03 02 Enlarged oH ul (0.0235, 0.235) 0.2 0.3 0.4 0: x— #f) Fig. E 1.9 (b) : Construction of ideal stages (Enlarged scale) 00 01 0.6 07 0.8 0.9 1.0 xample 1.10 ; A continuous fractionating column is used to handle 2.5 kg/s of a feed contatning 40% benzene and 60% toluene. The overhead product contains 97% benzene and bottom product contains 98% toluene. A reflux ratio of 3.5 kmol/kmol is used. The molar latent heat of benzene and toluene may be taken as 30000 kJ/kmol. Take relative volatility = 2.5. Calculate : (i) The mass flow rates of overhead and bottom product. (ii) Steam requirement. The steam is available at 240 kPa pre steam at 240 kPa is 2186 kJ/kg. (iii) The number of theoretical plates required and the position of feed plate if the feed is a liquid at 295 K and its specific heat is 1.84 kJkg.K). tre and the latent heat of (@ scanned with OKEN ScannerDistillation 4.110 - nospneric pressure and YApriy Mass Transfor — I! operates at ay (iv) The diameter of cotunn the column velocity is 1 m/s Boiling point of benzene * 3. Boiling point of toluene 1 Basis : 2.5 ke/s of feed to column. f the 3K and 383.8 K. Solutior ad product and bottom product jp Let F', D! and W' be the mass flow rate kg/s respectively. feed, overhe ae ; ot benzene in the feed, overhead the mass fraction (weight fraction) of Let x),. Xp and Xw be the mass fraction (weig! product and bottom product respectively. Overall material balance : F pD+W 2.5 = D'+W x}, = 40/100=040, Xp ow = 97.100 = 0.97 xiy = (100 ~ 98)/100= 0.02 Material balance of benzene : 0.4 (2.5) = 0.97 D' + 0.02 W' We have : W' =2.5-D! 1 = 0.97 D' + 0.02 (2.5-D') D' = I kg/s a W! = 25-12 15kg/s Mass flow rate of distillate = 1 kg/s ... Ans. (i) Mass flow rate of bottom product = 1.5 kg/s .. Ans. (ii) Molecular weight of benzene = 8 Molecular weight of toluene = 92. r 40/78 0.44 78, Molefraction of benzene in the feed = xp 0778 + 602 Molefraction of benzene in the overhead product = x)= 577p-e = 0.974 +3792 = % ‘Molefraction of benzene in the bottom product = xw= Fear haese ‘Average molecular weight of feed = Mavg, Mayg. = 0.44 (78) + 0.56 (92) = 85.84 ke/kmol Mass flow rate of feed = 2.5 kg/s Molar flow rate of feed = 2.5/85.84 = 0.0291 kmol/s Overall material balance : F 0.0291 D+W D+W, = W=00091-p " uw (@ scanned with OKEN ScannerVA 3 pater =! i. __Distillation BF atance of benzene : sil AvP = xpD+ xy W 0.44 (0.0291) = 0.974 D +.0,0235 w 0.44 (0.0291) = 0.974 D +0.0235 (0.0291 — py Dd 0.01275 kmol/s and W =00 s poeeaen 1635 kmol/s R = Lyd In = RD=3.5 x 0.01275 = 0.0446 kmol/s Vast = La + D = 0.0446 + 0.01275 = 0.05735 kmol/s going point of benvzene= 353.3 K and that of toluene = 383.8 K. a Meanfaverage boiling point of feed = Y (mole fir ‘action x boiling point) ist Mean boiling point of feed = Ty = 0.44 (353.3) +0.56 383.8) = 37038 K Temperature of feed = Ty= 295 K Specific heat of feed = 1.84 ki/(kg.K) Moir specific heat of feed = 1.84 x 85.84 = 157.95 kI/(kmol.K) Morbenzene and toluene — = 30000 ki/kmol Co(Th-TH +2 q= x 157.95 (370.38 ~ 295) + 30000 30000 aie i Asthe feed is a cold liquid : q= 14 Lm = Ly+qF (below the feed plate) Lm = 0.0446 + 1.4 (0.0291) = 0.08534 kmol/s Lan = Viner + W Vin = Lm-W = 0.08534 — 0.01635 = 0.06899 = 0.069 kmol/s *oip rate/vapour rate at the bottom of the column = Vine Vapour rate = 0.069 kmol/s Molar latent heat = 30000 ki/kmol Heat load ofthe reboiler = 0.069 x 30000 2070 kI/s meet the heat load of the reboiler. 