Excellent!

You want full detailed, high-yield notes on Complete Dentures, properly structured as per
Dental Pulse topics, covering every important point for Bihar Dentist Services Exam 2025.

Since it's big,

I'll divide it systematically into 4 parts (as you suggested):

Part Coverage

Part
Introduction, Definitions, Parts, Stress-bearing Areas, Muscles Involved
1

Part
Impression Techniques, Jaw Relations, Occlusion, Denture Bases
2

Part
Posterior Palatal Seal, Try-in, Processing, Errors and Corrections
3

Part Post-Insertion Problems, Maintenance, Special Cases

4 (Immediate/Overdentures), Quick Revision Tables

Prosthodontics: COMPLETE DENTURES – PART

1
(Detailed and structured according to Dental Pulse + NEET PYQs)

1. Introduction to Complete Dentures

 Complete Denture: A dental prosthesis replacing all the natural teeth and associated
structures.
 Goals: Restore function (mastication, speech) and esthetics.

NEET PYQ: Complete denture restores mastication, esthetics, phonetics, and psychological
well-being.
2. Definitions
Term Definition

Part of denture resting on mucosa,

Denture Base
supporting teeth.

Flange Vertical extension of base into vestibule.

Occlusal
Contacting surface of artificial teeth.
Surface

Mnemonic:

"BOF - Base, Occlusal surface, Flange"

3. Components of Complete Denture

 Denture Base: Covers soft tissues
 Teeth: Artificial replacement
 Flanges: Extensions into sulcus (buccal, lingual, labial)
 Polished Surface: Outside surface
 Impression Surface: Tissue-contacting surface

4. Support, Retention, Stability

Term Meaning Factors Influencing

Support Resistance to vertical forces Stress-bearing areas

Retenti
Resistance to dislodging forces Seal, adhesion, cohesion
on

Stabilit Resistance to horizontal/lateral Ridge form, muscular

y forces control

Important Mnemonic:
"SRS - Support, Retention, Stability"
5. Stress-bearing Areas
Maxilla:
Primary Stress- Secondary Stress-
bearing bearing

Horizontal hard palate Rugae area

Residual alveolar ridge

Sloping alveolar ridge
crest

Mandible:
Primary Stress- Secondary Stress-
bearing bearing

Buccal shelf Alveolar ridge slopes

Retromolar pad

PYQ: Buccal shelf is the primary stress-bearing area for mandibular complete denture.

6. Muscles Influencing Denture Border

Muscle Area Controlled

Buccinator Buccal flange

Orbicularis oris Labial flange

Mylohyoid Lingual flange (mandible)

Masseteric notch (distobuccal area

Masseter
mandible)

Superior pharyngeal
Distolingual flange
constrictor

Mnemonic:
"BOMMS - Buccinator, Orbicularis, Mylohyoid, Masseter, Superior constrictor"

7. Impression Surfaces
 Primary Impression Surface: Anatomical impression (preliminary)
 Final Impression Surface: After border molding, for final denture adaptation.

8. Types of Denture Bearing Areas

(Based on resiliency)

Type Example

Buccal shelf (mandible), Hard

Primary (Firm areas)
palate

Secondary (Less firm

Alveolar ridge, residual ridges
areas)

9. Complete Denture Diagnosis and Treatment

Planning
 Medical History
 Dental History
 Intraoral Examination
 Extraoral Examination
 Radiographic Evaluation

NEET Tip: Always record ridge resorption pattern and existing prosthesis evaluation.
Summary Table for Part 1
Topic Key Point

Definition Replaces all natural teeth

Component
Base, Flange, Teeth, Surfaces
s

Maxilla - Hard palate, Mandible -

Support
Buccal shelf

Retention Seal, Adhesion, Cohesion

Stability Ridge form, Muscular coordination

Key Buccinator, Orbicularis, Mylohyoid,

Muscles Masseter

Clinical Importance
 Recording Posterior Palatal Seal improves Retention.
 Mandibular dentures are less retentive than maxillary due to smaller denture-bearing
area.
 Buccal shelf is the most important area for mandibular support.

