2. Protec tion .

Several delicate and impor tant

organs are well protected by a casing of
bones. For example, the skull protects the
brain , the vertebral colum n (back bone)
Syllabus : Skeleton : Movement and Locomotion protects the spinal cord, the ribs protect the
(i) Functions of human skeleton heart and lungs, and so on.
(ii) Axial and Appendicular Skeleton 3. Movement. Many bones are joined to each
(iii) Types of joints with reference to their location - other in a manner that one bone can be
immovable joints, slightly movable joints and freely moved on another. These movements are
movable joints (hinge joint, ball and socket joint,
brought about by muscles which originate on
gliding joint, pivot joint.)
one bone and are inserted on another.
Most animals are characterized by a definite 4. Leverage. Some bones and joints form levers
shape and the capacity for movement of the different • that increase the speed and distan ce of
parts of the body. These movements also help the movement by a muscle. For example ,
animal in locomotion, i.e. movement from place to contraction of only a few centiinetres by the
place. These functions are performed by the skeleton biceps muscle swings the hand swiftly through
and the muscles together. an arc of more than a foot (Fig. 12.14).
5. Formation of blood cells. Certain types of
12.1 FUNCTIONS OF HUMAN SKELETON blood cells, including red and white blood
The skeleton in our body serves six main cells are formed in the tissue of the central
purposes : hollow space or the marrow of some of the
I. Support and shape. The skeleton provides a long bones, such as the femur.
support or framework to a!l the soft parts and 6. The bones are a storehouse of calcium and
gives the body and its parts a definite shape. phosphorus for the rest of the body.
Imagine if you did not have small pieces of
bones (phalanges) in your fingers, would you CONSTITUENTS OF SKELETON
be able to hold a pen in your hand ? Our skeleton consists of bones, cartilages and
An ex.a mp Ie of shape and support. ..... ligaments.
IUst h Id
and O your ear, try to fold it
its th en leave it free. It resumes
~s~ape. Now_feel its interior, it is Cw
th _g but fl exible. This is due to / ' ~ -:
e earn
whi h . 1 age· skeleton inside it,
'

f
• Bones comprise the hard framework of the
body.
• Cartilages are the supporting and connecting
struct ures. For example , the cartila ge
supporting the projecting external ears and
C IS .
giving it <i upport as well the tip of the nose.
~ th
e shape. • Ligaments bind th e bones together.

·Vi,Ftf♦ Wii:+l::i@Jii I
j
 9
BO NE

Long bones
Consist of a shaft with a knob at
Short bones
Box like, spong y bone,
Fl at bones
Co mposed of two or more
'
Irregular hon e,
Compl ex shape, amoun t of
each end. Shaft is thick - walled, show little movement, parallel plates of compact bone bone ti ss ue varies , corn paq
tubular, filled with yellow marrow, e.g. ankle, wrist. encl os ing spongy bone e.g. and spongy e.g. fa cial bones
ends are spongy e.g., bones of shoulder blade, skull, sternum vertebral bones.
arms, legs, and chest (ribs)

