PROJECT REPORTSPEC-2010 PRESSURE DETECTION AND

CONTROL

THROUGH DUAL-TONE MULTIFREQUENCY SIGNALING

SYED MASHHOOD HAFEEZ

INSTRUCTOR: SIR IQBAL KHAN

PRESSURE DETECTION AND CONTROL (THROUGH DUAL-TONE MULTI-FREQUENCY SIGNALING) INTRODUCTION:

In this project we are controlling a solenoid valve through Dual-tone multi-frequency signaling. So that we can detect the set level of gas, liquid or steam pressure and also control these pressures. All these things are done through switching, when the gas or liquid pressure exceeds or leakage the certain level (which we have set) then the pressure sensor switch turns on and it sends the signal to the timer which sends the pulse through transmitter to our receiver. After that we send a message through our receiver which decodes and turns the solenoid valve on to release the exceeded pressure.

PARTS AND COMPONENTS USED IN THIS PROJECT: 1. SENSOR CIRCUIT:

Pressure switch SPDT relay DPDT relay 555 timer IC 555 timer IC 4017 counter IC DPDT relay Dual-tone multi-frequency signaling transmitter 8870 decoder IC 4013 flip-flop IC DPST relay Solenoid valve

2. PULSE GENERATOR AND COUNTER CIRCUIT:

3. MESSAGE DECODER AND SWITCH OPERATOR CIRCUIT:

WORKING AND EXPLANATION OF THE PROJECT:

When the pressure exceeds the certain set level, the pressure switch sensor senses the he pressure and energizes the first relay in the circuit which operates the timer in the Pulse Generator and counter circuit and generates almost two Hz of frequency in Astable multivibrator mode. 4017 take a clock pulse(through that frequency of 2 Hz) in and then steps the output from negative positive in a series of ten steps with only one pin being at a time(the output are label o to 9 and every pin sinks 10mA of curent ). It has a unique capability of

counting up to a certain no. and then resulting the count or it can be cascaded to more 4017s for higher count. Here we have count only three pulses, these three pulses are sent to our Dual-tone multifrequency signaling device through a DPDT relay. These pulses are so small in magnitude thats why we use a transistor (C828) here t amplify this signal. Our Dual-tone multifrequency signaling device detects this signal and sends us the information that the pressure is exceeding. Now after receiving the error signal on our Dual-tone multi-frequency signaling device we then sends the signal to our Message decoder and switch operator circuit. The Dual-tone multi-frequency signaling device transmitter has low frequency on row and high frequency n column. When we push one button at time it sends low and high frequency which then recombines to one signal which then decodes through 8870. On the left side of the 8870 the 2 resistors are chosen to set up the gain of the op-amp. On the right hand side the resistor and capacitor are chosen to set up the time (ms) to detect Dual-tone multi-frequency signaling tones. So the larger the values of the capacitor and resistor the longer the phone ring it will detect. Then this decoded msg sent t the DPST relay through 4013(flip-flop IC). This flipflop is used here to hold the data and maintain the output state. Then when the signal sends to the relay, it energizes he relay which then activated the solenoid valve and h pressure releases or closes the valve.

PARTS EXPLANATION:
RELAYS:
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a switching mechanism, but other operating principles are also used. DPDT relay: Double Pole Double Throw. These have two rows of change-over terminals. Equivalent to two SPDT switches or relays actuated by a single coil. Such a relay has eight terminals, including the coil. DPST relay: Double Pole Single Throw. These have two pairs of terminals. Equivalent to two SPST switches or relays actuated by a single coil. Including two for the coil, such a relay has six terminals in total. The poles may be Form A or Form B (or one of each).