2, of steam = 2186 kI/kg. S203 240 kPa is used to ths 4s = Heat load of the reboiler ths (2186) = 2070 = 0.9469 = 0.95 kg/s Sean, thy Cee ‘°quired/steam consumption = 0.95 kg/s equilibrium data. a= 25 : a a Y= Te@-N x ql ... Ans. (ii) a (@ scanned with OKEN ScannerWit Mass Transl ol te the correnpondings values of ANd labulate 05 | 06 | 07 | on 0.714 [0.79 | 0.854 [0.91 rake x= 0, Ost 0.2 0. 18 xf y 0 “ (Posto exqiibriam curves (ii) Slope of qrline | slope = Tag @ 1-14 © slope = wn 053.5 4 O= a ; Draw the qeline through the point (0.44, 0.44) on the diagonal with an angle of 740 (ii) The intercept of rectification section operating Tine is: Intercept = xp/(R + 1) = 0.974(3.5 + 1) = 0.216 Draw this operating line through the point (0.974, 0.974) on the diagonal with an interce, 0.216 on y-axis. (iv) Draw the operating line of the stripping section through the point (0.0235, 0.0235), the diagonal and passing through the point of intersection of q-line and top operating line, (v) Construct the stages, Number of theoretical plates including the reboiler = Number of theoretical plates required = n- 1 = 11 - 1 Position of feed plate : 5" from the top. Vapour rate at the top of the column = Vp, = 0.05735 kmol/s. At the top, benzene is almost 353.3 K at | atm pressure. oe Ans. (i + Ans. (i Pure, So we can assume that the temperature at the top 1 kmol of gas at 1 atm pressure and 273 K temperature occupies volume of 22.4 m°. Column pressure = 1 atm PV, = nRT, PV) = n,RT) BM, mT a eh V, wea B ay BB V2 = 22.4 m3 n= Ikmol T, = 273K \ Pr=P, = Lam Ti = 3533K ™ = 0.05739 kmot (@ scanned with OKEN Scanner1.113 tS ee ans 22.4 ws «¢ flow rate of vapour at top = “TX 0.05735 3333 x : = spe 0 1 vol Vapour velocity = 1 m/s volumetric flow rate = cross-sectional area (A) x velocity fy 125 A= 1 = 1.6625 m2 A = FD; = 1.6625 Dy = 1.455 = 1.46 m (based on vapour flow at the top). 09) 08: 07} 04) 03 B (0.0235, 0.0235) Xp = 0. a8 OOD : 7 or"02" 08-04 OB 06 x ical plates feat theoretical Fio. F. 1.10: Netermination of Scanned with OKEN Scanner1.114 poe Mass Transfer — I i 3.8 K. Temperature at the bottom of column is assumed to be 38: Viner = 0.069 kmol/s Vapour rate at the bottom = 0.069 kmol/s Volumetric flow _ 22.4 383.8 1 = x 0.069 x 5a3- XT rate at the bottom 1 273 1 = 2.173 mis Vapour velocity = 1 m/s Volumetric flow rate = Area x Velocity 2.173 = Axl». A=2.173 m2 A=w4D, = 2.173 D, = 1.66 m (based on vapour flow at the bottom) our velocity through the column to 1 m/s (ie, the column diameter has to be 1.66 m (the larger In order to limit the vap. the vapour velocity to exceed 1 m/s), value of D, shouldt considered), Diameter of the column = 1.66 m «Ans. Example 1.11 : 100 moles of benzene and toluene containing 50 mole % benzene’ subjected to a differential distillation at aimos x Solution : Basis : 100 kmol of feed, , Molefraction of benzene in the feed = x= Molefraction of benzene in the Tesidu 50/100 = 0.50 Xw= 33/100 = 0.33 Q=24 We have, Generate the e For this exam, will generate the ys 14@cnr quilibrium data, o-Dx