12.2 BONE in a ground matrix in which collagen fibres and

mineral salts (calcium and phosphorus) are deposited .
Bone is the chief compo nent of our skeleton. It
consis ts of organi c and inorga nic materia l. The The external surface of the bone is covered by
inorga nic part constit utes nearly two-thi rds of the a membr ane called periost eum' which consists of
entire bone substan ce, and include s mainly the outer fibrous and inner cellular layers and richly
compo unds of calcium and phosph orus. If a bone supplie d with blood vessels . A long bone has a
is placed in weak hydroc hloric acid, the minera l part hollow cavity in the middle which is filled with bone
is remov ed from it (gets dissolv ed) and the marrow. Marrow is of two types (i) yellow marrow
remain ing organic framew ork is left behind . Such a is made up of adipose tissue and blood vessels and
bone is called decalcified (calcium remove d) bone it stores fat (ii) red marrow is present at the ends
and it is soft and flexible which can even be tied into and it produc es red blood cells and white blood cells.
a knot. On the other hand, if a bone is strongl y
heated its organic matter is destroy ed (oxidised) and
only the minera l part (or ash) will remain . Such a P.n:>gress € heck
bone turns brittle and quickly breaks. With age, as
Fill in the blanks i, I
in old people , the organi c part of the bone is 1'
(i) Our s~eleton qonsists of bones, <;.P.-.:. ..1...
reduce d and the bones become more fragile taking and .[! v.l.Gr.-:-£J.- :
much time in rejoinin g after a fracture . (ii) .. ~.9.r:-..e..."'... is the chief component of our
skeleton.
Classification of bone on the basis of shape
Shapewise bones are classified into : long, short,
(iii) }~-~;wi~e ~6~t•s_~?;~ ~• ac~~s~::;J:.,
flat and irregular bones, as shown in the flow chart (iv) The central hollow part of the long bones
is known as .v:-(X1f .1':S.;:t-!
above. (v) A bone become s soft and flexible when
The struct ure of a typical long bone ( e.g. placed in dilute ..H.c.l.. .... .
thigh bone) is shown in Fig. 12.1. It is a highly
calcifie d (miner alised) , hard and rigid connec tive 12.3 THE HUMAN SKELETON (Fig. 12.2)
. t of 206
tissue. It is very strong and can withsta nd severe The human skeleto n altoget her cons1s s h
stresses. It consists of bone cells (osteocytes) arrange d bones includ ing three very tiny bones in eac
in the form of concen tric rings (Fig. 3.10) embedd ed · · break-UP
ear. Table 12.1 gives a detaile d reg10nw1se
keleton-
.
Fatty yellow Hyaline of the total numbe r of bones in the human s 1
Hyaline cartilage marrow cartilage Ligament
The skeleto n has two main divisio ns : the axJ ak
skeleton which include s the basic central fnunewho ~h
W !l
of the body and the appendicular ske Ieton
include s the bones of the limbs and girdles.

Spongy bone trabeculae 12.3.1 Axial Skeleton

Spongy bone with Compact
with red marrow
II the'
red marrow donse bone
The axial skeleto n consist s of the sku '
Fig. 12.1 Structure of a long bone .
vert ebral col umn , the ribs and the sternwn.

@[,rw:~
wfd
 A. SKULL is th e ske le ton of th e h ea d . It
backbone. Jt is composed of a total of 33 individual
contain s two parts._ T he upper ~op part the cranium
(or 26 when fused) ring-like bones called vertebrae.
(or the brain -box) 1s made of eight hon es which are
These are divided into five groups according to the
so joined to each other that they are permanently
region s they occupy. The neck region has sev~n
fixed. The other part of the skull forms the face cervical vertebrae, then there are twelve thoracic,
which contains a total of fourteen bones. The upper
five lumbar, five sacrum (fused into one), and four
and lower jaws are also formed by some of these coccyx (fused into one).
bones. The back part of the cranium contains a large
hole, the forame n magnum , through which the Vertebral column is curved to maintain the
spinal cord after emerging from the brain continues balance of body in an erect position. The curve
behind into the backbone. absorbs pressure and shock while walking,
running and protects the column from breaking.
B. VERTEBRAL COLUMN (Fig. 12.3A). The
vertebral or spinal column is popularly called the Structure of vertebra . Each vertebra is a
somewhat ring-like structure (Fig. 12.3D). Its lower
part (front in actual position in the human body) is
formed of a solid cylinder of bone called centrum (or
the body of vertebra). The two opposite ends of the
NEURAL SPINE
TRANSVERSE
PROCESS
CLAVICLE
(Collar bone)

~~-STERNUM
ANTERIOR FACET .
FOR ARTICULATION LIGAMENT
WITH CONDYLES OF SKULL
~ 8. FIRST (ATLAS)
...J I
~- . 1°
Co <{
01
I , VERTEBRA