555 TIMER IC:

The 555 Timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) implementing a variety of timer and multivibrator applications. Depending on the manufacturer, the standard 555 package includes over 20 transistors, 2 diodes and 15 resistors on a silicon chip installed in an 8-pin mini dual-in-line package (DIP-8) The 555 has three operating modes:

Monostable mode: in this mode, the 555 functions as a "one-shot". Applications include timers, missing pulse detection, bounce free switches, touch switches, frequency divider, capacitance measurement, pulse-width modulation (PWM) etc Astable - free running mode: the 555 can operate as an oscillator. Uses include LED and lamp flashers, pulse generation, logic clocks, tone generation, security alarms, pulse position modulation, etc. Bistable mode or Schmitt trigger: the 555 can operate as a flip-flop, if the DIS pin is not connected and no capacitor is used. Uses include bounce free latched switches, etc.

Here we have used 555 timer ic as Astable mode, In astable mode, the '555 timer ' puts out a continuous stream of rectangular pulses having a specified frequency. Resistor R 1 is connected between VCC and the discharge pin (pin 7) and another resistor (R2) is connected between the discharge pin (pin 7), and the trigger (pin 2) and threshold (pin 6) pins that share a common node. Hence the capacitor is charged through R1 and R2, and discharged only through R2, since pin 7 has low impedance to ground during output low intervals of the cycle, therefore discharging the capacitor.

4017 DECADE COUNTER:

The 4017 IC is a 16-pin CMOS decade counter from the 4000 series. It takes clock pulses from the clock input, and makes one of the ten outputs come on in sequence each time a clock pulse arrives.

8870 DECODER IC:

The M-8870 is a full DTMF Receiver that integrates both bandsplit filter and decoder functions into a single 18-pin DIP or SOIC package. Manufactured using CMOS process technology, the M-8870 offers low power consumption (35 mW max) and precise data handling. Its filter section uses switched capacitor technology for both the high and low group filters and for dial tone rejection. Its decoder uses digital counting techniques to detect and decode all 16 DTMF tone pairs into a 4-bit code. External component count is minimized by provision of an on-chip differential input amplifier, clock generator, and latched tri-state interface bus. Minimal external components required include a low-cost 3.579545 MHz color burst crystal, a timing resistor, and a timing capacitor. The M-8870-02 provides a power-down option which, when enabled, drops consumption to less than 0.5 mW. The M-8870-02 can also inhibit the decoding of fourth column digits.

4013 FLIP-FLOP IC:

The CD4013B dual D-type flip-flop is a monolithic complementary MOS (CMOS) integrated circuit constructed withN- and P-channel enhancement mode transistors. Each flip-flop has independent data, set, reset, and clock inputs and Q and Q outputs. These devices can be used for shift register applications, and by connecting Q output to the data input, for counter and toggle applications. The logic level present at the D input is transferred to the Q output during the positive-going transition of the clock pulse. Setting or resetting is independent of the clock and is accomplished by a high level on the set or reset line respectively.

SOLENOID VALVE:
A solenoid valve is an electromechanical valve for use with liquid or gas. The valve is controlled by an electric current through a solenoid coil. Solenoid valves may have two or more ports: in the case of a two-port valve the flow is switched on or off; in the case of a three-port valve, the outflow is switched between the two outlet ports. Multiple solenoid valves can be placed together on a manifold. Solenoid valves are the most frequently used control elements in fluidics. Their tasks are to shut off, release, dose, distribute or mix fluids. They are found in many application areas. Solenoids offer fast and safe switching, high reliability, long service life, good medium compatibility of the materials used, low control power and compact design. Besides the plunger-type actuator which is used most frequently, pivoted-armature actuators and rocker actuators are also used. A solenoid valve has two main parts: the solenoid and the valve. The solenoid converts electrical energy into mechanical energy which, in turn, opens or closes the valve mechanically. A direct acting valve has only a small flow circuit, shown within section E of this diagram (this section is mentioned below as a pilot valve). This diaphragm piloted valve multiplies this small flow by using it to control the flow through a much larger orifice. Solenoid valves may use metal seals or rubber seals, and may also have electrical interfaces to allow for easy control. A spring may be used to hold the valve opened or closed while the valve is not activated.