CHAPTER 5-7
TROPICAL DESIGN
GREEN BUILDING
ILLUSTRATED
ALMAJOSE BESARRA CABANG MORESCO NUARIN SAGUN
ARC22CC
CONTENTS
01 BUILDING SHAPE
CHAPTER 5
02 NEAR-BUILDING FEATURES
CHAPTER 6
03 OUTER ENVELOPE
CHAPTER 7
PART I
BUILDING SHAPE
Building shape includes a structure' s ori entati on, f l oor area, surf ace area , h e ig h t,
number of storeys, and overall configurati on. These f actors have a si gnif ic an t
impact on cost-effectiveness, mater i al use, and energy ef f i ci ency.
01
PART I
BUILDING SHAPE
KEY ELEMENTS
FLOOR AREA & ITS IMPLICATIONS SURFACE AREA & THE “AREA RATIO”
CONCEPT
OPTIMAL BUILDING SHAPES & CASE STUDIES & REAL-WORLD
ORIENTATIONS APPLICATIONS
FLOOR AREA, SURFACE AREA
& ITS IMPLICATIONS
01 02 03
FLOOR AREA SURFACE AREA AREA RATIO
The usable interior space of The total exterior envelope Surface Area to Floor Area
the building. (walls + roof). Ratio=Total Floor
AreaEnvelope Surface Area
SURFACE AREA &
THE “AREA
RATIO” CONCEPT
More surface = more exposure to heat loss or
gain
Impacts:
Heating & cooling loads
Material use & costs
Energy-efficient buildings aim for the lowest
practical area ratio
OPTIMAL BUILDING SHAPES &
ORIENTATIONS
01 02 03
CUBE / COMPACT FORM RECTANGLE / ELONGATED COURTYARD FORM
Low surface-area-to-volume ratio = less FORM
Best when oriented east-west for Promotes natural ventilation (stack
heat loss/gain.
optimized solar exposure. effect and cross breezes).
Ideal for cold climates to retain internal
South-facing windows allow controlled Provides shaded outdoor space,
heat.
solar gain. reducing urban heat island effect.
Efficient envelope use means less
Effective in temperate climates and for Allows for controlled daylight from
material and energy for HVAC.
natural daylighting. multiple orientations.
Often aligned with Passive House and
Helps meet ASHRAE daylight standards Aligns with WELL Building standards for
LEED energy efficiency goals.
and LEED daylight credits. biophilic design.
OPTIMAL BUILDING SHAPES &
ORIENTATIONS
04 05 06
LINEAR BAR FORM ATRIUM / HOLLOW CORE L-SHAPE AND U-SHAPE
FORM FORMS
acilitates cross-ventilation and even Allows daylight to penetrate deep into Offers multiple façade orientations for
daylighting. the building. daylight and solar control.
Enhances thermal comfort with reduced Acts as a thermal buffer zone, improving Allows zoning of spaces by thermal
reliance on mechanical systems. energy performance. needs (e.g., private vs. public, warm vs.
Supports indoor environmental quality Can be used for natural ventilation cool).
under green standards like WELL or chimneys and daylight harvesting. Forms microclimates and wind
BREEAM. protection zones for comfort and
vegetation.
OPTIMAL BUILDING SHAPES &
ORIENTATIONS
07 08
TOWER / VERTICAL FORM IRREGULAR / ARTICULATED
FORM
Offers multiple façade orientations for Increases surface area → higher thermal
daylight and solar control. exchange → less efficient.
Allows zoning of spaces by thermal Challenging for air tightness and
needs (e.g., private vs. public, warm vs. thermal bridging.
cool). May improve daylighting but must be
Forms microclimates and wind carefully designed to meet energy goals.
protection zones for comfort and
vegetation.
CASE STUDIES & REAL WORLD
APPLICATIONS
09
MALAY ARCHITECTURE AND TRADITIONAL HOUSES
CASE STUDIES & REAL WORLD
APPLICATIONS
10
BIOCLIMATIC TROPICAL VILLA IN VIETNAM / T3 ARCHITECTS + KANOPEA ARCHITECTURE STUDIO
PART II
NEAR-BUILDING FEATURES
Overhangs, awnings, solar panels, bal coni es, and shutters are exampl es o f n e a r -
building elements that act as extra l ayers of protecti on and can i mprove a
building' s environmental performance.