LUMBAR
>7
CI:
VERTEBRAE
w I,
0 '-
RADIUS (7) \
PATELLA I ~ATLAS

\Tt-,,s A
~\
01
I
I e

~AXIS
I : ,·,.__ <(,
CI: I
-I
o,
'
(12) ~/
I
~ c
I
,
f
'I /
~
,..I
' I
I
a:
<{ I
/ r=...-11:"!,
~,CD-,_...,,_,...,
31 ~ "-=
(5) \ ,_...,,,__ " --
<, . '
SACRUM~
' '
D. THORACIC
COCCYX-✓-("' VERTEBRA

Fig. 12.3 A- Side view of human vertebral column ,

showing it s curves and details of ind iv idu al
vertebrae; B- Anterior (front) view of first (a tlas )
ve rtebra ; C- Allas and axis vertebrae (side vI0w) .
O- Thoracic vertebra
Fig. 12.2 Th e t1uman skeleton

1mu:c2u1nm11wmm@m1
 ◄
VERTEBRAL COLUMN
centrum are flat. On the dorsal (back) side of the
centrum is a canal (neural canal) formed by the union TILAGE
of two neural arches arising from the sides of the
centrum. In natural position, ·the spinal cord runs
through this neural canal. Neural spine is a flat
longitudinal ridge projecting upward from the meeting
point of the two neural arches. Transverse processes
are thick sideward projections from the neural arches.
The neural arches also bear articular facets (one in
front and one behind on either side) which help in
joining the two vertebrae one behind the other. A pad 8

of cartilage intervertebral disc or gristle forms a kind

of cushion between two vertebrae.
Neck/cervical ver tebrae. The first cervical
vertebra is called the atlas (Fig. 12.3B, C). The 10 . 12
11 ;; VERTEBRAL COLUMN
second vertebra is the axis. The remaining five neck
FLOATING RIBS
vertebrae do not have any special names.
Fig. 12.4 The bony thorax (seen from the front)
Thoracic vertebrae (Fig. 12.3A) have long
neural spines which are directed backward. Each of last two, 11th and 12th pairs of ribs, are not attachea
their transverse processes bears on its extremity a to the sternum and are, therefore, known as floating
facet for articulation with the tubercle of the rib. ribs (Fig. 12.4).
Lumbar vertebrae have well-developed neural 12.3.2 Appendicular Skeleton (Bones 01
spines and transverse processes which serve for the Limbs And Girdles)
attachment of powerful back muscles. A. BONES OF THE LIMBS . Bones of the
Sacrum is a large bone formed by the fusion of forelimbs and the hind limbs largely correspond to
five vertebrae. To it are articulated the hip bones on each other. The forelimbs consists of a sin~e lon~
either side. bone humerus in the upper arm, two long bonesin
the lower arm, the radius on the side of the thwno
Coccyx is the last part of the backbone. It is
and the ulna. Eight carpals or wrist bones in ibe
made up of four fused vertebrae which represent the
wrist, five metacarpals in the palm and fourteen
rud imentary tail of the human body. Sometimes ' thl
phalanges (2 in the thumb and 3 eac h in
babies are born with a small tail, which the doctors
remaining four fingers) . .
us ually remove (see photograph at the end of . . t ur in
Review Questions). The hmd limb consists of a long bone eill J
the thigh (or thigh bone) which is the Ionges~:er
C. STERNUM. The sternum (breast-bone) is a
strongest bone of the body, two long bones tbetarSi.J.1J
long flat bone lying in the middle of the front part • •
tibia and the outer fibula in the shank, seven 5 iO
of the chest. . J bO~
bones m the ankle, five long metatarsa jul1
D. RIBS. There are twelve pairs of ribs which
the middle of the foot and fourteen phalang;:hft'C
along wi th the thoracic vertebrae and the sternum
as those in the fingers, i.e. 2 in greater ~oebanh3,,e(II
(brea~t-bone) con~titute _the bony cage or rib cage. 5
each in the other four toes. The hind lun e-cilf'
The first seven pairs of nbs true ribs are attached in
additional bone called patella (or the k,,e~,iet
fron_t to ~he sternum with the help of hyalin e .h. f h fen1l1r.
pairs of ri'bs do not whIC Is joined to the lower end o t e
cartilage.
. . 8th, 9th. and 10th
f he
cap is a bone developed from a tendon. sJ{eJetoi1
artic ulate. di rectl · · l I1e
y wi th the sternum bli t JOJO
. . rts of Jill
seventh n b with the help of hyaline cartilage. The B. GIRDLES. Girdles are the pa · the ,11
which help to articulate the limb bones '",,,