References
 Dental Pulse (Complete Denture Chapter)
 NEET MDS PYQs
 GPT by Zarb
 Phillips' Science of Dental Materials
Next Plan:
Part 2 - Impression Techniques, Jaw Relations, Occlusion, Denture Bases
(Will cover in same detailed structured style)

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Continuing exactly in the same high-yield, detailed, Dental Pulse-aligned format —

Here’s

Prosthodontics: COMPLETE DENTURES – PART

2
(covering Impression Techniques, Jaw Relations, Occlusion, Denture Bases)

1. Impression Techniques in Complete Denture

Preliminary Impression

 Made with stock tray.

 Material: Alginate (Irreversible hydrocolloid) – preferred.
 Purpose: Record general anatomy.

Final Impression

 Made with custom tray after border molding.

 Materials: Zinc oxide eugenol paste, elastomers, light body materials.
Types of Impression Philosophies:
Technique Principle Material

Records mucosa in passive (rest) state. Impression plaster,

Mucostatic
No pressure. light body

Mucocompress Records tissue in functional (loaded) High viscosity

ive state. materials

Selective Pressure only on stress-bearing areas. ZOE paste

Pressure Relief on non-bearing areas. commonly

Dental Pulse Tip:

Selective Pressure Technique = Most accepted technique!

Border Molding
 Done with greenstick compound.
 Purpose: Shape the edges of custom tray to fit dynamic movements.

Mnemonic for Border Molding Steps:

"OLP - Open, Laugh, Protrude (mandible movements)"

2. Jaw Relation Records

Jaw relations = recording positional relationships of maxilla to mandible.

Steps:
1. Vertical Dimension
2. Centric Relation Record
3. Facebow Transfer (optional)
4. Mounting casts
Vertical Dimension
Type Description

Vertical Dimension at Rest

Natural resting jaw position.
(VDR)

Vertical Dimension of Distance when teeth are in

Occlusion (VDO) occlusion.

Freeway Space VDR - VDO (normally 2–4 mm).

Clinical Tip:

 Increased Freeway Space = slurred speech

 Reduced Freeway Space = clicking sounds

Methods to Determine VDO

 Phonetics (“S” sound test)

 Esthetics (lower facial height)
 Facial Measurements (chin to nose distance)

3. Centric Relation
 Centric Relation (CR):
Maxillo-mandibular relationship independent of tooth contact; most retruded
physiologic position.

PYQ Alert:
CR is repeatable, recordable, and independent of tooth contact!

Methods of Recording CR:

Method Description

Bimanual Manipulation (Dawson’s Dentist guides mandible

technique) manually
Method Description

Patient swallows and closes

Swallowing Method
gently

Patient feels comfortable

Tactile Sense Method
closing

4. Occlusion in Complete Dentures

Balanced Occlusion
 Simultaneous bilateral contact during all excursive movements.
 Purpose: Stability during function.

Hanau’s Quint for Balanced Occlusion:

Mnemonic:
"CONDYLES IN BALANCE:
Condylar guidance × Incisal guidance ÷ (Cusp height × Plane of occlusion × Compensating
curve)"

Factor Controlled by

Condylar Anatomy (cannot

guidance alter)

Altered by setting
Incisal guidance
teeth

Cusp height Teeth selection

Plane of occlusion Tooth arrangement

Compensating Arrangement
curve curvature

Types of Occlusion in Complete Dentures:

Type Features Indication

Balanced Simultaneous bilateral contact Ideal

Type Features Indication

Occlusion

Lingualized Maxillary lingual cusps contact

Resorbed ridges
Occlusion mandibular fossae

Monoplane Poor neuromuscular

Flat plane, no cuspal inclination
Occlusion control

Dental Pulse Tip:

Lingualized occlusion provides better stability in severely resorbed ridges.

5. Denture Bases
 Denture Base: Part of the denture that rests on oral tissues and carries the artificial
teeth.

Types of Denture Base Materials:

Material Features

Heat Cure Acrylic Resin Most commonly used. Good esthetics.