02
OVERHANGS AND AWNINGS
Overhangs and awnings that face east, south, or west reduce sol ar gai ns in su mme r , a n d so
reduce the energy required for air condi ti oni ng.
There is far greater value in blocking the sun bef ore i t reaches a bui l di ng r ath e r th an tr yin g to
shield its rays with blinds or shades i ndoors, af ter they have passed throu gh win d o ws a n d
carried heat into the building
OVERHANGS AND AWNINGS
Overhangs can be sized in a variety of ways, i ncl udi ng
numerical calculation, building model s, and computer
simulation.
°Latitude Depth in Inches (mm)
24 11 (280)
32 16 (405)
40 26 (660)
48 36 (915)
SOLAR PANELS
Solar panels consist of an array of ei ther sol ar thermal col l ectors or pho to v o ltaic mo d u le s. As
we design from the outside in, it is important to di rect attenti on to potential lo c atio n s f o r so lar
panels before finalizing the roof des i gn f or a bui l di ng
Roofs are a logical location for solar panel s. The i nherent
structure of a building makes roof-mounted i nstal l ati ons
more affordable than ground-mounted i nstal l ati ons, whi ch
require their own foundation.
Roof-mounted bui lding components, such as chi mneys,
plumbing and mechanical vents, dormers, stai rwel l
penthouses, and satellite dishes, oft en i nterf ere wi th the
most effective locations for solar panel s.
SOLAR PANELS
The aesthetics of solar panels on roof s are equal l y i mportant. I f a roof is
not aesthetically receptive to solar panel s, many bui l di ng owners w ill
simply not install a solar energy system.
SOLAR PANELS
Accordingly, best practices to mak e roof s recepti ve to sol ar pan e ls
include:
• Choosing a receptive roof design. I n order of pref erence f rom hi gh to
low receptivity:
• Flat roof
• Shed roof
• Saltbox roof
• Gable roof
• Hip roof
• Orienting the main slope of a roof toward the equator (true south in the
northern hemisphere).
• Locating roof penetrations, such as plumbing vents and exhaust fans, on the
north slope of a roof or on walls where possible.
• Providing large, contiguous roof areas for solar panels by clustering roof
penetrations and minimizing the use of dormers and other projections.
• Keeping roof lines simple and rectangular where possible and avoiding
complex roof designs that include features such as valleys.
• Avoiding roof designs where one portion of the roof shades another.
• Designing a structurally sound roof that is able to bear the added weight of
solar panels.
• Choosing a durable roofing material to avoid the need to remove the solar
panels for reroofing
SOLAR PANELS
Computer simulation will readily identify the optimal tilt and azimuth
angle of solar panels for maximum annual output of solar energy for a
given geographic location.
Like tilt, the orientation of a solar array is also forgiving, within limits.
Orientations within plus/minus 30 degrees from true south in the
northern hemisphere result in a production sacrifice of less than 4%.
Panels oriented due east or west will sacrifice approximately 30%
production in the northern reaches of the continental United States and
approximately 10% to 15% in the south. This loss can be reduced by
lowering the tilt from the optimal tilt for south-facing panels
SOLAR PANELS
For flat roofs where space is more than suf f i ci ent f or a requi red
solar system, the panels should be t i l ted f or opti mum ef f i ci ency
to minimize material use and maximi z e cost-ef f ecti veness.
Rows of tilted panels need to be spaced such that each row
does not shade an adjacent row.
BALCONIES
Before the design of a structure is f i nal i z ed, the rol e of
balconies should be considered.
In the field of heat transfer, balconi es can be consi dered to be
extended surfaces that increase the rate of heat transf er,
similar to the role of fins on r adi ators i n cars or heat
exchangers in heating and cooling equi pment
Thermally or structurally isolate the bal cony f rom the mai n
structure.
BALCONIES
Balconies also usually have large gl ass doors,
which themselves are a point of vul nerabi l i ty f or
buildings. Large sl iding glass doors, typi cal l y metal -
framed, not onl y leak air around thei r l ong
perimeters but they also have rel ati vel y l ow R-
values and high U-factors , which can l ead to
undesirable heat gain or loss through the gl az i ng
itself. Smaller insulated doors might be consi dered
for access to balconies where possibl e
THE BUILDING FACADE
Proceeding from the outside in, a bui l di ng’ s f acade pl ays a central rol e in g r e e n bu ild in g
design. Windows, window-to-wall rati o, doors, decorati ve f eatures, f l oor- to - f lo o r h eig h t, r o o f
lines, the entrance and lobby, exterior l i ghti ng, and i nteri or l i ghti ng seen f r o m o u tdo o r s— th ese
all contribute to the critical view of a bui l di ng f rom the outsi de.
