CHAPTER 3

Exercises

E3.1 v (t )  q (t ) / C  10 6 sin(10 5t ) /(2  10 6 )  0.5 sin(10 5t ) V

dv
i (t )  C  (2  10 6 )(0.5  10 5 ) cos(10 5t )  0.1 cos(10 5t ) A
dt

E3.2 Because the capacitor voltage is zero at t = 0, the charge on the

capacitor is zero at t = 0.
t
q (t )   i (x )dx  0
0
t
  10 3 dx  10 3t for 0  t  2 ms
0
2E 3 t

 10 dx    10 dx  4  10 -6  10 3t for 2 ms  t  4 ms
3 3

0 2E 3

v (t )  q (t ) / C
 10 4t for 0  t  2 ms
 40  10 4t for 2 ms  t  4 ms

p (t )  i (t )v (t )
 10t for 0  t  2 ms
 40  10 3  10t for 2 ms  t  4 ms

w (t )  Cv 2 (t ) / 2
 5t 2 for 0  t  2 ms
 0.5  10 7 (40  10 4t ) 2 for 2 ms  t  4 ms

in which the units of charge, electrical potential, power, and energy are
coulombs, volts, watts and joules, respectively. Plots of these quantities
are shown in Figure 3.8 in the book.

E3.3 Refer to Figure 3.11 in the book. Applying KVL, we have

v  v1  v2  v3
Then using Equation 3.8 to substitute for the voltages we have

1
 t t t
1 1 1
v (t )  
C1 0
i (t )dt  v 1 (0)  
C2 0
i (t )dt  v 2 (0) 
C 3 0
i (t )dt  v 3 (0)

This can be written as

t
 1 1 1 
v (t )       i (t )dt  v 1 ( 0 )  v 2 ( 0 )  v 3 ( 0 ) (1)
 C1 C2 C3 0
Now if we define
1  1 1 1 
     and v (0)  v 1 (0)  v 2 (0)  v 3 (0)
C eq  C 1 C 2 C 3 
we can write Equation (1) as
t
1
C eq 0
v (t )  i (t )dt  v (0)

Thus the three capacitances in series have an equivalent capacitance

given by Equation 3.25 in the book.

E3.4 (a) For series capacitances:

1 1
C eq    2 / 3 F
1 / C1  1 / C2 1 / 2  1 / 1

(b) For parallel capacitances:

C eq  C 1  C 2  1  2  3 F

E3.5 From Table 3.1 we find that the relative dielectric constant of polyester
is 3.4. We solve Equation 3.26 for the area of each sheet:
Cd Cd 10 6  15  10 6
A    0.4985 m 2
  r  0 3.4  8.85  10 12

Then the length of the strip is

L  A /W  0.4985 /(2  10 2 )  24.93 m

di (t ) d
E3.6 v (t )  L
dt
 (10  10 3 ) 
dt

0.1 cos10 4t   10 sin10 4t  V

 
w (t )  21 Li 2 (t )  5  10 3  0.1 cos10 4t   50  10 6 cos2 10 4t  J
2

2
E3.7
t t
1 1
i (t )   v (x )dx  i (0) 
150  10 6 0
v (x )dx
L0
t
 6667  7.5  10 6 xdx  25  10 9t 2 V for 0  t  2 s
0

2E-6
 6667  7.5  10 xdx  0.1 V for 2s  t  4 s
6

0
2E-6 t
 
 6667   7.5  10 6 xdx    15dx   0.5  10 5t V for 4 s  t  5 s
 0 4 E-6 
A plot of i(t) versus t is shown in Figure 3.20b in the book.

E3.8 Refer to Figure 3.21a in the book. Using KVL we can write:
v (t )  v 1 (t )  v 2 (t )  v 3 (t )
Using Equation 3.28 to substitute, this becomes
di (t ) di (t ) di (t )
v (t )  L1  L2  L3 (1)
dt dt dt
Then if we define Leq  L1  L2  L3 , Equation (1) becomes:
di (t )
v (t )  Leq
dt
which shows that the series combination of the three inductances has
the same terminal equation as the equivalent inductance.