Self Cure Acrylic Used for repair and relines.

Metal Bases (Cobalt High strength, less bulk, thermally

Chromium) conductive.

Flexible Denture Bases Used for tissue conditioners and interim

(Valplast) dentures.

6. Ideal Requirements of Denture Base

Material
 Biocompatibility
 Good esthetics
  Dimensional stability
 Sufficient strength
 Thermal conductivity (optional for metal bases)

Quick Revision Table for Part 2

Topic Key Point

Impression Selective Pressure

Philosophy preferred

Border Molding Greenstick compound

Vertical Dimension Freeway space 2–4 mm

Centric Relation Most retruded, repeatable

Balanced Occlusion Stability in all movements

Denture Base Heat cure acrylic most

Material common

Important PYQs from Dental Pulse (Part 2

Topics)
 Impression techniques — mucostatic vs mucocompressive (Repeated in Bihar/NEET
MDS).
 Border molding muscle movements.
 Hanau’s Quint factors in occlusion.
 Freeway space normal range.
 Centric relation definition and recording method.
 Lingualized occlusion advantages.

Sources Referenced
 Dental Pulse (Complete Denture Chapter)
 NEET MDS PYQs
  GPT by Zarb
 Phillips’ Dental Materials

Completed: PART 2
(High-yield notes on Impression Techniques, Jaw Relations, Occlusion, Denture Bases)

Next Plan:
PART 3 - Posterior Palatal Seal, Try-in, Processing, Errors and Corrections

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Here’s:

Prosthodontics: COMPLETE DENTURES – PART

3
(covering Posterior Palatal Seal, Try-in, Processing, Errors & Corrections)

1. Posterior Palatal Seal (PPS)

Definition:
The soft tissue area at or near the junction of the hard and soft palate where pressure within
physiological limits can be applied by a complete denture to aid in retention.
Purposes of PPS:
 Improves retention by creating suction.
 Compensates for polymerization shrinkage of acrylic resin.
 Reduces gag reflex by smooth palatal margin.
 Prevents food accumulation under denture.

PPS Area:
 Located between vibrating line and hard palate.

Types of Vibrating Line:

Type Location How to identify

Anterior Junction of immovable and

Phonation "Ah" sound
Vibrating Line movable palate

Posterior Patient says "Ah" in

Movement of soft palate begins
Vibrating Line short bursts

Mnemonic: "Anterior – Ahhh sustained, Posterior – Punchy Ah bursts."

Techniques to Record PPS:

Technique Details

Fluid wax Closed mouth technique. Warm wax flows under

technique function.

Scraping
Scrape master cast in PPS area to create relief.
method

Pulse Tip:
Fluid Wax Technique — most physiological and accurate.
2. Try-in Appointment
Before final denture processing —

Purpose:
 Check esthetics, phonetics, vertical dimension, centric relation.
 Verify occlusion (balanced).
 Confirm midline, smile line, lip support.

Steps at Try-in:
1. Inspect extension, borders.
2. Verify jaw relation records.
3. Assess esthetics (midline, buccal corridor).
4. Check phonetics:
o "F" sounds → incisal edge position.
o "S" sounds → freeway space.
5. Obtain patient approval.

PYQ Tip:
If freeway space wrong at try-in → redo jaw relations!

3. Processing the Denture

Definition:
Conversion of wax trial denture into permanent acrylic resin form.

Steps of Processing:
Step Purpose

Flasking Encasing waxed denture in a flask.

Wax Elimination (Boil Removing wax to create mold space.

Step Purpose

Out)

Packing Filling mold space with acrylic resin.

Curing Polymerization of acrylic resin.

Removal of processed denture from

Deflasking
flask.

Smoothening and polishing denture

Finishing & Polishing
surfaces.

Curing Techniques:

 Long cycle (Slow curing):

9 hours at 74°C → Less residual monomer → Stronger denture.
 Short cycle (Fast curing):
1.5 to 2 hours at 100°C → More chances of porosities.

Dental Pulse Tip:

Long slow curing method is preferred for better mechanical properties!

