1.

0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

The title of the project is to design 10-storey medical office building. The building of the project will be constructed on a site with relatively low hazard region in Kuching, Sarawak.

STAAD PRO Software is used in designing the project. STAAD PRO software is one of the most popular structural engineering software used to create 3D model generation, analysis and also used for multi-material design. It is an intuitive and user-friendly GUI. It also called as a visualization tool and powerful to analysis and to design facilities and seamless integration to several other modeling and design software products. It is the one of the best choice for steel, concrete, timber, aluminum and cold-formed steel design for low and high-rise buildings, culverts, petrochemical plants, tunnels, bridges, piles and many more.

STAAD PRO Software is used to design a portal frame. The standards which is used for steel is BS 5950-1:2000 and BS 6399:Part 1:1996. We are able to check and analysis the results of project designed by using STAAD PRO Software. The materials size includes the size of the beam and the size of the column. To avoid errors, we do assumptions of beam and column before doing the real design. This is done to ease us when we start to design the project. Base on our involvement in creating the design for the project, we found out that the STAAD PRO software is user friendly. Actually at first, it took us a difficult time to learn about the software. This software is suitable for architects and also for civil engineering students. From here, the students who had used the STAAD PRO Software it is easier for them to gain more knowledge and experience in designing a structure.

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1.2 OBJECTIVES The objective of this design project is to develop the ability of the students to carry out a comprehensive structural engineering design as practiced by the industry with minimal assistant. Besides that, this project also will develop the ability of the students to undertake problems identification and later students are assumed to be able to formulate and find the solutions. In this project, students will be able to apply the basic concept and method of design in steel design and make use of standards code of practice in steel design. Besides that, they can preparing design detailing of steel elements and communicate effectively in oral and written presentation.

1.3 PROJECT MAIN ELEMENT: Structural Steel Framework Steel is a man-made metal containing 95% or more iron. The remaining constituents are small amounts of elements derived from the raw materials used in the making of steel, as well as other elements added to improve certain characteristics or properties of the product. Steel structure is an artificial building which consists of one or more elements arranged in a certain form in order to resist the subjected forces with no excessive deformation. The deformation of steel structure in various shapes and forms utilized to support loads and resist the various forces to which the structures are able to function as needed by the owner, is presented. The aim of structural steel design is to provide an optimum design of a steel structure capable of fulfilling its intended function and sustaining the specified loads for its intended life. The design should facilitate safe fabrication, transport, handling and erection. It should take into account the needs of future maintenance, final demolition, recycling and reuse of materials. The steel portal frame is has become the most common structural form because of its economy and versatility for a wide range of spans. The most common portal frame is the portal shape with pinned bases as it is both fuctional and economical with overall stability being derived from the provision of moment resisting connections at eaves and apex. Since it is one of the simplest structural arrangements for covering a given area, the designer probably has to satisfy at least as many different structural criteria as for more complex structures.

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1.4 DESIGN BRIEF The title of the project is 10-storey medical office building construction. The site is relatively low hazard in the region of Kuching, Sarawak. The site at the level site in the city centre where the basic wind speed is about 30 m/s and it is based on 3sec gust. There is also no ground water found at that site and this is an advantage for us to do the project because there will not be any problems that might be caused by the soil. We are given an opportunity to propose design concept, detail and calculations of portal frames for the medical use. A 10-storey medical office building need to be constructed, 72.9m by 25.5m in plan. The floors and roof are supported by open web steel beams that span to steel columns. The floor slab is generally 150mm lightweight aggregate concrete and the typical bay spacing is 3.5metres. The Clients Requirements Steel material is used for structural elements: beams and columns. The floor slabs serve as horizontal diaphragms distributing the lateral loads and they are stiff enough to be considered as rigid. The floor is lightweight aggregate concrete slabs 150mm thick. The roof is to be used for M & E equipments. Fire resistant is 2 hours and the protection is achieved with a sprayed in tumescent coating.

1.4.1

1.4.2

The Site Conditions are as follows: A level site in city centre; Basic wind speed is 30m/s based on 3 sec gust; Ground: -Existing ground to 3m = Made ground with rubble and clay -Below 3m No ground water. = Stiff clay, SPT = 35N to 50N

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Figure 1.1 North and South End Elevation

Figure 1.2: East and West Elevation

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Figure 1.3: Plan View

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2.0 DESIGN DATA In this part, the design parameters or the design standard was introduced, hence the design load and the materials used for the project were described in detailed.

Figure 2.1 Whole Structure

Figure 2.1 Whole Structure

2.1 DESIGN PARAMETERS To date, the design standard for structural steelwork in Malaysia follows the British Standard, BS 5950-1: 2000 Structural use of steelwork in building- Part 1: Code of practice for design- Rolled and welded sections (or in short-term BS 5950-1: 2000). The standard gives recommendations for the design of structural steelwork using hot rolled steel sections, flats, plats, hot finished structural hollow sections and cold formed structural hollow sections, in building and allied structures not specifically covered by other standards.

