BERNOULLI’S THEOREM

AIM :- To validate the Bernoulli’s theorem as applied to the flow of water in a tapering duct.

INTRODUCTION :-
Energy presents in the form of pressure, velocity, and elevation in fluids with no energy
exchange due to viscous dissipation, heat transfer, or shaft work (pump or some other
device). The relationship among these three forms of energy was first stated by Daniel
Bernoulli (1700-1782), based upon the conservation of energy principle. Bernoulli’s theorem
pertaining to a flow streamline is based on three assumptions: steady flow, incompressible
fluid, and no losses from the fluid friction. The validity of Bernoulli’s equation will be
examined in this experiment.
THEORY :-
Bernoulli’s theorem assumes that the flow is irrotational , frictionless, steady, and
incompressible. These assumptions are also based on the laws of conservation of mass and
energy. Thus, the input mass and energy for a given control volume are equal to the output
mass and energy. The Bernoulli’s equation is derived from eulers’s equation which is its
parent eqution , Adding above mentioned assumption in euler’s equation gives bernoulli’s
equation which primarily is conservation of energy.
EXPERIMENT :-
The experiment includes a tapered tube called venturi-meter mounted on a hydraulics bench.
Water of 10 litres volume is allowed if pass though the tube and the time taken was noted to
calculate the volume flow rate. The reading of all piezo-meter are noted to know the pressure-
energy of fluid at different cross section of venturi-meter. Velocity of fluid is then calculated
with the help of volume flow rate and cross section at different cross sections of tube. The
datum line is taken to be at base of tube , therefore potential head is zero.

Q=V*A
There are 8 piezo-meter tubes connected to different cross sections of venturi-meters . They
will have fluid at different heights , which will account for pressure energy .
 CALCULATIONS :-

Peizometer 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
tube no.

Height(cm) 24 22 18 19 21 22 22.5 23.2

Area of cross
section(mm²)
9.08 5.9 4.12 4.91 6.2 7.6 9.19 10.83
x 10-4

ROUND 1
Diameter of
cross section
34 27.5 22.9 25 28.1 31.1 34.2 37.2
(mm)

V = Q/A
0.5286 0.808 1.165 0.977 0.774 0.631 0.5223 0.441
𝑉²/2g 0.0142 0.0333 0.0692 0.0487 0.0305 0.0203 0.0139 0.0099
(𝑃/ρ g) + z 0.24 0.22 0.18 0.19 0.21 0.22 0.225 0.232
Total
energy (E)
0.2542 0.2533 0.2492 0.2387 0.240 0.24 0.2389 0.2419

ROUND 2

Height(cm) 23.6 22.4 19.9 20.5 21.7 22.7 22.7 23

V = Q/A
0337 0.638 0.74 0.623 0.493 0.402 0.332 0.281

𝑉²/2g 0.00579 0.020 0.0273 0.019 0.012 0.008 0.0055 0.0039

(𝑃/ρ g) + z 0.236 0.224 0.199 0.205 0.217 0.227 0.227 0.23

Total energy
(E)
0.242 0.244 0.226 0.224 0.229 0.235 0.232 0.233

ENERGY ACROSS VENTURI-METER :-

Bernoulli's Theorem

0.3
0.25 0.2542 0.2533 0.2492 0.2419
0.24 0.2387 0.24 0.24 0.2389 0.232
0.225
TOTAL ENERGY

0.22 0.21 0.22

0.2 0.19
0.18
0.15
0.1
0.0692
0.05 0.0487
0.0333 0.0305
PEIZOMETER TUBE NO. 0.0203
0 0.0142 0.0139 0.0099
1 kinetic
2 head 3 potential
4 head
5 6 total head
7 8
DATA ANALYSIS :-
The graph of energy variation across venturi-meter is drawn. It shows as the cross section
increases velocity of fluid decreases and vice-versa. Also, as the cross section increases
pressure increases and vice-versa.

RESULT:-
The variation of pressure and kinetic energy can be seen on graph , the sum of which i.e. total
energy remains almost constant across the whole tube.
Total energy in round 1 :- 0.2445
Total energy in round 2 :- 0.2331
ERROR ANALYSIS :-
During our experiment the total energy varies across the tube , which is caused due to the
following reasons :-
1) The fluid was real so the assumptions of inviscid , incompressible , steady state ,
irrotational caused error.
2) The setup was not made steady before taking the readings.
3) Loss due to friction and instrument error.
4) Water leaking through pipes caused error.
5) Human error in taking readings.

CONCLUSION:-
Bernoulli’s principle states that , an increase in the speed of a fluid occurs simultaneously
with a decrease in static pressure or the fluid's potential energy. Also , we cannot obtain
exact results as there are not ideal fluid and conditions . Although it is used to obtain
important results in various fields , like flying planes , etc.