- Fibonacci – means son of bonacci

- November 23 – Fibonacci Day

LESSON 1
MATHEMATICS IN OUR WORLD
Binet’s Formula
Mathematics
- Jacques Philippe Marie Binet (February 2, 1786 – May
- Study of relationship among numbers, quantities, and
12, 1856) – From Paris, Frances
shapes
- Discovered in 1843
- enhance our critical thinking skills, reasoning, spatial n
thinking and creativity 𝟏 1 + √5
Fn = [( ) ]
- helps organize patterns and regularities in the world √𝟓 2
- Mathematics is about:
➢ Numbers, symbols, notations Golden Ratio
➢ Operations, equations, and functions a+b a 1 + √5
➢ Processes = =𝝋= = 1.61803398875. . . ..
a b 2
➢ Proof
Fibonacci sequence and the Golden ratio
Hints or Clues of Math in: - Remarkable property of the sequence is that the ratio
- Patterns in Nature between two numbers in the sequence eventually
- Our daily routine approaches the “Golden Ratio” as a limit
- Our World
- People and Communities Importance of Mathematics in Life
- Events - Katie Kim (2015) – math is a subject that makes
students jump for joy or rip their hair out.
How is mathematics done? a. Restaurant Tipping
- With curiosity b. Netflix Film Viewing
- with a love for seeking patterns and generalities c. Calculating Bills
- with a desire to know the truth d. Computing Test Scores
- with trial and error e. Tracking Career
- without fear of facing more questions and problems to f. Doing Exercise
solve g. Handling Money
- with willingness to keep working h. Making Countdowns
i. Baking and Cooking
Patterns and Numbers in Nature and the World j. Surfing Internet
1. Spiral – shape of continuous, curving line that forms
circles around a center point Nature of Mathematics
2. Meander – one of a series of regular sinuous curves, - American Association for the Advancement of Science
bends, loops, turns, or windings in the channel of a (1990) – mathematics relies on both logic and creativity,
river, stream, or other watercourse and it is pursued both for a variety of practical purposes
3. Waves – disturbance that transfers energy through and for its intrinsic interest.
matter or space a. Patterns and Relationships
4. Foam – substance formed by trapping pockets of gas in b. Mathematics, Science and Technology
a liquid or solid c. Mathematical Inquiry
5. Tessellation – tiling of a plane using one or more d. Abstraction and Symbolic Representation
geometric shapes, called tiles, with no overlaps and no e. Manipulating Mathematical Statements
gaps f. Application
6. Fracture or Crack – separation of an object or material
into two or more pieces under the action of stress Roles of Mathematics in Some Disciplines
7. Fractals – never-ending pattern - Angel Rathnabai (2014) – mathematics is not only
- Infinitely complex patterns that are self-similar across number word or computation, but is more about
different scales forming generalization, seeing relationships, and
- Created by repeating a single process over and over in developing logical thinking and reasoning.
an ongoing feedback loop 1. Physical Science
8. Stripes – series of bands or strips, often of the same 2. Chemistry
width and color along the length. 3. Biological Science
4. Engineering and Technology
Sequence 5. Agriculture
- Ordered list of numbers, called terms, that may have 6. Actuarial Science, Insurance and Finance
repeated values 7. Economics
- Arrangement is set by a definite rule 8. Psychology
9. Archeology
Fibonnaci Sequence 10. Logic
- each number in the sequence is the sum of the two 11. Music
numbers which precede it. 12. Arts
- Leonardo Pisano Bigollo – Italian mathematician who 13. Philosophy
discovered the sequence. 14. Social Networks
 15. Political Science Mathematical Convention
16. Linguistics - fact, name, notation, or usage which is generally agreed
17. Management upon by mathematicians
18. Computers
19. Geography The Four Basic Concepts of Mathematics
1. Set
Appreciating Mathematics as a Human Endeavor - Collection of well-defined objects that contains no
- Mark Karadimos (2018) – the following professions use duplicates
Mathematics in their scope and field of work: - ∈ - element of a set
· Accountants - ∉ - not an element of a set
· Agriculturists - {} – use to describe it and capital letter to represent it
· Architects
· Biologists Definition and Representation of Sets
· Chemists ➢ Descriptive Form – state in words the elements of the set
· Computer Programmers ➢ List Notation/Roster Method – list name of elements of a
· Engineers set, separated by commas and enclosed them in brackets
· Lawyers ➢ Set-Builder Notation/Rule Method – states a property of its
· Managers elements
· Medical Doctors
· Meteorologists Types of Sets
· Military Personnel ➢ Empty or Null Set – no elements; ∅ or { }
· Nurses Politicians ➢ Finite and Infinite Set – finite – limited or countable; infinite
· Salespeople – unlimited or uncountable
· Technicians ➢ Unit/Singleton Set – only one element
· Tradesmen ➢ Equal Set – contain exactly the same elements
➢ Equivalent Sets – contain the same number of elements
LESSON 2 ➢ Universal Set – contains ALL the elements, denoted by U
MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE AND SYMBOLS ➢ Subsets – set A is said to be a subset of B if each element of
A is also an element of B; denoted by ⊆
Language ➢ Power Set – collection of all the subset; denoted by
- Systematic means of communicating ideas or feelings by Power(A) or P(A). (How many subset in a set) = 2n , wherein
the use of conventional symbols, sounds, or marks n is the cardinality of the set.
having understood meaning Cardinality of the set – number of elements in a set