· ·--·- -- ·------- ---------- U'IWlf1!/!ifi~

11111" · of
There are two girdl es- shoulder Table 12.1 Rogionwise classrfication
5
keleton, bones and their number in humans.
(atiaD d the hip girdle. The shoulder or _pectoral -
~rdle an . 1z.S) consists of two flat tri angular Region of skeleton Number of bones_

girdle (:~~de (scapula) which lie dorsally on the I. A1nal \kt-ldon

sbo1Jdei eI·ther side of the vertebral column in A. Skull
·bs on
upper n · region. Its outer apex bears a large
the thorax p-shaped gleno1 'd cavity
· mto
· wh'IC h fiIts
(a) Cranium:
(b) Face :
08 }
14
ewhat cu (c) Ear ossicles : 3 X 2 ::: 6 -= 29
som d d upper head of the humerus, and close to (d) Hyoid (Bone in tongue) 01
the ~o~ tehe shoulder-blade has a small raised part to B. Vertebral column : = 26
thi~ J0111t long and curved collar-bone (clavicle) is C. Ribs 12 X 2 = 24
D. Sternum = 01
which da The other end of the collar-bone is joined to fotal 80
attache •
the upp ermost part of the sternum. 2. Appendicular ,keleton
FOR ATTACHMENT OF COLLAR BONE
(CLAVICLE) A. Bones of the limbs :
(a) Forelimbs : (left + right)
(i) Humerus 1x 2 = 02
(ii) Radius l x2 = 02
SCAPULA
(iii) Ulna 1x 2 = 02
(iv) Carpals 8X2 = 16
(v) Metacarpals 5X2 = 10
OU
BORD (vi) Phalanges 14 X 2 = 28
Total 60
Fig. 12.5 Left pectoral (shoulder) girdle
(viewed from the back side) (b) Hind limbs : (left + right)
(i) Femur 1x 2 = 02
The hip or pelvic girdle (Figs. 12.2, 12.6) is a (ii) Tibia l x2 = 02
(iii) Fibula l x2 = 02
large trough-shaped part formed by two hip bones
(iv) Tarsals 7X2 = 14
that are joined medially to the sacrum. Each hip (v) Metatarsals 5X2 = 10
bone is made up of three fused bones - the ilium, (vi) Phalanges 14 X 2 = 28
ischium and pubis. On each side it bears a large (vii) Patella (knee cap) l x2 = 02
cup-shaped articular cavity (acetabulum) into which Total 60
B. Girdles :
fits the large round head of the thigh-bone. The hip (a) Shoulder girdles :
girdle not only gives support to the skeleton of the Scapula l x 2 = 02 } = 04
hind-limbs, but also protects and supports the Clavicle l x 2 = 02
abdominal organs. (b) Hip girdles :
Hip bone = 02
Tot.11 06
ILIUM Total no. of bones
in our body =80+60+60+06
Total 2(~

Note : If we take the number of vertebrae as 33, then total

number of bones = 2. U
ETABULUM
vity for head
of thigh bone)

Fig. 12.6 The pelvis (seen from the front)