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BS 5950 is subdivided into nine (9) parts, each being published separately. Parts 3 and 5 to 9 inclusive are awaiting publication. Part 1: Design in simple and continuous construction: hot rolled sections (1985) Part 2: Specification for materials, fabrication and erection: hot rolled sections (1985) Part 3: Design in composite construction Part 4: Design of floors with profiled steel sheeting (1982) Part 5: Design of cold formed sections Part 6: Design in light gauge sheeting, decking and cladding Part 7: Specifications for materials and workmanship: cold formed sections Part 8: Design of fire protection for structural steelwork Part 9: Stressed skin design

The BS 6399 gives dead and minimum recommended imposed loads for use in designing buildings. It applies to: (a) new buildings and new structures (b) alterations and additions to existing buildings and existing structures (c) existing construction on change of use It does not apply to the maintenance of, or the replacement of parts of, existing buildings and structures where there is no change of use.

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Figure 2.2 Plate Parameter

Figure 2.2 : Plate Parameter

2.2 DESIGN LOADS As stated in clause 2.2.1 of BS 5950-1: 2000, all relevant loads should be considered separately and in such realistic combinations as to comprise the most critical effects on the elements and the structure as a whole. The characteristic load is the representation of the real load, which is defined as the laod with the 95% probability of not being exceeded throughout its lifetime. Characteristic load is calculated as: Characteristic Load = Average Load 1.64 X Standard Deviation Generally, the loadings considered in the design include dead load, live load, wind load, load due to temperature changes and earthquake and groundwater loading. Th characteristic dead and imposed loads used in design should comprise the BS 6399-1 and BS 6399-3; wind loads should be determined from BS 6399 or CP3: Chapter V: Part 2.

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2.2.1

Dead Loads (

Dead load are also known as permanent load. It is the load that will be permanent and less likely to change on a given structure. Examples of such loads are the self-weight of the structural element, finishing, ceiling, air-cond duct and piping. Dead loads are usually estimated by referring to the codes.

Figure 2.3 Dead Load (Load factor 1.4 Dead Load) 2.2.2 Live Loads ( )

Live load can be called as imposed load. If is the load that is not permanent and may change often on a given structure. Examples such as loads are people, furniture, and equipment.

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Figure 2.4 Live Load (2kN/

Figure 2.3 Live Load (Load factor 1.6 Live Load)

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2.2.3

Wind Load (

Wind loading is one of the environment loading, which is depending on the location and building size. 2.2.4 Design Load (F) Design load is the value used in design calculations. It is the product obtained by multiplying characteristic load and appropriate partial safety factors in order to increase the reliability.

Dead Load 1. 2. 3. Unit weight of concrete Unit weight of steel Slab 24.00 kN/m3 78.50 kN/m3 3.60 kN/m2

Self weight of the members and elements are identified automatically by STAAD pro. Live Load 1. Floor 2.00 kN/m2

Ultimate Load Ultimate Load = 1.4 DL (Dead Load) x 1.6 LL (Live Load)

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2.3 MATERIALS In this project, steel is being chosen as main material. As known, steel is the most widely used metal as a construction material. Its popularity is due to the combination of several factors such as high strength, durability, good ductility, high stiffness and relatively cheap if the speedy in construction time is taken into account. Advantages of steel structure (1) High strength The high strength of steel per unit of weight means dead loads will be small. This fact is of great importance for long-span bridges, tall buildings and for structures that have poor foundation condition. (2) Uniformity The properties of steel is consistent unlike the reinforced concrete structure where the variation of concrete grade varies. (3) Elasticity Steel behaves closer to design assumptions than most materials because it follows Hookes law up to fairly high stress. (4) Ductility It can withstand extensive deformation without failure under high tensile stresses. Sudden failure can be avoided. The large deflection that occurs when it is overloaded gives visible evidence of impending failure where the occupant can move out of the building. (5) Additions to existing structures New bay or even new wings can be added to existing steel framed buildings without demolition. (6) Time saving Due to no curing time and scaffolding time, the speed of steel construction is much faster than concrete construction. (7) Flexibility in fabrication The section geometry, strength and other properties could be controlled flexibly and accurately. (8) The after-demolished value Steel is highly reusable. The scrap value is also high even though not reusable in its existing forms.