4. Errors and Corrections in Denture

Processing
Error Cause Correction

Porosity Rapid heating, air entrapment Use proper curing cycles

Dimensional
Polymerization shrinkage Proper PPS, post-damming
Change

Inaccurate Inaccurate jaw relations, Remount and correct

Occlusion flasking errors occlusion

Denture Base Slow bench cooling after

Improper cooling after curing
Warpage deflasking
Common Processing Defects:
 Internal porosity: In thick areas like palate.
 External porosity: In thin denture borders.

Mnemonic:
"Internal = Center
External = Edges."

5. Remounting Procedure
Definition:
Re-articulating processed dentures to correct occlusal errors.

Purposes of Remounting:
 Eliminate processing errors.
 Restore original centric occlusion.
 Reestablish balanced occlusion.

Clinical Tip:
Remounting is done before final delivery of denture.

Quick Revision Table for Part 3

Topic Key Point

Posterior Palatal Improves retention, compensates

Seal shrinkage

Anterior vs Posterior based on

Vibrating Line
phonation

Critical to correct esthetics &

Try-in Step
phonetics

Processing Flasking → Wax Elimination → Curing

Topic Key Point

Denture

Processing Error Porosity due to fast heating

Remounting Done after processing

Important PYQs from Dental Pulse (Part 3

Topics)
 Techniques to record Posterior Palatal Seal (Fluid wax — most physiological).
 Vibrating line identification.
 Purpose of try-in appointment.
 Causes of porosity in denture base.
 Sequence of denture processing steps.
 Importance of remounting procedure.

Sources Referenced
 Dental Pulse (Complete Denture Chapter)
 NEET MDS PYQs
 GPT by Zarb
 Phillips’ Dental Materials

Completed: PART 3
(High-yield notes on Posterior Palatal Seal, Try-in, Processing, Errors & Corrections)

Next Plan:
PART 4 – Insertion, Post-insertion Problems, Maintenance, Clinical Tips, MCQ Summary
Ready to continue?
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Here’s:

Prosthodontics: COMPLETE DENTURES – PART

4
(covering Insertion, Post-insertion Problems, Maintenance, Final MCQ High-Yield Summary)

1. Insertion of Dentures
Definition:
Delivery and placement of processed dentures into the patient's mouth after corrections.

Steps During Insertion:

 Evaluate fit, stability, and retention.
 Check and adjust peripheral seal.
 Correct pressure spots using pressure indicating paste (PIP).
 Recheck and adjust occlusion:
o Use articulating paper to spot premature contacts.
 Confirm esthetics and phonetics again.
 Patient education about care and use.

Pressure Indicating Pastes (PIP):

Material Use

Zinc oxide
Traditional PIP
eugenol
Material Use

Silicone-based Newer, more

paste accurate

Dental Pulse Tip:

PIP shows bright spots where excessive pressure exists.

2. Post-Insertion Problems
Common issues faced by patients:

Complaint Cause Management

Overextensions, pressure Adjust denture borders and

Pain/Soreness
points intaglio

Difficulty in Incorrect VDO, improper teeth

Modify occlusion
Speech arrangement

Reduce length, thin palatal

Gagging Overextended posterior border
area

Poor PPS, improper base

Looseness Reline/rebase denture
adaptation

Difficulty in Selective grinding,

Incorrect occlusion
Mastication remount procedure

3. Maintenance of Complete Dentures

Patient Instructions:
 Remove dentures at night (allow mucosa to rest).
 Clean dentures daily with soft brush and mild soap.
 Avoid using hot water (causes warpage).
 Store dentures in water when not wearing.
 Regular recall visits for evaluation.
Mnemonic for Care:
"BOSS - Brush, Overnight soak, Soft handling, Schedule recalls"

4. Relining and Rebasing

Procedu
Definition Indication
re

Adding new resin to tissue surface Minor changes in tissue

Relining
without changing denture base adaptation

Rebasin Replacing entire denture base Major base deterioration, but

g without changing teeth teeth are acceptable

 Direct (Chairside) Reline:

Done directly in patient’s mouth — temporary.
 Indirect (Laboratory) Reline:
Done on cast — permanent.