D1tt 12.4 JOINTS
lq . I
1, HP ' 1 lwcc·n malr ,md frmalt• .,kckton.
iriale sk I h The point at which two separate bones meet is
~"' e eton. is generally larger and heavier. In t e called a joint. There are three major categories of
.,,a1e sk I · 'd d
tr 0 e eton, the pelvis or hip bone 1s w1 er an · joints in our body : Immovable, partially movable
ttgh-sh · h
foetus . aped to adapt for accommodatmg t e and freely movable.
terus during pregnancy.
 ◄
I . IMl\lOVABLE JOINTS. ulna, joints between the bones of fin g
'ers and i
In this type of joint, no toes and less perfectly, the kn ee join t. Th t,,.
movement is possible between joints usually give sufficient power. e hin;:.
the two bones. The structures r J\.tll , 11 I o ~ ~ l ic~int [Fig. l2.9(bJ] . f-! .
between the bones of the one end of a bone whJCh is rounded and bal]. _tr.
cranium are examples of ·
fl. t_s mto · of a~other bone. Th;
a.cup- like depres~10n lih_
immovable joint (Fig. 12.7). Fig. 12.7 Immovabl e joint
JOmt provides movement m _a~y direction. Two ht-•
2. PARTIALLY MOVABLE JOINTS. Here only examples are the shoulder JOmt and the hip • . ·
. . Join•
very little (partial) movement occurs between the two In the shoulder JOmt, the head of humerus fi ts in·
bones. Examples : the joint between a rib and the a socket (glenoid cavity) of the shoulder girdl~-
breast-bone or between the vertebrae. In the hip joint, the large ball-like head of femur
fits into the deep socket (acetabulum) of the hir
3. FREELY MOVABLE JOINTS . In this type,
girdle.
varying degrees of movement are possible between
the two bones forming the joint. The four major types SYNOVIAL JOINTS. The freely movable jointi
of movable joints are as follows : stated above, like the shoulder joint, the knee jo& u
t,1' C1lidmgiomt [Fig. 12.S(a)]. It occurs between
are also called synovial joints. They allo~
considerable degree of movement. These joinu
the bones of the wrist and also between the bones
have two special requirements-firstly, they shoulc
of the ankle as well as between vertebrae.
be held firmly in position and secondly, the
t'l P1Yot Joint [Fig. 12.S(b)]. Here one bone is surfaces coming into contact should be we!:
rotated over a pivot-like end of another bone. For lubricated to remove friction. The lubricatin1
example, the skull is rotated on the upper end of the fluid wherever it occurs, is called the synovial fluid
axis vertebra. and hence the name synovial joint (Fig. 12.101.
VERTEBRAL BODY SUPERIOR ASPECT OF
ATLAS FACING SKULL
AXIS
LIGAMENT
JOINT CAPSULE

SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE

(a) GLIDING (b) PIVOT TYPE SYNOVIAL FLUID

TYPE (Partial rotation) CARTILAGE

Fig. 12.8 Partially movable joints

,
1
Jfr·{ c _joint [Fig. 12.9(a)]. This joint moves
like a hinge in one plane only just like the hinge of
a door. Example : elbow joint between humerus and Fig. 12. 1O Section of a typical movable
synovial joint (diagrammatic)
I is J
I / The knee joint (Fig. 12.11 ), Jo~ _ exarnp :~ron!
HUMERUS
synovial joint. It is held in positwn by fibrot
ligaments and is well protected by an outer .011 j11
. locatt .
capsul e. The ligaments prevent d15 _ taiJJ'\l 1
.d is con 1
(b) BALL & SOCKET
normal movement. The synovial fl ui br:ll1
c
.m a "sac ,, iorme d of very th.m synovial men1 1I1I
TYPE (can rotate
I
. be twee O
(a) HINGE TYPE ' in all directions) and this sac serves as a cushion
Fig. 12.9 Movable joints bones.

d•MHMii!ii
 ?• ~ro gre ss Cr.,heck
TENDON

LIGAMENT
KNEE
PATELLA
(Knee cap)
' Mention if the following statements are
(T) or false {F)
(i) Humerus of the upper arm is the
bone.
true

longest
T/F
hip
(ii) Axial skeleton includes shoulder and
T/F
girdles.
SYNOVIAL
MEMBRANE
~;:::;;:;;;;;~-tit- ARTICULAR
CARTILAGE {iii) There are 10 vertebrae in the neck
T/F
, false
TENDON {iv) There are three kinds of ribs - true
T/F
and floating
gh-
(v) The shoulder girdle is large and trou
T/F
shaped

Fig. 12.11 Knee joint (di agrammatic)

CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS JOINT

C
A B
Freely movable joints
Immovable joints Parti al ly movable joints
There is synovial sac present between two
Joints are of fixed type, bones are Joints allow little movement , bones are joined ,
ends of bone, filled with synovial fluid
joined by fibrous connective tissues with the help of cartilage. e.g. joint between ble of free mov emen t.
joint s are capa
very tightly. e.g. skull bone sternum and ribs, joints between vertebrae.
e.g. elbow joint, hip joint.

