DAYANAND MODI PUBLIC SCHOOL

CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT

BY
PREETHIKA SRIVASTAVA
GIVEN BY
QAISER ALAM SIR
 CONTENTS

• INTRODUCTION
• AGRICULTURE PRACTICES BASIC PRACTICES OF CROP PRODUCTION
• PREPERATION OF SOIL.
• SOWING SEED ADDING MANURES AND FERTILIZERS
• IRRIGATION
• PROTECTION FROM WEEDS HARVESTING, THRESHING AND
WINNOWING
• PRESERVATION AND STORAGEOF FOOD GRAINS CROP ROTATION AND
MULTIPLE CROPPING
• FOOD FROM ANIMALS
INTRODUCTION
• Food is one of our basic needs. We can't live without it. Food is required for growth,
development, body repairs and etc..

• ►Among all living things, only plants make their own food. Animals and humans are depend
on plants and other animals for their food.

• ►Agriculture is defined as the study of science and art of cultivating land for raising and
rearing animals for food.

• ►Foods from animals are eggs, meat, honey and dairy products. Foods from plants are
vegetables, pulses spices, fruits, cereals and etc...
AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES
• ►Many plants are grown on a large scale in vast fields since they are consumed in large
amounts. Plants grown in a field are known as CROP PLANTS or SIMPLY CROP.

• ►There are two cropping patterns in India :- KHARIFF CROPS & RABI CROPS

• ►KHARIF CROPS :- The crops that are generally sown in the rainy season during June to
September. They require more water to grow well. Examples: Paddy, Maize, Cotton,
Groundnut and Soybean

• ►RABI CROPS: The crops that are generally sown in winter season during October to
March. Examples: Wheat, Gram Pea, Mustard.
BASIC PRACTICES OF CROP PRODUCTION

• The following should be followed by the farmers:

• 1. PREPARATION OF SOIL
• 2. SOWING OF SEEDS
• 3. ADDING MANURES AND FERTILISERS
• 4. IRRIGATION
• 5. PROTECTION FROM WEEDS
• 6. HARVESTING, THRESHING & WINNOWING
• 7. PRESERVATION AND STORAGE OF FOOD GRAIN
• 8. CROP ROTATION.
1. PREPARATION OF SOIL
• The soil is turned over by a few inches. This is done by PLOUGHING or
TILLING.

• allows the roots to penetrate deep into the soil.

• ►The loose soil allows the roots to breathe easily, even when they go deep
into the soil.

• The process of loosening and turning the soil is called ploughing.

• Earthworms & microbes are also known to plough the soil

AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS

• PLOUGH

The plough has been used since ancient times for tilting the soil,
adding fertilisers to the crop, removing the weeds and turning the
soil. It has a triangular iron strips is strips is called PLOUGHSHARE
attached to a long log of wood is called PLOUGHSHAFT. At one end
of the shaft, there is a handle and the other end is attached la a
beam which is placed on the bull's neck.
HOE

• Hoe is an agriculture tool which is used for removing

weeds for loosening the soil. It consists of a long rod of
wood or iron. There is a handle at one end of the hoe. A
strong, broad and bent plate of iron is fixed below the
handle acts like blade. The other end of the hoe has a
beam which is kept on the of the bullocks.
CULTIVATOR

• The cultivator is attached to the tractor used for loosening

and turning soil nowadays. It has many ploughshares
which can dig soil of a given area .It saves labour and
time
2. SOWING OF SEEDS

• After the land has been prepared, seeds of the crops can
be sown in the field. The process of scattering seeds in
the ground soil for growing the crop plant is called
SOWING.Before sowing, good quality, clean and healthy
seeds are selected.
SELECTION OF SEEDS

• Seeds of high-yielding varieties should be selected.

Seeds to be sown must be free from diseases and also
resistant to diseases. The seeds should be viable for
germination and it should be obtained from a healthy
plant.
METHOD OF SOWING

• There are two methods of sowing BROADCASTING &

BROADCASTER

• ►BROADCASTING: Scattering seeds in the field by

hand.

• BROADCASTER: Scattering seeds by the machine.

3.ADDING MANURES AND FERTILISERS
• MANURES: These are an organic substance obtained by the decomposition
of animal waste and plant residues which supplies essential elements and
humus to the soil and makes it more fertile. These manures increase water-
holding capacity in sandy soil and drainage in clayey soil.

• TYPES OF MANURES: Farmyard manure, Green manure, compost sea

manure and poultry manure.

• ADVANTAGES OF MANURE: Improves the texture of the soil, Increases the

number of friendly microbes.
• FERTILISERS: These are an inorganic materials that are
used mainly to increase the essential elements in the soil
like NITROGEN, PHOSPHATE, POTASH FERTILISERS.

• Fertilisers can be sprayed on the crops by a machine

called SPREADER.

• ►The use of a fertilisers has helped farmers to get better

yield of crops such as wheat,
4.IRRIGATION

• ►The process of supplying water to crop plants in the

fields at regular intervals is called IRRIGATION

• Water is definitely important for plants to grow. A timely

irrigation ensures a high yield of the crop.

