Abdalrhman Yousif H.

W
Q1
100 moles of Benzene (A) and Toluene mixture containing 50% (mole) of Benzene is

subjected to a differential distillation at atmospheric pressure till the composition of

benzene in the residue is 33%. Calculate the total moles of the mixture distilled.

Average relative volatility may be assumed as 2.16

Calculations:

For system of constant relative volatility, the following equation is obtained after the

simplification of Rayleigh's equation for differential distillation:

In the above equation, F is feed; W is residue; xF is composition of feed; xW is composition of

residue; and  is relative volatility.

Given: xF = 0.5; xW = 0.33; F = 100;  = 2.16

Substituting these in the above equation,

ln (100/W) = (1/1.16) x ln {[(0.5(1 - 0.33)]/[(0.33(1 - 0.5)]} + ln [(1 - 0.33)/(1 - 0.5)]

ln (100/W) = 0.862 x ln (2.03) + ln (1.34)

ln (100/W) = 0.862 x 0.708 + 0.2927

ln (100/W) = 0.903

100/W = e0.903
100/W = 2.467

W = 100/2.467 = 40.54 mole

Moles of mixture distilled = F - W = 100 - 40.54 = 59.46

The above can also be obtained by using the general form of Rayleigh's equation and by

graphical method. This is given below.

The equilibrium curve relationship is given by

y* = x/(1 + x( - 1)) = 2.16x/(1 + 1.16x) → 1

For differential distillation, the following Rayleigh's equation is applicable:

→2

By using Equn.1 the following equilibrium data is obtained: (for the region of x = 0.33 to 0.5)
x y*

0.33 0.515

0.36 0.549

0.39 0.580

0.42 0.610

0.45 0.639

0.48 0.666

0.5 0.684

For the above data the following table of x Vs.1/(y* - x) is obtained:

x 1/(y* - x)

0.33 5.392

0.36 5.304

0.39 5.263

0.42 5.263

0.45 5.301

0.48 5.377

0.5 5.448

Using the above data a graph of x Vs.1/(y* - x) is drawn between the limits of x = 0.33 to 0.5.
Area under the curve between the limits of x = 0.33 to 0.5, is = 0.904

i.e.,

ln (F/W) = 0.904

e0.904 = F/W

2.4695 = F/W

Given F = 100 moles. Therefore,

W = 100 / 2.4695 = 40.5 mole.

Therefore, moles of mixture distilled = F - W = 100 - 40.5 = 59.5

Q2
Water is the more volatile component, thus al molar compositions without indexing are given for the

water content. These two liquids are immiscible, thus the vapour pressure is the sum of the tension of

the individual components, calculated by the Antoine equations. The mixture starts boiling, when the

sum of the vapor pressures equals to the given (atmospheric) pressure.

Let’s calculate the vapor pressures of the individual components with the Antoine equations! We need

to look for the temperature when the sum of the vapor pressures are exactly equal to the atmospheric

pressure. It is the boiling temperature of the toluene – water mixture. It is easier to determine the exact

temperature, if we calculate the values also for the (760-p1) formula at each temperatures, and plot the
760-p1 and p2 values as functions of the temperature in a common diagram as shown in Fig. 1.

Intersection of the two curves gives the temperature of boiling.

Q3
(a) Distillate and bottoms flow rates

Overall material balance over the entire tower gives

D + B = 2,500

Material balance for n-pentane over the entire tower gives

0.97D + 0.02B = (0.4)(2,500) = 1,000 ⇒ 0.97(2,500 − B) + 0.02B = 1,000

Solving for B and D from the above equations we have B = 1,500 lbmoles/hr and D = 1000

lbmoles/hr.

(b) Heating and cooling loads

QC = V1(H1 − hD) ≈ V1∆Hevap = V1(0.97λC5 + 0.03λC6)

V1 = L0 + D = (L0/D + 1)D = 4D = (4)(1000) = 4000 lbmoles/hr

QC = (4,000)(0.97×11,369 + 0.03×13,572) = 4.574×107

Btu/hr

The temperatures of the reflux stream and the reboiler must be known to solve for the heat

load of the reboiler. Since the distillate is almost pure pentane and the bottoms product is

almost pure hexane, the boiling temperatures of pure pentane and hexane at 1 atm are used

for the temperatures of the reflux stream and the reboiler, respectively. Hence

TD ≈ 309 K and TB ≈ 342 K

Q4

Solve for your V/L ratio in terms of the reflux ratio that is given. You know that V/L=L/(L+D)
Find what L/(L+D) is in terms of R. Then you don't have to mess with the molar flow rates.

When you move from the op line toward the equilibrium curve, the murphree vapor efficiency
is the fraction of the distance that you move before stopping and bouncing back down tho the
op line. So, when Emv = 100%, you step-off ALL the way over to the equilibrium curve. Here
because Emv is just 80%, at each stage IN THE COLUMN (not the reboiler or partial condenser)
you just go 80% of the distance to the eq curve.
Q5
Solution

The equilibrium data are shown in Figure 11c and the problem may be solved using the

method of McCabe and Thiele. All compositions are in terms of mole fractions so that:
In this problem, the feed is not at its boiling-point so the slope of the q-line must be

determined in order to locate the intersection of the operating lines.

q is defined as the heat required to vaporise 1 kmol of feed/molar latent heat of feed, or

q = (λ + Hf s − Hf )/λ

where λ is the molar latent heat. Hf s is the enthalpy of 1 kmol of feed at its boiling-point,

and Hf is the enthalpy of 1 kmol of feed.

The feed composition is 27.4 per cent CS2 and 72.6 per cent CCl4 so that the mean

molecular mass of the feed is given by:

(0.274 × 76) + (0.726 × 154) = 132.6 kg/kmol

Taking a datum of 273 K:

Hf = 1.7 × 132.6(290 − 273) = 3832 kJ/kmol

Hf s = 1.7 × 132.6(336 − 273) = 14,200 kJ/kmol

λ = 25,900 kJ/kmol

Thus: q = (25,900 + 14,200 − 3832)/25,900 = 1.4

Thus the q-line is drawn through (xf , xf ) and (0.196, 0) as shown in Figure 11c. As

the reflux ratio is given as 3.16, the top operating line may be drawn through (xd , xd )

and (0, xd /4.16). The lower operating line is drawn by joining the intersection of the top

operating line and the q-line with the point (xw, xw).

The theoretical plates may be stepped off as shown and 9 theoretical plates are shown.

If the plate efficiency is 70 per cent, the number of actual plates = (9/0.7) = 12.85,

Thus: 13 plates are required