(c) Hinge joint (d) BaU and Socket Joi.u t

(a) Gliding joint (b) Pivot joint
Joint allows restr icted Most movable joint, ball-like
Bones glide over each other to Joints allow rotation about an in one plane only. end of one bone, articulates
move ment
some extent. e.g. wrist bones, axis (the pivot ). e.g . joint into cup-shaped depression of
They are capable of bearing
ankle bones. betw een atlas and axi s another bone so that structure
heavy load. e.g., elbow, knee,
vertebrae . could move in all planes. e.g.
finger.
shoulder and hip joint.

tend on
12·5 MUSCLES drawn out to form a tough structure the
When
ns which is attached to the bone (Fig. 12.12).
• The muscles in the body provide the mea stimulated by a nerve, the muscle con trac
ts to
of all movements.
• They cover the skeletal framework and also
give contour (shape) to the body.
e
' Muscles help to maintain body posture whil
sitting, standing or walking.
u, Most muscles are long bundles of contractile
tll~Ue . _Each muscle usually has two end s-
a fixe d of toug h collagen ltbres
Fig. 12.12 Tendon~ are composed
wb' where the muscle originates and a movable end which withstand th e stra in s invol ved
is
tch puJJ& some othe r part. Thi s movable end

'LJ4@uw•W@l,htlJ
 ◄
berome shorte r an d th icker and thus it pulls the bone T hey are capable of rapid moveme nt!> and do nOt
at the m ovable e nd ( Fig 12.12 & 12.13). Muscles can tire easily.
only contrac t and relax, they cannot lengthen . Coordination of muscles . Most ac ti ons in our
body like standing , walking , running , playing tennis
etc., require combine d action of several muscles. T~
a great extent the muscles have to be co-ordinated
for a particul ar kind of moveme nt.

12.6 LEVER MECHANISMS y

Movem ents of differen t body are par✓of)he
usually made easier due to lever actions in the
skeleton (Fig. 12.1 4 & 12.15). The lever of the first
order where the power (P) and the weight (W) act
with the fulcrum (F) in between is represented by
extensio n of the arm at the elbow by the action of
triceps muscle (A) and resting of skull on first and

HUMERUS
BONE

Fig. 12.13 Antagonistic muscles of arm .

Antago nistic muscles . A structur e which has

been moved by a muscle cannot return to its original
h::::.J~~====~~ .: /
TRICEPS MUSCLE
. ·'. / .•········· STRAIGHTENS ARM
I . ','./ '
position without the action of another muscle. Such I
,1 -:- ·;
. ,_', ' , /
'.· , /
muscles causing opposin g movem ents are called
Fig. 12.14 Diagram of the mechan ics of flexion
antago nis tic muscle s . For example, the b iceps and extension of the elbow joint
(flexor) muscle of the upper arm flexes, i.e. bends
the lower arm over the upper arm. Straight ening
(extensi on) of the lower arm is brought about by the It II

triceps (extenso r) muscle (Fig. 12.13). Therefo re, ' 1 . ', GASTROCNEMIUS
,, Ii ' hi,.
MUSCLE
these two muscles are antagon istic. ,I ~ Ji~ ' ~,
.I ,
Kinds of muscles - Voluntary, Involuntary A, ; TRICEPS B
Ii\
I .-,\,
1•
MUSCLE
and Cardiac i/ \ I

