Technical College of Engineering

Department of Petrochemical
COURSE: transportation phenomena

Name of Experiment: BOUNDARY LAYERS

Submitted by: Soran Najeb
Stage: 4
Group: B
Experiment No:4
Date of experiment: / 11 /2020

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EVALUATION

Activity During Experiment & Procedure

Data & Results

Discussion, Conclusion & Answer to the Questions

Neat and tidy report writing

Overall Mark

Objectives
 Measurement of the velocity profile le in laminar and turbulent boundary
layers.
Measurement of the velocity profile le in the boundary layer formed over
both rough and smooth plates.
Measurement of the velocity profile le in the boundary layer at various
distances from the leading edge of the plate.
Eff etc. of the pressure gradient on the boundary layer velocity profile le.

Introduction
The vortices forming in flowing water behind solid bodies are not represented
correctly by the solution of the potential theory nor by Helmholtz's jets. Potential
theory is unable to satisfy the condition that the water adheres at the wetted
bodies, and its solutions of the fundamental hydrodynamic equations are at
variance with the observation that the flow separates from the body at a certain
point and sends forth a highly turbulent boundary layer into the free flow.
Helmholtz's theory attempts to imitate the latter effect in such a way that it joins
two potential flows, jet and still water, nonanalytical along a stream curve. The
admissibility of this method is based on the fact that, at zero pressure, which is to
prevail at the cited stream curve, the connection of the fluid, and with it the effect
of adjacent parts on each other, is canceled. In reality, however, the pressure at
these boundaries is definitely not zero, but can even be varied arbitrarily. Besides,
Helmholtz's theory with its potential flows does not satisfy the condition of
adherence nor explain the origin of the vortices, for in all of these problems, the
friction must be taken into account on principle, according to the vortex theorem.

What causes a boundary layer?

Aerodynamic forces are generated between the fluid and the object. ... This
creates a thin layer of fluid near the surface in which the velocity changes from
zero at the surface to the free stream value away from the surface. Engineers call
this layer the boundary layer because it occurs on the boundary of the fluid.

Procedure:
1. The figure gives the plan of the test segment appended to the outlet of
Compression of the airflow bench.
2. A flat plate is placed at the mid height of the section, with a sharpened edge
facing the oncoming flow. Once side of the plate is smooth and the other is rough
so that by turning the plate over, results may be obtained on both types of
surfaces.
3. A fine pitot tube may be crossed through the boundary layer at a segment close
the downstream edge of the plate. This tube is extremely fragile instrument
which should be taken care of with compelling consideration if harm is to be
stayed away from. The end of the tube is straightened with the goal that it
introduces a limited opening to the flow.
4. The traversing mechanism is spring loaded to prevent backlash and a linear
scale reading is used to indicate the displacement of the pitot tube.
5. To get a boundary layer velocity profile, the pitot tube was situated touching
the smooth surface of the plate and the wind velocity is built by bringing the
weight Po in the air box to the obliged worth. Readings of aggregate weight P
measured by pitot tube are

Calculations:
 2p
P = ɣh pascal u=
√ 1.151 kg / m3
U total velocity m/s

2( 353. 16)
P= 0.036 * 9810 = 353.16 pa u=
√ 1 .151
= 24.772

Smooth Flat Plate

Y(mm) (h) (m) P (N/m2) u (m/s) u/U
10 0.036 353.16 24.772 1
9 0.036 353.16 24.772 1
8 0.036 353.16 24.772 1
7 0.036 353.16 24.772 1
6 0.034 333.54 24.074 0.97
5 0.033 323.73 23.718 0.96
4 0.030 294.3 22.614 0.91
3 0.026 255.06 21.052 0.85
2 0.022 215.82 19.365 0.78
1 0.018 176.58 17.517 0.71

Rough Flat Plate

Y(mm) (h) (m) P (N/m2) u (m/s) u/U
13 0.034 333.54 24.07 1
12 0.034 333.54 24.07 1
11 0.032 313.93 23.35 0.97
10 0.030 294.30 22.60 0.94
9 0.026 255.06 21.05 0.87
8 0.024 235.44 20.22 0.84
7 0.020 196.2 18.46 0.76
6 0.016 156.96 16.51 0.68
5 0.013 127.53 14.88 0.62
4 0.010 98.1 13.07 0.54
3 0.008 78.48 11.37 0.47

Graph
Smooth:

30

24.77 24.77
25 23.72 24.77 24.77
22.61 24.07

21.05
20
19.37
17.52
velocity(u)

15

10

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12

y(mm)

Rough

30

25 24.07 24.07
23.35
21.05 22.6
20.22
20 18.46
16.51
velocity(u)

14.88
15 13.07
11.37
10

0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14

y(mm)
Discussion
From our calculation we knew the velocity of air more decrease at near of the
plates because of fraction between air molecules and surface of palates. Also if
we see the our results and graphs we can see in the rough plate we have mor loss
in velocity compared than smooth plate

The graph shows the boundary layer thickness v/s length of the plate which give a
clear idea of the boundary layer growth along the smooth plate and rough
surfaces of different grain size.

Conclusion:
The Reynold number so obtained ranges is less than 5 x 10 5 . It concludes that
the velocity distribution observed is in the Laminar Boundary Layer.

• Also, it has been found that reduction in velocity increases with the increase in
free stream velocity.

• The Boundary Layer growth increases as the grain size increases and it lies
between 0.4mm to 0.8 mm.

• Velocity distribution graph shows how the velocity increase and attains up to 99
percent of its free stream velocity