E3.9 Refer to Figure 3.21b in the book. Using KCL we can write:
i (t )  i1 (t )  i2 (t )  i3 (t )
Using Equation 3.32 to substitute, this becomes
t t t
1 1 1
i (t )   v (t )dt  i1 (0)   v (t )dt  i2 (0)   v (t )dt  i3 (0)
L1 0 L2 0 L3 0
This can be written as
t
1 1 1
v (t )   
    v (t )dt  i1 (0)  i2 (0)  i3 (0)
 (1)
 L1 L2 L3  0
Now if we define
1 1 1 1
     and i (0)  i1 (0)  i2 (0)  i3 (0)
Leq  L1 L2 L3 

we can write Equation (1) as

3
 t
1
Leq 0
i (t )  v (t )dt  i (0)

Thus, the three inductances in parallel have the equivalent inductance

shown in Figure 3.21b in the book.

E3.10 Refer to Figure 3.23 in the book.

(a) The 2-H and 3-H inductances are in series and are equivalent to a 5-
H inductance, which in turn is in parallel with the other 5-H inductance.
This combination has an equivalent inductance of 1/(1/5 + 1/5) = 2.5 H.
Finally the 1-H inductance is in series with the combination of the other
inductances so the equivalent inductance is 1 + 2.5 = 3.5 H.

(b) The 2-H and 3-H inductances are in series and have an equivalent
inductance of 5 H. This equivalent inductance is in parallel with both the
5-H and 4-H inductances. The equivalent inductance of the parallel
combination is 1/(1/5 + 1/4 + 1/5) = 1.538 H. This combination is in series
with the 1-H and 6-H inductances so the overall equivalent inductance is
1.538 + 1 + 6 = 8.538 H.

E3.11 The MATLAB commands including some explanatory comments are:

% We avoid using i alone as a symbol for current because

% we reserve i for the square root of -1 in MATLAB. Thus, we
% will use iC for the capacitor current.
syms t iC qC vC % Define t, iC, qC and vC as symbolic objects.
iC = 0.5*sin((1e4)*t);
ezplot(iC, [0 3*pi*1e-4])
qC=int(iC,t,0,t); % qC equals the integral of iC.
figure % Plot the charge in a new window.
ezplot(qC, [0 3*pi*1e-4])
vC = 1e7*qC;
figure % Plot the voltage in a new window.
ezplot(vC, [0 3*pi*1e-4])

The plots are very similar to those of Figure 3.5 in the book. An m-file
(named Exercise_3_11) containing these commands can be found in the
MATLAB folder .

4
 Problems

dv
P3.6 i C
dt
dv i 200  106
   0.2V/s
dt C 1000  10 6
v 50
t    250 s
dv / dt 0.2

dv
P3.8 i t   C
dt
d
 5  10 6
dt
50 sin1000t 
 0.25cos 1000t 

p  t   v  t  i t 
 50  0.25cos 1000t  sin 1000t 
 12.5 sin 2000t 

1
C v t  
2
w (t ) 
2
 0.00625 sin2 1000t 

5
 t
1
C 0
P3.15 v (t )  i (t )dt  v (0)
t
v (t )  1  10 4  5  10 3 dt  10
0

v t   50t – 10 V
p t   i t  v t 
 5  10 3 (50t  10)W
Evaluating at t  0 , we have p  0   50 mW . Because the power has a
negative value, the capacitor is delivering energy.

At t  1 s , we have p 1   200 mW . Because the power is positive, we

know that the capacitor is absorbing energy.

P3.21 W  power  time  4 hp  746 W / hp  3600 s

 13.4  106 J

2W 2  10.34  106
V    32.771 kV
C 0.02

It turns out that a 0.01-F capacitor rated for this voltage would be much
too large and massive for powering an automobile. Besides, to have
reasonable performance, an automobile would need much more than 5 hp
for an hour.

