Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Slopes
Catchments
Roof Top
Storage
Pond
Underground storage Cistern
Storage
above Ground
Micro Catchments
Contour bunds and catchment strips Half-moon micro catchments
Micro Catchments
Negarim Contour bunds
Meskat
The Tunesian "Meskat" micro catchment system. Source: Adapted from El Amami 1983
Macrocatchments
Gully Stabilization using Gabion and loose-rock check dams RAIN WATER HARVESTING THROUGH GABION STRUCTURE
Schematic layouts of the traditional spate irrigation in Yemeni wadis (Oosterman, 1986) Flood Water Harvesting
Recharge Trench
Technique:
Simple Practicable Cost Effective User Friendly Socially Acceptable Adopted in Many Countries
Rain Water Harvesting for Drinking Water-Urban and Peri Urban Areas:
Utilization of Dried up wells Water Spreading and Longitudinal Trenches Percolation through Pits Shafts for Recharge
The height of such structures is around 0.5 m and is normally used in the streams with width of less than 10 m. The excess water over flows this structure storing some water to serve as source of recharge. The silt content of stream water in due course is deposited in the interstices of the boulders in due course and with growth of vegetation,
Percolation Tanks
Percolation tank is an artificially created surface water body, submerging in its reservoir a highly permeable land so that surface runoff is made to percolate and recharge the ground water storage. Percolation tank should be constructed preferably on second to third order
steams, located on highly fractured and weathered rocks, which have lateral continuity down stream. The recharge area down stream should have sufficient number of wells and cultivable land to benefit from the augmented ground water
The percolation tanks are mostly earthen dams with masonry structure only for spillway. The purpose of the percolation tanks is to recharge the ground water storage and hence seepage below the seat of the bed is permissible. For dams upto 4.5 m height, cut off trenches are not necessary and keying and benching between the dam seat and the natural ground is sufficient.
Hajer
Macro catchments
Macro-catchment water harvesting systems where the catchment area is located upstream the cultivated area, in most cases called external catchment system where overland flow is harvested. Spate irrigation system which depends on harvesting flood water from wadi channels. Their catchment area is larger than the other two systems.
Sayl (flood) irrigation Supplimentary Rainwater Harvesting If the runoff is already gathered in a watercourse and the flood is diverted, this is called sayl (flood) irrigation in western academic sources. If the water is gathered from an area without a visible flood course in it, it is called supplementary rainwater harvesting.
water harvesting occurs, but to a very varying degree. Water is usually stored in the tanks originating from the piped public works systems and these can be bought and transported easily, but rarely hold more than 1-3 m3. Roof water harvesting is considered rather clean and thus reduces the need to carry water form the springs, at least during the rainy seasons.
Supplementary Irrigation canals A very clear stone made collection canal for supplementary rainwater harvesting. The fields in the picture rely on direct rainfall, but the collection canal increases the water supply. The first terrace receiving the extra runoff is clearly greener than the others.
The potential water leading ability is indicated by the blue colour. The canal is very simply constructed by using rows and simple walls of stones as a guiding wall along the bare rock. When the water comes sand will partly fill the holes between the stones and make it more effective. This canal is very minor and is commonly used to guide runoff to agricultural terraces. This picture is taken in a low, eastern facing, dry area.
A major collection canal passing an aqueduct and can be seen extending upwards with a steady inclination. If collection canals are strongly built, it is common to use them as roads passing by otherwise steep sections. Here, it can easily be seen that it needs to be cleaned out and made deeper if it should convey more than a very small flow. The outer edge gets worn by people and animals
The same canal, viewing downstream, is hewn into the rock parts of the stretch. It was said to be several hundred years old.
It was said to be 7-8 m deep and it is somewhat wider that that across. Note the complete absence of plastering. The inlet canal is from the middle of the bottom line of the picture leading to just to the left of the man in white. The canal has a step down, close to the lower edge of the photo. This detail is called ugala
Al-Qalaa
The cistern at the quarter of Hajja city called al-Qalaa. The cistern is empty and has just been cleaned out. The water enters through the presently closed hole at the top of the stairs
Cisterns
Mosque cistern at Jabal Sid. As there is no piped water here, the cistern is still used in a traditional way. The two tunnels leading down to the water surface are used when descending the stairs to perform the ablution in a private setting at varying water levels.
The traditional village cisterns covered with a rock dome and owned by families
An old qadad treated cover-structure over a cistern. Entering through a small door that can be locked, the cisterns look the same here as in Hajja. The covering structure is made with cantilevering masonry with qadad between
The water has to be pumped by a small portable petrol pump to irrigate all but the lowest terrace as the cistern is located at the same elevation as the terrace closest to the road. Such a cistern might cost 1.000.000 YR i.e. circa 5000 USD, but a price two to three times as much is also common. This picture shows a very well performed integration of a car road into the traditional landscape.
Very often, walls are not resurrected and the masses that are left over from the construction, just pushed down the side. Restoration of terraces is usually only seen in conjunction with qat
Beyt Bows (Yemen). Stone settlement on the upland with an open-air cistern for harvesting water
Archaeological site of Qana (Yemen) is equipped with various types of water harvesting devices
The large reservoirs for water conservation on the acropolis of Thula (Yemen)
sufficient dimensions to supply water to the fields and the surrounding houses
Hababa (Yemen). The town surrounds the large cistern-basin where the water coming from the terraces of the buildings is collected. The little building at the water's edge is a mosque with pools inside supplied with water by the big arches
Traditional Cisterns
Cisterns and rain water harvesting decantation systems on the rock of Thula.
. Hababa
(Yemen)..
Hababa (Yemen).
Flooding of Syla
Fog collection
Fog Collection
The best test sites produced almost 5 litre/ m2/day. Strong winds that destroy the collectors and the relative high costs of the water compared to trucked water from other sources, seems to limit the take off of the project for the time being (Schemenauer, Osses and Leibbrand 2004
Rajasthan
Suggestions
Revive the traditional Water harvesting systems Introduce in a big way roof top harvesting in Sanaa, Taiz, Ibb and Dhamar Introduce Law to make Roof Top harvesting compulsory for all the buildings as has been done in some of the cities in India. * Artificial recharge thro Check dams, sub-surface dams, gabion structures across wadis and thro small dia wells in Wadis * Introduce permeable pavements. Introduce agricultural practices which conserve water. Awareness program --RWH
Suggestions-contd
The advantages of water harvesting remain valid and farmers in dry areas have to utilize them if they want to be able to master the future. Farmers need scientific and institutional support to start new projects. NWRA to prepare pilot projects in some areas with donors support.(Sanaa: Bani Hushaish Area, South of Sanaa Wadis, Taiz, Ibb, Hajja etc. Mukalla
Thank you