: I I ,

There are about 650 muscles in our i

body making up nearly one-hal f of the ELBOW

JOINT HEEL ~
F
body weight. These muscles fall into two p I p

catego ries- volunta ry muscl es which are iw P-~~~~~~, -W~~~F

und er control of o ur will and involun tary FIRST OR DER F SECOND ORDER THIRD ORDER

muscle& wh ich arc not controll ed by our

[wl F [wJ ip ~
will. So me mu scl es, lik e those of the ' ZF
ZSF I

eyelids ancl di aphrag m are both voluntar y

Fig. 12.15 Simple levers in human skeleton. A. Elbow (extension of arJlll,

,,
as well as involun tary. Cardiac muscles B. Toe s and heel (lifting up of heel ; C. Elbow (flexlon of arm)
(Chapter 3) make up the: wa ll s of th e heart. (P = power, F = fu lcrum , W = weight)

CBuantitlil'W:.....J
 ae The lever of the seco nd order
,ck vertebr ·
,econd t1 t: . 1Cl.u111 is at one end of the lever and powe r
J
11I 111 end with the weig ht in betw een is ?• Pro gre ss € hec k
11,here c . 1 ..
~t t I1e other
d by the gastr ocne mms muse e ra1smg I 1. Mention if the follow ing state ment s are true
represenfteh body on the toes (B). The lever of the (T) or false (F) .
. Ito t e
111eig
1
d where the fulcr um is at one end and the
. (i) The flexo r and exten sor musc les of the
. d or er . arm are antag onist ic musc les . T/F
thif the other with the powe r m betw een 1s
·ght at . (ii) Muscles can contr act as well as elong ate.
wei d by the biceps musc le flexmg the arm (C). T/F
represente
DO YOU KNO W? (iii) Muscles are attac hed to bone s by
ligaments . T/F
, The longest bone in our body is the thigh bone (femu
r).
(iv) Cardiac musc le is a volun tary musc le .T/F
, The smallest bones in our body are the three tiny bones (v) Bending of arm on elbow is an exam ple
of first order of lever mech anism . T/F
(malleus, incus and stapes ) in the ear joined to the inner
of
side of the ear drum in the form of a chain. 2. Match the bones (Column I) with the kind
, The nails and the teeth, thoug h hard, are not bones
. joint (Column II)
not. Column I {Bones) Colu mn II {Joint)
, Most muscles are attach ed to bones , but som e a re
For example, the muscles which move our eyelid s or the (i) Humerus and shoulder (a) Partia lly
muscles that push the food along the food canal are not girdle mova ble
(ii) Two adjacent verte brae (b) Glidin g
attached to bones .
(iii) Skull and upper end (c) Immo vable
• Some muscles in our body are vestig ial (non functi onal)
such as the mu scl es of the projec ting ears . Other
of the backbone
(iv) Bones of brain box (d) Ball and
mammals like the cow or horse can move thei r ears.
socke t
Some persons also, with some effort, can learn to move Pivot
(v) Rib and breast bone (e)
their ears slightl y.

POINTS TO REMEMBER
protection, movement and leverage.
► Skeleton performs four primary functions : support,
produce blood cells.
► Bones are a storehouse of calcium and phosphorus and the hollow long bones limbs and girdle s) .
one and ribs) and appendicular skeleton (bone s of
► The human skeleton consists of axial skeleton (backb
· · between two bones may be immovable, partially movable and freely movable.
► The Joints
joint, pivot joint and ball and socket joint.
: Movable joints are of four kinds - gliding joint, hinge
.
► MoS! movable joints have a lubricating synovial fluid between the two bones
Antago · t·1 muscles bring about opposite movements of the part concerned.
► nis c
Human skeIeton provides examples of all the three orders of a lever.

rJ@Wfti- A
1\ MULTIPLEth CHOICE TYPE
. Choose
.
(b) The type of joint found at shoul der is also found
at :
be! e corre ct answ er from the. optio ns given
ow : (i) Elbow (ii) Knee
(a) y
our extern al ear (pinn a) is ~po rted by : (iii) Ankle (j,v) Hip
.~i) Bone (.;.if'Car tilage (c) Whic h one of th e follow ing c atego ries of
(11i ) 'J' verteb rae art' UHTt' c tl y numb ered :
cndon (iv) Capsu le

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