1
P3.24 (a) Ceq  6   8 F
1/ 4 1/ 4

(b) The two 2- μ F capacitances are in series and have an equivalent

1
capacitance of  1 F . This combination is a parallel with the
1/21/2
4- μ F capacitance, giving an equivalent of 5 μ F. Then the 4 μ F is in
1
series, giving a capacitance of  2.22 F . Finally, the 4 μ F is
1/ 4 1/5
in parallel, giving an equivalent capacitance of Ceq  12.22 F .

6
P3.29 As shown below, the two capacitors are placed in series with the heart to
produce the output pulse.

While the capacitors are connected, the average voltage supplied to the
heart is 4.95 V. Thus, the average current is I pulse  4.95 500  9.9 mA .
The charge removed from each capacitor during the pulse is
Q  9.9 mA  1 ms  9.9 μC . This results in a 0.l V change in voltage, so
C ΔQ 9.9  10 6
we have C eq     99 μF . Thus, each capacitor has a
2 Δv 0. 1
C Q 9.9  10 6
capacitance of C     99 F . Thus, each capacitor has
2 v 0.1
a capacitance of C  198 μF . Then as shown below, the capacitance are
placed in parallel with the 2.5-V battery to recharge them.

The battery must supply 9.9 μ C to each battery. Thus, the average
2  9.9  C
current supplied by the battery is Ibattery   9.9 A . The
2s
ampere-hour rating of the battery is

9.9  10 6  5  365  24  0.4335 Ampere hours .

 r  0A 10  8.85  10 12  20  10  10 2
P3.31 C    0.088 F
d 0.02  10 3

P3.34 The charge Q remains constant because the terminals of the capacitor
are open-circuited.
Q  C1V1  2000  10 12  500  1 C
W1  1 2  C1 V1   250  J
2

7
 After the distance between the plates is doubled, the capacitance
becomes C2  1000 pF .
Q 10 6
The voltage increases to V2    1000 V and the stored
C2 1000  10 12
energy is W2  1 2  C2 V2   500  J . The force needed to pull the plates
2

apart supplies the additional energy.

P3.40 For square plates, we have L  W , the plate area is A  L2 , and the
volume of the dielectric is
Vol  L2d .
The minimum thickness of the dielectric is
V 1000
d min  max   0.3125 mm
K 32  10 5
The required volume is
2Wmax 4  10 3
Vol  Ad    44.14  10 6 m3
 0  rK 2
8.85  10 (32  10 )
12 5

and the area is

A  Vol d  0.1412 m2
The length of each side of the square plate is
L  A  0.3758

P3.45 L  2H

diL t 
v L t   L
dt

8
 p t   v L t iL t 

1
w t   LiL t  2
2

P3.51
t
1
iL t   v L t dt  iL 0 
L 0
t
 20  10  10dt  0.1
3

 2  10 t  0.1 A 5

Solving for the time that the current reaches  100 mA , we have

iL tx   0.1  2  10 5t 0  0.1

tx  1 μs

di 4
P3.52 vL  L  0.5  10 V
dt 0. 2

1
P3.62 (a) Leq  1   3H
1 6  1 1  2
(b) 9 H in parallel with 18 H is equivalent to 6H. Also, 20 H in parallel
1
with 5 H is equivalent to 4 H. Finally, we have Leq   6H
1 15  1 6  4 

t
1 L1  L2 t
i t   v t dt  v t dt
Leq 0 L1 L2 0
P3.67

t
1
i1 t   v t dt
L1 0
L2 2
Thus, we can write i1 t   i t   i t  .
L1  L2 3

9
 L1 1
Similarly, we have i2 t   i t   i t  .
L1  L2 3
This is similar to the current-division principle for resistances. Keep in
mind that these formulas assume that the initial currents are zero.

P3.75 With the dot moved to the bottom of L2 , we have

di1 t  di t 
v 1 t   L1 M 2  5 cos10t 
dt dt
di t  di t 
v 2 t   M 1  L2 2 0
dt dt
P3.76 (a)

As in Figure 3.25a, we can write

di1 t  di t 
v 1 t   L1
M 2
dt dt
di t  di t 
v 2 t   M 1  L2 2
dt dt
However, for the circuit at hand, we have i t   i1 t   i2 t  .
Thus,
di t 
v 1 t   L1  M 
dt
di t 
v 2 t   L2  M 
dt
Also, we have v t   v 1 t   v 2 t  .
di t 
Substituting, we obtain v t   L1  2M  L2  .
dt
di t 
Thus, we can write v t   Leq , in which
dt
Leq  L1  2M  L2 .