• Various sources of water which are generally used for

irrigating crops and canals, rivers, wells, tube wells, lakes,
dams & canals.
TRADITIONAL METHODS OF IRRIGATION

• ►The process of supplying water to crop plants in the

fields at regular intervals is called IRRIGATION

• Water is definitely important for plants to grow. A timely

irrigation ensures a high yield of the crop.

• Various sources of water which are generally used for

irrigating crops and canals, rivers, wells, tube wells, lakes,
dams & canals.
MODERN METHODS OF IRRIGATION
• SPRINKLER SYSTEM: In this, water is spread on the standing crops in the
form of artificial rain. The perpendicular pipes which has rotating needles on
top are joined to the main pipeline at irregular intervals. When water is
allowed to flow through the main pipe under pressure with the help of a
pump, it escapes from the rotating nozzles. It gets sprinkled on the crop as if
it is raining. Sprinkler is very useful for lawns, golf course, landscapes, coffee
plantation and several other crops.

• ►DRIP SYSTEM: In this, the waterfalls drop by drop directly near the roots.
So it is called DRIP SYSTEM. It is the best technique for watering fruit plants,
gardens and trees. This system is a boon in ivate Winitos areas where the
availability of water is poor. It should be well protected from rodents, etc.
5.PROTECTION FROM WEEDS
• ► Weeds are the undesirable plants in crop fields. Some common weeds found in crop field
are AMARANTHUS[CHAULAI], WILD OAT[JAVI, GRASS, CHENOPODIUM[BATHUA] &
CONVOVULUS.

• ► Weeds are removed from the field either manually with the help of trowels[khurpi], hoe,
harrow or by spreading weedicides like 2,4-D[2,4DICHLOROPHENOXY ACETIC ACID],
MCPA[4-CHLORO-2 METHYL PHENOXY ACETIC ACID] & SIMAZINE.

• Crops are protected by PESTICIDES (which is sprayed on the plants), INSECTICIDES are
used to check the insects while WEEDICIDES checks the growth of weeds.

• Hate Windows ▶Pesticides can be applied either as dusting or sprays. Some…………

common pesticides are PARATHION, DISYSTON, DDT
6.HARVESTING, THRESHING, WINNOWING
• ►HARVESTING: It is the process of cutting and collecting individual crop from the field. In
this, crops are pulled out or cut close to the ground. It usually takes 3 to 4 months for a
cereal crops to mature. This may be done either by hand with a sickle or using machines
known as combine or harvesters.

• ►THRESHING: The stems are cut to make hay and then the grains are

• separated from the chaff by threshing. This is done manually or with the hel of a
thresher/combine. A combine harvests as well as separates the grains from the chaff.

• ►WINNOWING: It helps the separation of the seeds from the chaff. In this process, the
seeds being heavier fall straight to the ground while the heavier fall straight to the ground
while the light chaff is blown a little further away by the wind.
7.PRESERVATION AND STORAGE OF FOOD GRAINS
• ► Grains should be safe from moisture, birds, insects, rodents and microorganisms. If
freshly harvested grains are stored without drying, they may get spoilt or attacked by
organisms, making them unfit for use or for germination. So the grains are properly dried in
the sun to reduce the moisture in them which prevents the attack by insect pests, bacteria
and fungi.

• ► Farmers generally store grains in jute bags or metallic bins, silos or grananes to protect
them from pests like rats and insects. Dried neem leaves are used for storing food grains at
home.

• ►The storage structure for storing grains on a large scale are that it should be clean,
waterproof, protect grains against variations in temperature & humidity, well protected from
rodents.
8.CROP ROTATION AND MULTIPLE CROPPING

• Different crops require different nutrients from different

depths. Different crops can be grown on the same land by
rotation such that manure dependence is reduced and
weeds are vendered ineffective.

• ►Multiple cropping is the growing of two or more crops in

the same field at a time. This improves the yield of crops
For example, mustard crop is grown on the raised ground
simultaneously with the wheat crop grown in the furrows
in the same field.
FOOD FROM ANIMALS

• The food provided by animals are milk, eggs, meat and these are also rich in the proteins,
also contains a good amount of carbohydrates & more expensive.

• Animals which provide us food are of two types: MILK YIELDING ANIMALS & MEAT AND
EGG YIELDING ANIMALS

• MILK YIELDING ANIMALS: Animals which give milk such as cow, buffalo, goat

• MEAT AND EGG YIELDING ANIMALS: Animal that gives

• meat and egg such as sheep, fish & poultry.

ANIMAL HUSBANDARY

• ►The branch of agriculture, which deals with the feeding,

shelter, health and breeding of animals is called ANIMAL
HUSBANDARY.

• Various practices necessary for raising animals for food

and other purposes are: proper feeding breeding, shelter
of animals and prevention & cure of animal diseases.
THANKYOU