Many of these elements also contribute substanti al l y to a bui l di ng’ s ener g y u se .
THE BUILDING FACADE
CEILING HEIGHTS
This affects the space available f or dayl i ght penetrati on, ai rf l ow, a n d
ceiling-mounted systems. Higher floors can al l ow better dayl i ghti ng an d
air circulation, but also increase vol ume to cool /heat.
Thermal Comfort and Air Circulation
Energy Efficiency
Natural Lighting
THE BUILDING FACADE
WINDOWS WINDOW-TO-WALL RATIO
Windows provide natural light and venti l ati on but can This is the percentage of a wall surf ace area occupi ed
also be a major source of heat gain or l oss dependi ng by windows. A hi gh WWR increases dayl i ght but al so
on their size, placement, and materi al . raises cooling loads, while a low WWR can l i mi t natural
light.
Provide natural daylight
Allow for ventilation
Contribute to visual connection with the outsi de
THE BUILDING FACADE
ENTRANCES AND LOBBIES
The design of the entrance affects ai r exchange, accessi bi l i ty, and thermal c o n tr o l.
Lobbies influence how much heat, light, or cool ai r enters and escapes f r o m th e bu ild in g .
THE BUILDING FACADE
ROOF LINE
Roof shapes and slopes influence rai nwater col l ecti on, sol ar panel posi tio n in g, an d b u ild in g
aesthetics. They can also contribute to passi ve desi gn strategi es.
Rainwater management
Solar access
Ventilation
Insulation
Potential for green or solar roofs
THE BUILDING FACADE
INTERIOR LIGHTING VIEWED FROM THE OUTDOORS
This refers to the visibility of interior l i ghti ng through the bui l di ng’ s wi n d o ws o r f a ç a d e f r o m
the outside, especially at night. Whi l e i nteri or l i ghti ng hel ps cre a te a c o mf o r tab le
atmosphere inside, excessive lighti ng at ni ght can contri bute to l i g h t p o llu tio n , d isr u p t
nighttime environments, and waste energy i f not properl y control l ed.
THE BUILDING FACADE
DECORATIVE FEATURES
Decorative features enhance a buildi ng’ s vi sual i denti ty, but i n green desig n , th e y mu st also
serve a functional or sustainable purpose. Aestheti cs and envi ronmental r esp o n sib ility g o
hand in hand.
Sustainable Materials
Dual Functionality
Low-Maintenance Finishes
RAINWATER HARVESTING
Aspects of rainwat er harvesting shoul d be
developed during the consideration of near-
building features.
drains and downspouts need to be
coordinated to route rainwater to a si ngl e
point, preferably to maximize storage f or
future use, rather than simply away f rom the
building and to the storm drainage system
Reduces dependency on municipal water
supply
Prevents stormwater runoff
Supports LEED and other green
certifications
Promotes self-suff iciency
USE OF THE ROOF
Green buildings have many features that
require roof space
In addition to conventional roof -mounted
components, such as heating and cool i ng
equipment and exhaust fans, and other roof uses,
such as patios and penthouses, a vari ety of green
features may compete for roof space:
Solar photovoltaic modules
Solar thermal collectors
Vegetation for green roofs
Skylights or monitors for daylighting
Heat-recovery ventilators
USE OF THE ROOF
As a building gets taller and its roof area i s
reduced relative t o its overall size, green bui l di ng
features may need to be prioritized.
Life-cycle analysis
Energy use and carbon reduction impact
IMPORTANCE
Maximizes sustainability potential
Reduces operating costs
Improves environmental impact
Supports green certifications
Promotes smarter architecture
PART III
OUTER ENVELOPE
The term "envelope" describes a buildi ng' s exteri or shel l . Thi s
envelope consists of construction el ements l i k e wi ndows, wal l s,
foundation, roof, and doors.
PART III
ENVELOPES
A building has two distinguishable envel opes: the outer envelope (e.g., roof)
and the inner envelope (e.g., attic floor).
The outer envelope consists of components in contact wi th condi ti oned spaces.