ple, we require the equility 03 ¥ i ‘ 20.33% data between x = 3 tox oes data Starting from Xp= 0.5 to Xw* : Take x = 93 (@ scanned with OKEN ScannerNy stig, ‘lation column is operating at the following Condition, illatic : 1.116 AFKamyle 11244 binary di oe vr 98 mole % volatile component i kmol/h with } pistittate rate = 100 kno i Reboiler steam = 4500 kg/h. - Latent heat of steam use 200 ll Latent heat of column liquid = 30000 mol. i cl ing reflux ratio. ea aha at ia the relative volatility is 2.2 and feeg (ii) If for the above colum I é 7 ieee Sisiccte mine component, how many stages are present in the ro Contain atin section 2 Solution : Basis : 150 kmol/h of feed to the column, oe Let, V — molar flow rate of vapour in the rectifying section, kot, 'V' — molar flow rate of vapour in the stripping section, kmolh F — feed to the column q ~ fraction of feed that is liquid. The flow rate of vapour in the rectifying section is given by V= Vii(l-qF s V' = V-(1-q)F Flow rate of vapour in the stripping section, ie, from the reboiler : V = V-(1-qF For rectifying section at the top, we have : V=L+D VD = UD+1 V = (R+1)D, where R=L/D Ve R+)D-(-q)F F = 150 kmol/h soq=0, Given: Feed is all vapour, 100 kmolh (+1) 100-q_ 100 (R+1)~ 159 given by 0) 150 kmol/h v The steam required at the reboj where ths is the steam consumy V' is the vapour rate A, is the latent heat Lis the latent heat tion, kg/h from the reboi of steam used, keg OFTiguid mixture, km ths ds = VIA. The units of LHS and RHS ofthe above equatg ts (kg/h) As (KI/kg) = V" (kmolmy aQ ler, kmol/h Mate kh, K/kmoly (@ scanned with OKEN ScannerPEE He eeetecilat 1 if ____Distitation (0.98, 0.98) RS. Operating line y=x 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 x— Fig. E 1.12 : Determination of ideal stages in the rectification section Substituting the value of V', we get Tig As = [100 (R + 1) - 150] & ti, = 4500 kg/h ds 2200 J/g = 2200 kJ/kg a 30000 J/mol = 30000 kJ/kmol 4500 x 2200 = [100 (R + 1) - 150] x 30000 : 330 = 100(R + 1) — 150 R= 3, vers reflux ratio =R = Ee kmol/kmol .. Ans. (i) ion of number of stages in rectifying section : © = 22 given u W ig eo rer Y= Ty@-Dx 450,011, { 1.0 and calculate the corresponding y va 09 | 1.0 0.95 |_ 1.0 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.485 | 0.59 | 0.69 | 0.77 (@ scanned with OKEN Scanner1.118 ise, transter=l kp = 0.98 Xr = 05 : =0 F A qe | to x-axis through the point (05 ne (q-line) is paralle 5, 05 As q = 0, the feed Hine (@-ine) Me diagonal. Xp = 0.98 fs ifying s So the operating line of a aaa f the operating #0 oa Intercept of the aecrebeie = xp(R+1) <8 = 0.98/3.8 +1 = 0.204 ae : \ . int (0.5, 0.5) on the diagonal and parallel to , So draw the q-line through the point (0. . : oF (as ae 0). Dae the operating line for rectifying section through the point (0.98, 0.98) « diagonal and having intercept on y-axis = 0.204. Construct the equilibrium stages between the equilibrium curve and the operating line teach exactly or just cross the feed line. Count the stages above the q-line. Number of theoretical stages (plates) required in the rectifying section =7. ... Am Example 1.13 : The following information is available for a binary fractionating coli Feed = 180 kmol/h and 