and artificial methods.plants where vegetative
reproduction by natural methods is difficult to occure,some special
methods are carried out.Tese methods are called artificial methods .
The commonest among them are :
• cutting
• layering
 CUTTING

• They are cut obiquely and planted into moist soil .The cutting develop adventitious roots and
shoots and grow into new plants is cutting should have at least two nodes and inter nodes .system
cutting are very common un plants like rose ,coleus,sugercan ,
𝐿𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝐿𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑎 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 .

𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 :

1. 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔
2. 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔
3. 𝑡𝑖𝑝 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔
4. 𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑜𝑙 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔
5. 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔

• 𝑂𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑝 .𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐ℎ ,𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐ℎ 𝑚𝑎𝑦𝑏𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡.𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑤 𝑎 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙.𝐼𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦
𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑠.
𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔

• 𝐼𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑 ,𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑘𝑒𝑒𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑡𝑖𝑝 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦 . 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑒𝑤 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ .𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑠 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑤 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚,𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑑
𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙..𝐼𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒 .
𝑇𝑖𝑝 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔

• 𝐼𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑, 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑡𝑖𝑝 𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑏𝑒 5-
8 𝑐𝑚. 𝐴𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑒𝑤 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠, 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑤 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑝. 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝 𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 3-4 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙. 𝐼𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑝𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑦.
𝑀𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑜𝑙 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔

• 𝐼𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑢𝑡 5-10 𝑐𝑚 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑛. 𝑇ℎ𝑒
𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑏𝑢𝑑𝑠 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑤 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑚. 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑢𝑑𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑒 8-15 𝑐𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑠, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑦 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑎 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑎𝑤-𝑑𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑢𝑝 𝑡𝑜 20-25 𝑐𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑. 𝐴𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑛, 𝑡ℎ𝑒
𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙. 𝐼𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦
𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑣𝑎.
𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔
• 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑖𝑠 (𝑎 𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑘 𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑤𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑒 . 𝐴𝑛 𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑎 ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑖𝑠 ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 . 𝐴𝑑𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑟𝑑𝑙𝑒 . 𝐴𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 ,
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑟𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙. 𝐼𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒, 𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑣𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑖.
 GRAFTING
• Grafting is carried out commonly in plants like mango,guava,apple,rubber plant,citrus,pear, etc. In
this method,root portion is taken from one plant and is called the stock,while the stem portion
is taken from other plants and is called the scion.
• The stock is always a plant which is resistant to diseases and has a deep root
system for absorbing water and minerals. The scion is a plant with largesize,better yielding and
nutritions fritus.
WHIP GRAFTING

• In this type of grafting,stock and scion are obliquely cut and placed from end to end in such a
way that the cambinu of the two is in intimate contact. The stem of the cambium of the two is
in intimate contact.The stem of the stock is cut 20-30 cm above the group.Leaves and buds are
removed from this part. Both the stock and scion are bound firmly with the help of a tough
thread covered with grafting.
TONGUE GRAFTING

• In this method, the lower portion of the scion and upper portion of the scion and upper
portion of the scion and upper portion of stock like tongue so that both fit into one another.
Both the stock and scion like tongue so that both fit into one another.Both the stock and scion
are bound firmly with the help of a tough thread or tape and are covered with the help of a
tough thread or tape and are covered with grafting wax to avoid any infection.
•
CLEFT GRAFTING

• In cleft grafting,a slit is made in the stock in which the twig of the scion is inserted and then
tied together and coverd with the moist clay or grafting wax to exclude air. The graft union
occurs within a few days. It is very common in apple and orange.
 𝑇𝐼𝑆𝑆𝑈𝐸 𝐶𝑈𝐿𝑇𝑈𝑅𝐸
• 𝐴 small piece of tissue is taken from a plant and is grown jn a nutrient mediam which contains
nitrogen and plant harmones like auxin and cytokinin auxin helps in growth of root and cytokinin
helps to grow steam. If auxin and cytokinin .Auxin helps jn growth of root and cytokinin helps to grow
sream . If auxin and cytokinin are kept in a balanced conditoln , the cell and tissue grow fast .the
tissue grows into and undifferentiated mass called the callus this callus can be kept and multiply for
and unlimited period. The plant lets are transplatned in pots or soil and raised to maturity.An
indefinite number of plants can obtain from a small mass of parental tissue . Tissue clture has been
found to be great sucess in orchids ,carnations , chrysanthemums and asparajus.
TISSUE CULTURE
• It has also been helpful in obtaining virus free potatoes, tulipes,sugarcan etc. Usually tissue of the shoot
apices are virus free even if the whole plant is infected with virus. By excising the shoot apics from the
infected plant and then growing them on a nutrient mediam. It is possible to grow virus free plants.

• USES oF TISSUE CULTURE

It provide rapid propajation of identical individual .
Limetion of tissue cullture .
It cannot be applied to all cases .
It is not easily applied cable applicable in remote agricultural areas .