The inner envelope includes components like walls and cei l i ngs that are al so i n contact
with conditioned spaces. Both envel opes work together i n the same c o n str u c tio n
assembly.
Between the two envelopes lies the thermal boundary , which refers to the insulated
surfaces surrounding the building.
PART III
INFILTRATION
it is the flow of air between a buildi ng and the outdoor whi ch has a
major impact on energy use.
While infiltration r efers to air ent ering a building and i ts
counterpart as exfiltration meaning air leavi ng a building, the term
infiltration is used to describe both ei ther si mul taneousl y or i n
alternating cycles.
Stack Effect
A key cause of infiltration, the stack ef f ect occurs when warm
air rises in winter, drawing in col d ai r bel ow and escapi ng
through upper floors. In air-conditioned bui l di ngs, the f l ow can
reverse. It’s most noticeable in tall structures but al so af f ects
homes with basements
Wind pressure
Shifts in indoor air pressure from f ans, HVAC systems, or the
opening/closing of doors/windows.
PART III
INFILTRATION
Common Infiltration Sites
Attics
Walls
Gaps around hatches, light fixtures,
chimneys, plumbing vents, ducts, and
exhaust fans.
window and wall-mounted AC units
Catastrophic Infiltration Sites
W indow s left open in winter
Broken windows or door frames.
Damaged ducts in attics or outdoors
PART III
Occurs when sol id materials (wood, metal ) cut through
THERMAL BRIDGING insulation, allowing heat to pass through.
Reduces insulation performance:
Wood studs reduce R-value by 10%.
Metal studs reduce R-value by up to 55%.
KEY POINTS
Also occurs at lintels, sill/top Important to minimize thermal
plates, beams, balconies, and bridging and air leaks in
foundation details. building envelopes.
PART III
CONTINUITY AND DISCONTINUITIES
Infiltration and thermal bridging show why i t' s so i mportant to k eep the th er ma l
envelope continuous. Buildings are made up of many connected parts, a n d ev e r y
joint, along with every opening for wi ndows, doors, pi pes, and wi res, c an b r e a k
that continuity.
01
COMMON DISCONTINUITIES
02
DESIGN CHALLENGES
03
BEST PRACTICES
Windows: Lose heat through Exterior insulation helps with Continuous insulation between
glass, frames, structure, leaks, moisture control & thermal mass cladding and structure is
and radiation. but must wrap complex shapes. growing in use.
Chimneys: Allow heat loss Interior insulation reduc es exposure Still requires careful detailing at
through masonry and air leakage but can cause condensation & penetrations & connection
via flues. limits thermal mass benefits. points.
Aging: Caulking cracks, Mixing interior/exterior insulation
weatherstripping wears, seals adds transition complexity.
break over time.
PART III: WALLS
MASONRY WALLS
Masonry walls, typically made of concrete masonry uni ts
(CMUs), are common in buildings of al l si z es. They of ten
feature exterior finishes like brick , stone, or metal , wi th
interiors finished in drywall or left exposed.
High-performance CMUs are lighter and can achi eve R -val ues
up to R-10 when filled with insulating materi al s l i k e perlite .
THERMAL BRIDGING
Shelf Angles → Use insulated spacers or standoffs
Parapets → Wrap insulation continuou sly over top
Structural Steel → Use stainless steel or insulate around
Balconies → Support externally or use thermal breaks
PART III: WALLS
POURED CONCRETE WALLS
Poured concrete walls can take several f orms. They can be
precast , or cast hori zontally on a construction site and then
tilted up , or poured in place . As with masonry walls, a variety
of interior finishes and exterior cladding systems are
available, including leaving either f ace exposed as a
structural finish.
Concrete Sandwich Panels
Concrete–Insulation–Concrete assembly
Lightweight, fire-resistant, and durable
Non-thermal connectors reduce bridging
Must maintain fu ll contact between insulation edges
Can add exterior insulation + cladding
Similar to insulated masonry cavity walls
PART III: WALLS
Benefits
WOOD-FRAME WALLS
Common, cost-effective, low embodied energy
Conventional light-wood framing uses 1 6-i nch spaced studs
with insulation in between. Gypsum board i s common i nsi de, Uses renewable materials
and exterior cladding includes sheathi ng wi th wood, vi nyl , or
composites. This method allows thermal bri dgi ng and ai r High thermal resistance possible with careful
leakage due to many joi nts.
detailing
Benefits
METAL FRAME WALLS
Durability
Metal-frame walls have low embodi ed energy, si mi l ar to
wood, but pose challenges in green constructi on due to hi gh Fire Resistance
thermal bridging and air infiltration ri sk s.