5. Immediate Dentures
Dentures inserted immediately after teeth extraction.

Types:
 Conventional Immediate Denture:
Later converted into complete denture after healing.
 Interim Immediate Denture:
Temporary until definitive denture is fabricated.

Key Points:
 Helps in esthetic and functional rehabilitation.
 Requires frequent adjustments due to tissue shrinkage.
 Often needs relining after healing.
6. Overdentures
Denture supported by retained natural teeth or implants.

Advantages:
 Preserves alveolar bone.
 Better proprioception and stability.

Commonly Used Teeth for Overdentures:

 Mandibular canines, premolars.

Pulse Tip:
Endodontic treatment is usually needed for overdenture abutment teeth.

7. High-Yield Quick Revision Table (PART 4)

Topic Quick Fact

Insertion Adjust pressure spots and occlusion

PIP Detects pressure areas

Post-insertion
Pain, gagging, looseness common
Issues

Relining vs Relining = Add layer; Rebasing =

Rebasing Replace base

Immediate
Inserted immediately after extraction
Denture

Overdenture Tooth or implant-supported denture

Perfect.
You're very organized — we'll continue the same professional exam-cracking style you want!

Removable Partial Denture (RPD) - High-Yield

Notes
(Covering Bihar, UP, MP, Rajasthan, NEET MDS PYQs)
(Based on Dental Pulse + McCracken + Standard Texts)

1. Introduction to RPD
 Definition: A prosthesis that replaces one or more teeth and associated structures, can be
removed by the patient.
 Indications:
o Multiple missing teeth
o Long-span edentulous areas
o No distal abutments
o Growing patients (temporary prosthesis)
 Contraindications:
o Poor oral hygiene
o Severe systemic diseases (uncontrolled diabetes)

2. Classification of RPD
(Very Important for MCQs)

 Kennedy's Classification (NEET, Bihar PYQ):

o Class I: Bilateral edentulous area posterior to natural teeth
o Class II: Unilateral edentulous area posterior to natural teeth
o Class III: Unilateral edentulous area with natural teeth both anterior and posterior
o Class IV: Single bilateral (midline crossing) edentulous area anterior to natural
teeth
 Modifications:
o Extra edentulous spaces → Modification spaces (Not applicable to Class IV).
 Applegate's Rules:
 1. Classification after extractions.
2. Most posterior edentulous areas determine class.
3. Missing third molars not considered unless replaced.
4. 8 Rules in total. (PYQ Bihar + UP 2022)

3. Components of RPD
(High Frequency in Exams)

Component Function Examples

Major Palatal strap, lingual

Connects parts on both sides
Connector bar

Minor Joins major connector to other

Proximal plates
Connector parts

Direct
Clasp to resist dislodgement Circumferential clasp
Retainer

Indirect Prevents rotation around

Rests, cingulum rests
Retainer fulcrum

Provide support, prevent Occlusal rests, incisal

Rests
sinking rests

4. Major Connectors
 Maxillary Major Connectors:
o Palatal Strap (most common, strong)
o Palatal Plate (for distal extension RPD)
o U-shaped/horseshoe (least rigid)
 Mandibular Major Connectors:
o Lingual Bar (most common) - requires >7mm floor height.
o Lingual Plate (used when space is inadequate).
o Labial Bar (rare, when severe lingual inclination)
5. Minor Connectors
 Connect major connector to clasps, rests, and denture base.
 Must be rigid.

6. Direct Retainers (Clasps)

(MCQ Favorite Area)

 Parts of Clasp Assembly:

o Rest
o Retentive arm
o Reciprocal arm
o Minor connector
 Types of Clasps:
o Circumferential Clasp: Approaches undercut from above. (Common)
o Bar Clasp (Roach Clasp): Approaches undercut from gingival direction.
 Ideal undercut for clasp: 0.01 inch or 0.25 mm.
 Stress-breaking Clasps: Used in distal extension RPD to reduce torque.