60% vaporised. : Distillate = 100 kmol/h with 0.98 molefraction of more volatile component. Reboiler steam demand = 4200 kghh. Latent heat of steam used in the reboiler = 2200 J/g. Calaine a Of column liquid = 3.x J (0* Imol. le: . be (i) The sg ie erating refx ratio, ‘Omposition col 07 : of vapour enterj, ; sey avprflow molefraction Of the more ee cane that plate from which the liquid 0° rfl F ment. Solution ; Basi is : o/h of feed to the column, > m cacti oe olar flow rate of vapour in rectifying sectio" Molar flow : Tate of vapour in stripping sectio” The flow rate ofy q- fen io the column 7 @POUur in the rectfvinn os feed that is liquid. “ =V4 M8 Section is given by We has. xn (-ar ection has a point (0.98, 0.98) on the diagonal, (@ scanned with OKEN Scanneree ie 180- 100 = SU Kiowa is yyand norrect: aa are CO aon 't ns done composition © ows, SAY plate-n = Xp = 0.7 tering plate-n = You cason of V4 ; Composition? sfirf ction is * ing se tin forthe Foo 0 xitRel = 0.98 emi =Rr1 = 0.7, R= 3.16, Xp We have: 0.98 16 = 26 OD +@16+D ~ 0.767 = 0.77 molefraction of more you = G.16+1 0.77 volatile component am en! & at plate from tah Ans, iti val ur entering # 1 Compared a d jo contains 0.7 molefraction = of more volatile component [142A fractionating column operating atl ining 40 mole % ethanol and 60 mole werhead product containing 80 mole % etha product containing 20 mole % ethanol. The reflux ratio is 2 kmol/kmol. (i) Determine the number of theoretical stages required for the given separation andj plate location. (ii) The heat load of the reboiler in kJ/kmol of bottom product. (iii) The heat load in the condenser in kJ/kmol of overhead product. Relative volatility = 2.2 Latent heat of ethanol = 90523 kJ/kmol Latent heat of water = 39718 kJ/kmol atm pressure is fed with a satu % water. The column produce nol and a saturated liquid bo liquid feed © saturated liquid 0 Data: Solution : Basis : 1 kmol of feed. Molefraction of ethanol in the feed = xp= 40/100 = 0.40 xp = 80/100= 0.80 (overhead oom xw = 20/100 = 0.20 i Overall material balance : acs oa F=D+W dl (@ scanned with OKEN Scanneross ater 4.121 Distillation : f ethanol : Material balance of thar’ Xp = Dxp+ Wy F xp = Dxp+(F-D) xw 1x04 = Dx08+4(1-D)x 0.20 D = 0.3333 kmol / W = 1-0.3333 = 0.6667 kmol ’ Moles of overhead product = 0.3333 kmol Moles of bottom product = 0.6667 kmol Feed is a saturated liquid, so q = 1.0. V — vapour flow in rectifying section V' — vapour flow in stripping section V=V+(l-q@F ‘The vapour flow in the rectifying section is given by V = V'i+(1-q)F For saturated liquid feed, q = 1.0. i V=V4(1-1)F ze Vev ‘Attop of the column, we have ‘ V=L+D VID = LID+1 = ®+)D = 2 and D=0.3333 kmol (2+ 1) x 0.3333 = 1kmol q Vapour flow to condenser = V = 1 kmol E Vapour flow from reboiler = Overhead product contains 80% ethanol and 20% water (molar basis) Devater = 39718 ki/knol Yethanot = 90523 kI/kmol a Mean latent heat of condensation of overhead product vapour =), xjAj 0.2 (39718) + 0.8 (90523) 80362 ki/kmol Overhead product is a saturated liquid, so only the latent heat is removed in the condenser. Heat load in condenser = V where V = vapour flow to condenser = 1 kmol 2p = mean latent heat of overhead vapour = 80362 kI/kmol Heat load in