Dimensional Stability
Lightweight: Easier handling and installation
Recyclable: Environmentally friendly material
Compatibility: Works well with modern construction
PART III: WALLS
METAL FRAME WALLS
WOOD-FRAME WALLS
PART III: WALLS
CURTAIN WALLS
"Curtain" concept; hangs from the bui l di ng’ s structural f rame.
Nonloadbearing facade system used mai nl y in hi gh-ri se
buildings. Typical ly made of glass and i nsul ated spandrel
panels in aluminum framing. Must resi st wi nd and sei smi c
loads and transfer them to the structure. Can be
prefabricated (unitized panels) or bui l t on-si te
Benefits
Lightweight a nd reduces structural load
Modern, sleek aesthetic for architecture
Quick installation (especially unitized panels)
Allo ws for natural daylight and views
PART III: WALLS
CHOOSING BETWEEN
WALL SYSTEMS
MMBtu - Million British Thermal Units
SF - Square Foot (the area of your wal l )
Lower numbers = More energy ef f i ci ent in
terms of materials used
embodied energy is the total energy used to
make and del iver a material bef ore
installation
raw material consumption
material manufacturing lower
transportation
construction
higher
PART III
ENSURING CONTINUITY
Focus on details: Air sealing and thermal bridge prevention require
careful design and construction.
Ensure quality control: Proper execution of design details is crucial,
even if they’re not standard practice.
Use continuous structures: Materials like rigid insulation on solid
walls help maintain continuous thermal and air barriers.
Add multiple continuous layers: These strengthen resistance to air
leaks.
Limit openings: Minimize windows and doors to reduce thermal
breaks.
PART III
WINDOWS HIGH-PERFORMANCE WINDOWS
These windows improve thermal performance,
Windows enhance buildings by bringing in natural
reduce energy use, and enhance comfort by
light, offering views, and adding aesthetic appeal.
minimizing drafts, condensation, and radiant heat
However, they also pose major energy challenges,
loss in winter, while limiting solar gain in summer.
contributing to heat loss, drafts, glare, and thermal
discomfort.
QUICK TIMELINE
17TH
250 BC 1950s 1980s
CENTURY
window technology window technology storm windows emerged gas-filled windows
evolved from early evolved to polished to protect against became common. Inert
glassblowing in Babylon plate glass in 17th- storms. However, t he air gases like argon and
century France gap between panes krypton are used
improved insulation between panes to
reduce heat transfer
PART III
DAYLIGHTING
Daylighting can offer energy savings for those buildings
for which the duration of lighting in hours per day is high,
and where possible variations in light level over time and
across space are acceptable
Benefits
Reduces reliance on artificial lighting
Enhances occupant comfort and wel l -bei ng sidelighting
Supports energy efficiency when properl y desi gned
Design Considerations
Daylighting should be integrated earl y i n desi gn f or
optimal envelope performance.
Bal ance is key: Too much glazing increases heat
loss, offsetting lighting savings.
Reflective interior surfaces (ceilings, wal l s, f l oors)
improve daylight distribution and reduce gl az i ng
needs.
toplighting
PART III
DAYLIGHTING
RULE OF THUMB
Choose glazing for lighting performance, not just vi ews.
Optimal top lighting area: 2%–4% of f l oor area, spaced 1–1.5 × ceiling heigh t.
PART III
VIEWS
Views through windows offer a vital connection to the
outdoors, give occupants an indication of outdoor
weather conditions, and contribute to human mental
health and productivity.
Benefits
Connect occupant s with the outdoors
Improve ment al health, comfort, and productivity
Provide cues about outdoor condition
Design Tips
Optimize wind ow size to balance views with energy
efficiency
Full-height windows aren' t necessary f or good vi ews
Kee p lower window edges above 30 in. and head heights
below 90 in. when possible
Use smalle r, well-placed windows instead of long wal l -
to-wall glazing
PART III
WINDOW LOSSES
Despite benefits like daylight and views, wi ndows are major
sources of energy loss. They lose heat i n wi nter (vi a
conduction, radiation, and infiltrat i on) and gai n heat i n
summer, increasing HVAC demands.