7. Indirect Retainers
 Help prevent lifting of the denture base in distal extension cases (Class I, II).
 Positioned anterior to fulcrum line.
 Common types: Cingulum rests, Incisal rests.

8. Rests
Type Location Purpose

Occlusal
Posterior teeth Vertical support
Rest

Esthetics
Incisal Rest Anterior teeth
compromised
Type Location Purpose

Cingulum Lingual of Esthetically

Rest canines acceptable

 Rest seat design: Spoon-shaped, rounded internal angles.

9. Support, Retention, and Stability of RPD

Feature Description

Resistance to vertical forces toward

Support
tissues

Retentio Resistance to vertical forces away from

n tissues

Stability Resistance to horizontal forces

 Support comes mainly from rests and denture base.

10. Impression Techniques for RPD

 Altered Cast Technique (Very Important, Bihar PYQ):
o Used for distal extension RPDs to better capture functional form of tissues.
o Secondary impression after framework try-in.
 Mucostatic vs Mucocompressive:
o Mucostatic → No tissue compression.
o Mucocompressive → Tissue under load, functional.

11. Surveyor (Dental Surveying)

 Used to locate undercuts and determine path of insertion.
 Parts:
o Surveying platform
 o Vertical arm
o Horizontal arm
o Surveying tools (analyzing rod, undercut gauge)
 Block-out: Filling unwanted undercuts with wax during framework fabrication.

12. Common Clinical Problems and Their

Solutions
Problem Reason Solution

Overextensio
Tissue soreness Adjust flanges
n

Improper
Framework rocking Recheck fit, adjust
fitting

Denture base Poor Reinforcement, correct

fracture adaptation processing

13. Miscellaneous High-Yield Points

 Most common Kennedy class = Class I. (NEET PYQ)
 Maxillary major connector must be at least 6 mm away from gingival margin.
 Mandibular major connector must be at least 3 mm away from gingival margin.
 Flexibility of clasp arm depends on length, diameter, cross-sectional shape, and
material.
 Cobalt-Chromium is most common metal for RPD frameworks.
 Tripoding: Method to record the orientation of the cast on the surveyor.
 Retromolar pad is important in mandibular distal extension cases.

Clinical Tip for Exam:

In Class I and II RPD cases, always think:

 Use stress-releasing clasp (bar clasp)

 Use altered cast technique
  Use indirect retainers anteriorly.

Summary Table:
MCQ Recent PYQ
Topic
Probability Tag

Kennedy
Very High Bihar, NEET
Classification

Major Connectors Very High MP, UP

Direct Retainers Very High Rajasthan

Indirect Retainers High NEET

Surveyor and
High NEET
Tripoding

Altered Cast
High Bihar, NEET
Impression

Of course!
Following your permanent instruction (Dental Pulse + Standard Textbooks + NEET/State
PYQs Focus + Exam-Ready Format for Bihar Dentist Services Exam 2025),
here are very detailed, structured, exam-oriented notes on:

Fixed Partial Dentures (FPD)

(High-Yield, Concise, Bullet-Style, Full Syllabus Coverage)

Fixed Partial Dentures (FPD) – Full Notes

1. Definition
 A Fixed Partial Denture (FPD) is a prosthesis that replaces missing teeth and is rigidly
attached to natural teeth, tooth roots, or dental implants.

2. Components of FPD
Compone
Function
nt

Artificial tooth replacing the missing

Pontic
tooth

Crown that attaches to the

Retainer
abutment tooth

Connector Joins pontic and retainer

Natural tooth/implant supporting the

Abutment
FPD

3. Classification of FPDs
Based on Support:

 Tooth-supported FPD (traditional bridge)

 Tooth and tissue-supported FPD (hybrid prosthesis)
 Implant-supported FPD

Based on Span:

 Short-span (1-2 missing teeth)

 Long-span (3+ missing teeth)

Based on Material:

 All-metal
 Metal-ceramic
 All-ceramic (Zirconia, E-max)
4. Principles of Tooth Preparation for FPD
(MOST IMPORTANT - HIGHLY REPEATED)