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Figure 2.7 Plate Thickness(150mm/0.15)

Figure 2.8 Beam Type 1 (UB45719198)

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Figure 2.9 Beam Type 2 (UB45719182)

Disdvantages of steel structure (1) Maintenance costs Steel structure exposed to air and water, such as bridges, are susceptible to corrosion and should be painted regularly. Application of weathering and corrosion-resistant steels may eliminate this problem. (2) Fireproofing The strength of steel is reduced substantially when heated at temperature commonly observed in building fires. Also, steel conducts and transmits heat from a burning portion of the building quite fast. Consequently, steel building must have adequate fireproofing. (3) Susceptibility to buckling Due to high strength/ weight ratio, steel compression members are in general more slender and consequently more susceptible to buckling than, say, RC compression members. As a result, considerable materials may have to be used just to improve the buckling resistance of slender steel compression members. (4) General cost Steel structure may be more costly than other types of structure materials.

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3.0 STRUCTURAL DESIGN CRITERIA

3.1 DESIGN PROCEDURES The design procedure for structural steel work can be summarized as follows: 1) Planning - Establishment of the function for which the structure must serve and set the criteria against which to measure the resulting design at an optimum. 2) Preliminary structural configuration- Arrangement of the elements to serve the set functions. 3) Establishment of the loads identify the loads to be carried by the structure. 4) Preliminary member selection selecting the member sizes to satisfy an objective criterion, such as least weight or cost based on the decisions of previous steps. 5) Analysis Structural analysis involving modeling the loads and the structural framework to obtain internal forces and any desired deflections. 6) Evaluation Ensuring the strength and serviceability requirements are satisfied and the result is optimum. Compare the result with predetermined criteria. 7) Redesign Repetition of any part of the previous steps found necessary or desirable as a result of evaluation. 8) Final decision The determination of whether or not an optimum design has been achieved (drawing).

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3.2 DESIGN CRITERIA TO BE CONSIDERED The beams, columns and channel size will be selected using Staad Pro Software. The software will analysed the beam, so that we will try to consider the smallest beam, column and channel to be used. It will also reduce the expenses for the project due to the smaller the beam is the cheaper is the price.

In this project show the beam design of the industrial hub and show the floor and the building. The thickness of the floor is 150 mm.

Dead load of the floor = unit weight of concrete x area of brick wall = 24.00 kN/m3 x (0.15 m x 34 m x 145.8m) = 17845.92 kN. The roof will use aluminium metal deck. However, Therefore, then load will directly transfer into the beam (member load). Floor slabs are carry 2.0 kN/m2 as their live load.

In accordance the BS code, The dead load for unit weight of concrete = 24.00 kN/m3 The dead load for unit weight of steel = 78.50 kN/m3

Assume that, The dead load for slab = 1.0 kN/m2 The live load for slab = 2.0 kN/m2

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3.2.1 Limit State Design

The limit state design philosophy, which was formulated for RC design in Russia during the 1930s, consider two types of limit state under which a structure may become unfit for its intended purpose. They are the Ultimate Limit State (ULS) and the Serviceability Limit State (SLS). In BS5950 there 8 list of conditions under limit state design, 4 of them ultimate and another 4 of them for serviceability. For ULS: strength (yielding, rupture or buckling), stability (overturning or sway), brittle fracture and fatigue failure. For SLS: deflections, vibration (wind), repairable damage due to fatigue and corrosion or general durability. When the ULS are exceeded, the whole structure or part of it collapses. The SLS, when exceeded, make the structure or part of it unfit for normal use but do not indicate that collapse has occurred. The basic of the approach is statistical and lies in assessing the probability of reaching a given limit state and deciding upon an acceptable level of that probability for design purposes. The method is most codes are based on the use of characteristic values and partial safety factor.

3.2.2 Partial Safety Factor The use of partial safety individual parameters, enables the reflecting the differing degrees manufacturing process of building processes. factors, which are applied separately to degree of risk for each one to be varied, of control which are possible in the structural materials/units and construction

3.2.3 Characteristic Values The use of characteristic values enables the statistical variability of various parameters such as material strength, different load types etc. to be incorporated in an assessment of the acceptable probability that the value of the parameter will be exceeded during the life of a structure, The term characteristic in current design codes normally refers to a value of such magnitude that statistically only a 5% probability exists of its being exceeded. In the design process the characteristic loads are multiplied by the partial safety factors to obtain the design values of design effects such as axial

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or flexural stress and the design strengths are obtained by dividing the characteristic strength by appropriate partial safety factors for materials.

3.2.4. Design Strength There are three types of steel grade that can be used for design purposes. Each grade will give different strength (Py). The design strength Py should be taken as 1.0 Ys but not greater than Us/1.2 where Ys = minimum yield stress and Us= maximum tensile stress and also is dependent on the thickness of the material being used. Design strength together with their steel grade is shows in Table below.

Steel Grade

Thickness less than or equal to (mm) 16 40 63 80 100 150 16 40 63 80 100 150 16 40 63 80 100 Table: Design Strength, Py

Design strength (N/mm2) 275 265 255 245 235 225 355 345 335 325 315 395 460 440 430 410 400

S 275

S 355

S 460

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