condenser = Heat removed in the condenser Vio - = 1x 80362 = 80362 J Wethead product/distillate = 0.3333 kmol. (@ scanned with OKEN ScannerDistittay, “4 4.422 stag 8 ps lof . i Joad in the condenser is to be expressed as kJ per kmol of overhead Produe, Required : Heat lo 80362 _ 941110 Ky L 3333 ~ + Ans, iy Heat load in condenser per kmol of overhead product = 9 3333 Vapour flow from reboiler = V'=1 kmol. Bottom product contains 20 mole % ethanol and 80 mole % water. a ¥ xj A = 0.2 (90523) + 0.80 (397) 9) Mean latent heat of vaporisation of bottom liquid Ap= dy = 49879 ki/kmol Heat load of the reboiler Vids Moles of bottom product = 0.6667 kmol Heat load of the reboiler per 1 kmol bottom product = 9, a Mean latent heat of liquid/vapour = 2 xj A i= xj is the molefraction of i'* component. 2; is the latent heat of ith component. Determination of number of theoretical stages : Xp= 0.40, xp=0.80, x= 0.20 Feed is a saturated liquid ». q=1 Relative volatility = 2.2 Y= Te@-D)x Take x =0, 0.1, 0.2 ... 1.0 and evaluate the corresponding y values. x [0 | 01 | 02 [ 03 | 04 | 05 | 06 [| 07 | 08 | 09 | 10 o | 02 [0355 [0.85 | 059 [ 0.69 | 0.77 | 0384 | 09 | 095 | 10 y Draw the q-line through the point (0.4, 0.4) on the diagonal and parallel to y-axis as q Locate a point (Xp, Xp), i.e., point (0.8, 0.8) on the diagonal as well as a point (xy, xw), i.e. Poi (0.2, 0.2) on the diagonal. Intercept of the operating line of rectifying section on y-axis : Intercept = x,)/R+1 = 0.8/2 +1 =0.267 Draw the operating line for the rectifying section through the poi iagon! wv the 0 ; point (0.8, 0.8) on the diago™ and having an intercept of 0.267 on the y-axis. Draw the operating ee the asiay sectio# through the point (0.2, 0.2) on the diagonal and passing through the point of intersection oft! qrline and the operating line of rectifying section. Theoretical stages are constructed between the equilibrium curve and the operating lit 2. starting from xp = 0.8 and reaching exactly or covering xy, 4 (@ scanned with OKEN Scannerass Transfer = 4.123 Distillation rom the plot : ; Number of theoretical stages including the reboiler = Number of theoretical stages/plates required = n— 1 =6 Feed plate location = 4" from the top. Ans. () 0.9 08 = cf gue (0.8, 0.8) { 06 os 0.4 Xp = 0.80, Operating line -1 6 02 ‘Operating line -2 B (0.2, 0.2)| 0.267 xp = 0.40 00 01 0.2 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1.0 x— Fig. E 1.14 : Determination of the number of ideal plates Example 1.15 : A feed containing 40 mole % benzene and 60 mole % toluene is to be distilled at atmospheric pressure to recover 95% of the original benzene. Calculate : (i) the mole % of the mixture which should be distilled and (ii) the composition of the distillate obtained if the distillated is carried out by (@) simple equilibrium distillation/flash distillation, (b) differential distillation collecting all the distillate together. Take relative volatility = 2.5. Solution : Basis : 1 kmol of feed. @) Flash distillation : Molefraction of benzene in the feed = x;= 40/100 = 0.4. Moles of benzene in the feed = 0.4 x 1 = 0.4 kmol Benzene recovered = 95% of its original value. Benzene recovered (in vapour) = 0.95 x 0.4 = 0.38 kmol (@ scanned with OKEN Scanner