Principle Description

Preservation of Tooth
Minimal reduction required
Structure

Prevents removal along path of

Retention Form
insertion

Prevents dislodgment from oblique

Resistance Form
forces

Enough reduction for material

Structural Durability
strength

Marginal Integrity Smooth, well-defined margins

Preservation of Periodontal Margins placed supra-/equi-

Health gingivally

5. Retainers
Type Description

Full veneer crown Most retentive

Partial veneer crown Conservative

Inlay/Onlay Minimal reduction

Maryland bridge (Resin-

Conservative, young patients
bonded)

Double crowns for questionable

Telescopic retainers
abutments

PYQ: Strongest type of retainer → Full coverage crown.

6. Pontic Design
Type Indication

NOT recommended (difficult

Ridge Lap (Saddle)
cleaning)

Modified Ridge Lap Most commonly used

Ovate Pontic High esthetics (anterior region)

Conical Pontic Thin ridges, posterior only

Hygienic (Sanitary) Posterior, no ridge contact (easy

Pontic cleaning)

Mnemonic: HERO (Hygienic, Egg-shaped (Ovate), Ridge lap, O) — Pontic Designs.

PYQ: Pontic with no ridge contact → Hygienic pontic.

7. Connector Types
Type Description

Rigid Connector Solid (cast or soldered)

Non-rigid Movable (e.g., Tenon-mortise, Precision

Connector attachments)

Clinical Tip: Use non-rigid connectors when there is a pier abutment.

8. Ideal Abutment Tooth Requirements

 Healthy periodontal support (Bone support >50%)
 Crown-root ratio ideally 2:3 (Minimum acceptable 1:1)
 Root form: Multirooted > Single-rooted
 Root length: Long > Short
 Root shape: Irregular/circular > Conical
 Vitality preferred (Non-vital needs RCT)

PYQ: Ideal crown-root ratio for abutment → 2:3.

9. Biomechanical Considerations
Factor Concern

Span length Longer → flexure increases

Pier Acts as fulcrum, needs non-rigid

abutment connector

Arch form Square arch better than tapered

Tooth
Parallelism increases retention
alignment

10. Occlusal Considerations

 Light contact in centric relation
 Avoid eccentric contacts on pontic
 Adjust for group function or mutually protected occlusion
 Shallow cusp angles preferred

11. Margin Designs (For Retainers)

Type Use

Shoulder All-ceramic crowns

Chamfer Metal-ceramic crowns

Knife- Full metal crowns (rare

edge now)

Mnemonic: SCuM — Shoulder (Ceramic), Chamfer (Metal-ceramic), Metal (knife-edge).

PYQ: Margin for PFM crown → Heavy chamfer.

12. Materials Used in FPD
Material Features

Cobalt-chromium Metal
alloys frameworks

Porcelain fused to Esthetic and

metal strong

Lithium disilicate
Highly esthetic
(Emax)

Strength +
Zirconia
esthetics

13. FPD Impression Materials

 Elastomeric impression materials (Addition silicone = most accurate)
 Polyether – Rigid, hydrophilic
 Putty-wash technique commonly used

14. FPD Cementation

Type of Cement Use

Zinc phosphate Traditional,

cement strong

Glass ionomer
Fluoride release
cement

All-ceramic
Resin cements
crowns

15. Failure Causes of FPD

 Caries at margins
 Fracture of porcelain
 Debonding of retainers
 Periodontal disease
  Poor pontic hygiene

Clinical Tips / PYQs / MCQ High-Yield

 FPD requires minimum of two abutments for longer span cases.
 Primary pontic design for esthetics → Ovate pontic.
 Pier abutment management → Use non-rigid connector (Key and Keyway / Tenon-
Mortise).
 Rigid connectors contraindicated when pier abutment is present.
 Increased span length exponentially increases flexural stress.

Span deflection ∝ (length)³.

 Conical pontic indicated for posterior thin ridges.

 Hygienic pontic used for non-esthetic posterior areas.