They also add construction costs and cause comf ort i ssues
like drafts, glare, and uneven room temperatures. Sol ar
gain in winter offers some offset, but doesn’ t f ul l y bal ance
the downsides.
Windows can account for 25% or more of a bui l di ng' s
energy loss—especially in high wi ndow-to-wal l rati o
designs.
PART III
REDUCING WINDOW LOSSES
01 03
Eliminate unnecessary windows
in low-occupancy spaces
02 F or ventilation, prefer casement
or awning windows over sliding
(e.g., garages, corridors, Min imize window quantity and or double-hung, as they
stairwells, utility rooms). size in rooms like bedrooms or provide better airflow and
small offices—use 1–2 well- lower leakage
sized windows instead of
multiple large ones.
04 06
Squar e or nearly square shapes
are better than long, narrow
05 Al ways balance energy savings
with quality of daylight and
windows for reducing perimeter Larg er windows cost less per views in regularly occupied
and energy loss. area than multiple smaller ones spaces.
and offer better performance.
PART III
Key issues:
DOORS
Air leakage occurs around the frame, beneath
Exterior doors, like windows, penetrate thresholds, and through door joints.
the building envelope and can cause
heat loss and air infiltration. However, Misuse of uninsul ated interior doors on exteri ors
solid and insulated doors typically (e.g., to garages) is a common mist ak e.
perform better than windows thermally.
Frequent use causes wear on weatherstri ppi ng
and door sweeps, reducing effectiveness.
Double doors and sliding doors are harder to seal
and more prone to leaks.
Glazing in doors results in similar energy l osses as
windows—use only when necessary.
BEST PRACTICES
01 02 03
Avoid sliding and Seal and caulk around Limit glazing; use it only
double doors where frames and thresholds. when required for
possible. visibility or safety.
PART III
Key issues:
DOORS
Air leakage occurs around the frame, beneath
Exterior doors, like windows, penetrate thresholds, and through door joints.
the building envelope and can cause
heat loss and air infiltration. However, Misuse of uninsul ated interior doors on exteri ors
solid and insulated doors typically (e.g., to garages) is a common mist ak e.
perform better than windows thermally.
Frequent use causes wear on weatherstri ppi ng
and door sweeps, reducing effectiveness.
Double doors and sliding doors are harder to seal
and more prone to leaks.
Glazing in doors results in similar energy l osses as
windows—use only when necessary.
BEST PRACTICES
04 05 06
Weatherstrip and test Consider airlocks at Use insulated exterior
doors for proper main entries to buffer doors and those between
sealing. temperature conditioned and
differences. unconditioned spaces.
PART III
ROOFS
Roofs are a key part of a building’s thermal envelope, and
when done right, they help save energy and boost comfort.
Modern energy codes like ASHRAE 189 set standards for
insulation based on climate, and adding a continuous layer
of insulation is one of the best ways to reduce heat loss
through thermal bridging.
Pitched Roof Problems
Pitched roofs with attics often leak warm i ndoor ai r, whi ch escapes
through vents. This heat loss, common around hatches, chi mneys,
and wirings, can melt roof snow that ref reez es i nto i ce dams,
causing water damage in cold climates.
PART III
ROOFS
Flat Roof Advantages
They leak less air, there’s no attic to worry about.
They’re great for solar panels and green (vegetated)
roofs.
They’re easier to access for maintenance.
They tend to cost less about 22% cheaper than
pitched roofs.
There’s less risk of ice dams and heat loss to attics.
Flat roofs offer energy and cost advantages and support green
technologies. If pitched roofs are used for aesthetic or structural
reasons, the thermal envelope needs to be sealed tightly especially at
the attic floor to avoid air leaks and energy loss.
PART III
FLOORS
Slab-on-grade floors lose heat to the colder ground, especially at the
edges. Proper insulation at the slab’s edge and underside is key to
preventing energy loss and discomfort. Radiant floor heating can be
efficient but risks losing heat to the ground. Moisture protection with
grading, drainage, gravel, and vapor barriers is also essential.
Insulation Strategies
Insulate slab edges and underside
for thermal continuity.
Exterior perimeter insulation is often
most effective.
Radiant Heating Considerations
Radia nt floors offer comfort and energy savings.
Still, risk of heat loss to the ground remains
THANK YOU
FOR LISTENING!
ALMAJOSE BESARRA CABANG MORESCO NUARIN SAGUN
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