Language of Mathematics Operations on Sets

- System used to communicate mathematical ideas ➢ Union of Sets – consists of ALL the elements included in A or
- consists of a substrate of some natural language using B; denoted by ∪ as A ∪ B
technical terms and grammatical conventions that are ➢ Difference of Sets – consists of elements which are in set A
peculiar to mathematical discourse, supplemented by a but not in set B; denoted by 𝐴 – 𝐵
highly specialized symbolic notation for mathematical ➢ Intersection of Sets – consists of all elements common to
formulas both A and B, denoted by ∩
- Mathematical language can easily be understood by ➢ Complement of a Set – operation that must be performed in
context ( what we are working or particular topics being reference to a universal set, denoted by 𝐴′ (in the universal
studies) and convention (where mathematician have set but not in A)
decided that particular symbols will have particular
meaning) 2. Relation
- Rule that pairs each element in one set called domain,
Characteristics of Mathematical Language with one or more elements from a second set called the
1. Precise – able to make very fine distinctions range; it creates an ordered pair
2. Concise – able to say things briefly
3. Powerful – able to express complex thoughts with 3. Function
relative ease - Rule that pairs each element in one set called the
domain, with exactly one element from a second set
Mathematical Expression called the range
- Finite combination of symbols that is well-formed - One to one
according to rules that depend on the context - Many to one
- does not state a complete thought - Can be represented through:
- does not make sense to ask if an expression is true or a. Table
false b. Ordered Pairs
- Examples: Numbers, Sets, Functions, Ordered pair, c. Mapping
Matrices, Vectors d. Graphing

Mathematical Sentence 4. Binary Operation

- Analogue of an English sentence - Calculation involving two elements of the set to
- correct arrangement of mathematical symbols that produce another element of the set
states a complete thought ➢ Closure – a * b = c
- can be determined whether it’s true, false, sometimes ➢ Commutative – a * b = b * a
true/false ➢ Associative – (a * b) * c = a * (b * c)
➢ Distributive – a(b+c) = ab + ac
➢ Identity – a + 0 = a; a x 1 = a
 1
➢ Inverse – a + -a ; a x a Problem Solving Strategies
- Guess and Check
Binary Operations for Functions - Make an Orderly List or Table
➢ Sum of two functions – f(x) + g(x) - Draw a Picture/Diagram/Model
➢ Difference of two functions – f(x) – g(x) - Look for a Pattern
➢ Product of two functions – f(x) x g(x) - Process of Elimination
f(x) - Work Backwards
➢ Quotient of two functions - g(x), g(x) ≠ 0
Terms of a Sequence
LESSON 3 - Ordered list of numbers
PROBLEM SOLVING AND REASONING - Each number in the sequence is called a term

Reasoning – ability of a person to analyze problem situations Recreational Problems

and construct logical arguments to justify the process or - Sudoku
hypothesis, to create both conceptual foundations and - Logic Puzzles
connections, to be able to process the information - Tangram Puzzles

Two Fundamental Types of Reasoning

1. Inductive Reasoning – drawing general conclusions
from repeated observation or limited sets of specific
examples
- Specific to general
- Conjecture – conclusion
2. Deductive Reasoning – reaching conclusion by applying
general assumptions, procedures, or principles
- General to Specific

Intuition – ability to understand something instinctively without

the need for conscious reasoning or actual evidence

Mathematical Proof

Certainty – conclusion or outcome that is beyond doubt

Polya’s Four Steps in Problem Solving

Mathematical Problem Solving – finding a way around a
difficulty, an obstacle, and finding a solution to a problem that is
unknown (George Polya)

Step 1: Understand the Problem

• Look for information given
• Visualize for information
• Organize for information
• Connect for information

Step 2: Devise a Plan

• Make a representation
• Make a calculated guess
• Go through the process
• Revise the problem

Step 3: Carry Out the Plan

• Use mathematical knowledge
• Use mathematical skills
• Use logical thinking

Step 4: Look Back

• Check the solution
• Improve and Seek alternative solutions if necessary