10
 (b) Similarly, for the dot at the bottom end of L2 , we have

Leq  L1  2M  L2

Practice Test
t t
1
T3.1 v ab t    iab t dt  v C 0   10 5  0.3 exp(2000t )dt
C 0 0
t
v ab t    15 exp( 2000t ) 0
v ab t   15  15 exp(2000t ) V
1 1
w C    Cv C2    10  5 (15) 2  1.125 mJ
2 2

T3.2 The 6-F and 3-F capacitances are in series and have an equivalent
capacitance of
1
C eq1   2 F
1/ 6  1/3
Ceq1 is in parallel with the 4-F capacitance, and the combination has an
equivalent capacitance of
C eq 2  C eq 1  4  6 F
Ceq2 is in series with the 12-F and the combination, has an equivalent
capacitance of
1
C eq3   4 F
1 / 12  1 / 6
Finally, Ceq3 is in parallel with the 1-F capacitance, and the equivalent
capacitance is
C eq  C eq 3  1  5 F

 r  0A 80  8.85  10 12  2  10 2  3  10 2
T3.3 C    4248 pF
d 0.1  10  3

diab
T3.4 v ab (t )  L  2  10  3  0.3  2000 cos(2000t )  1.2 cos(2000t ) V
dt
The maximum value of sin(2000t) is unity. Thus the peak current is 0.3 A,
and the peak energy stored is
1 2 1
w peak  Li peak   2  10  3 (0.3) 2  90 J
2 2

11
T3.5 The 2-H and 4-H inductances are in parallel and the combination has an
equivalent inductance of
1
Leq 1   1.333 H
1/2  1/ 4
Also, the 3-H and 5-H inductances are in parallel, and the combination
has an equivalent inductance of
1
Leq 2   1.875 H
1/3  1/5
Finally, Leq1 and Leq2 are in series. The equivalent inductance between
terminals a and b is
Leq  Leq 1  Leq 2  3.208 H

T3.6 The current is given by

dv C (t ) d [10 sin(1000t )]
is t   C C  C  10 4 cos(1000t )
dt dt

is (t )  10 2 cos(1000t ) A

Then, the voltage across the inductance is given by

dis (t ) d [10 2 cos(1000t )]

v L t   L L  L  [ 10 sin(1000t )]
dt dt

v L t   5 sin(1000t ) V

Finally, applying KVL, we have

v s t   v L t   v C t   5 sin(1000t )  10 sin(1000t )  5 sin(1000t ) V

T3.7 For these mutually coupled inductances, we have

di1 t  di t 
v 1 t   L1 M 2
dt dt
di t  di t 
v 2 t   M 1  L2 2
dt dt
in which the currents are referenced into the positive polarities. Thus
the currents are

12
 i1 (t )  2 cos(500t ) and i2 (t )  2 exp(400t )
Substituting the inductance values and the current expressions we have

v 1 (t )  40  10 3  1000 sin(500t )  20  10 3  800 exp( 400t )

v 1 (t )  40 sin(500t )  16 exp(400t ) V

v 2 (t )  20  10 3  1000 sin(500t )  30  10 3  800 exp( 400t )

v 2 (t )  20 sin(500t )  24 exp( 400t ) V

T3.8 One set of commands is

syms vab iab t
iab = 3*(10^5)*(t^2)*exp(-2000*t);
vab = (1/20e-6)*int(iab,t,0,t)
subplot(2,1,1)
ezplot(iab, [0 5e-3]), title('\iti_a_b\rm (A) versus \itt\rm (s)')
subplot(2,1,2)
ezplot(vab, [0 5e-3]), title('\itv_a_b\rm (V) versus \itt\rm (s)')

The results are

15 15
v ab   exp( 2000t )  7500 exp( 2000t )  7.5  10 6t 2 exp( 2000t )
4 4

13