MINISTRY OF JUSTICE

HANOI LAW UNIVERSITY

GROUP ASSIGNMENT

TOPIC

“Job Opportunities for Law Students: Exploring Career

Paths and Options”

GROUP 01

Hanoi, 2025
 EVALUATION OF PARTICIPATION OF GROUP ASSIGNMENT
Group: 01
Subject: English
Determine the level of participation and results of participation of each member in doing
the group assignment. The results are as follows:
Group leader's
Instructor' evaluation
evaluation
No Code Name
A B C Score Note

1 242070660 Đỗ Kiều Anh X

2 242060651 Bùi Quang Phú X

3 242080685 Nguyễn Thành Đô X

4 242080727 Nguyễn Thị Thu Hà X

5 242080690 Lê Mai Hương X

6 242030592 Đàm Thùy Dương X

Group leader

Đỗ Kiều Anh
Contents
I. Introduction ..............................................................................................................................4
II. Job Opportunities in the right field ...........................................................................................4
1. Lawyer ..................................................................................................................................4
1.1. Overview ...........................................................................................................................4
1.2. Professional Requirements ...............................................................................................5
1.3. Career Progression ............................................................................................................6
2. State Officials: .......................................................................................................................7
2.1. Overview ...........................................................................................................................7
2.2. Professional Requirements ...............................................................................................9
2.3. Current status of civil service profession in Vietnam & synchronous solutions to attract
talented young people into the state civil service environment ..................................................... 13
3. In-House Counsel: ............................................................................................................... 15
3.1. Overview ......................................................................................................................... 15
3.2. Professional Requirements ............................................................................................. 17
3.3. Career Progression .......................................................................................................... 18
4. Academia............................................................................................................................. 21
4.1. Overview ......................................................................................................................... 21
4.2. Professional Requirements ............................................................................................. 21
4.3. Career Progression .......................................................................................................... 22
III. Job opportunities outside the field of law ............................................................................ 24
1. HR ....................................................................................................................................... 24
1.1. Overview ......................................................................................................................... 24
1.2. Professional Requirements ............................................................................................. 25
1.3. Career progression .......................................................................................................... 26
2. Finance ................................................................................................................................ 27
2.1. Overview ......................................................................................................................... 27
2.2. Professional Requirements ............................................................................................. 28
2.3. Career Progression:......................................................................................................... 29
VII. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 30
REFERENCES: .............................................................................................................................. 32
 I. Introduction
The legal profession plays a vital role in upholding justice, maintaining social order, and
protecting individual and collective rights. Lawyers, judges, and legal advisors operate
across diverse fields such as corporate law, criminal defense, human rights, and public
policy. Their work requires not only a deep understanding of legal systems but also strong
ethical standards and analytical skills. As society evolves, the legal profession continuously
adapts to new challenges, including globalization, technological advancements, and
changing societal values. Within the scope of this essay, we explore Career Opportunities
within the legal field as well as those beyond the traditional boundaries of the legal
profession.
II. Job Opportunities in the right field
1. Lawyer

Lawyers serve not only as legal advisors but also as advocates, negotiators, and
policymakers. Their responsibilities extend beyond courtrooms and legal offices into the
broader realm of governance, corporate management, and social development. Within the
scope of this essay, we explore the career opportunities for lawyers both within the legal
field and beyond traditional legal practice, through an examination of job descriptions,
professional requirements, and career progression pathways.

1.1. Overview

Lawyers engage in a diverse range of professional activities depending on their area of

specialization. Core responsibilities include providing legal consultation, drafting and
reviewing contracts, resolving disputes, representing clients in court, preparing legal
documents, and advising on regulatory compliance. In the context of Vietnamese law, the
profession is formally defined in Clause 2, Article 3 of the Law on Lawyers (2006, amended
2012) as follows: “A lawyer is a person who meets the criteria for practicing law, is granted
a law practice certificate, and is a member of a Bar Association” (National Assembly of
Vietnam, 2012).

Legal practice can be categorized into two broad types: litigation and non-litigation work.
While litigation lawyers appear before courts or arbitration panels to represent clients, non-
litigation lawyers often work behind the scenes, handling contracts, business transactions,
mergers and acquisitions, intellectual property registration, and legal due diligence.
Lawyers can work in law firms, legal departments of corporations, government agencies,
NGOs, or as independent practitioners.

Moreover, lawyers may take on roles in legislative drafting or policy review. Their legal
expertise positions them to contribute significantly to legal reform, regulatory impact
assessments, and the development of institutional frameworks, particularly in emerging
economies or transitional legal systems.

1.2. Professional Requirements

Becoming a lawyer in Vietnam requires rigorous academic and professional preparation.

According to Articles 10–12 of the Law on Lawyers (2006, amended 2012), a candidate
must possess a bachelor’s degree in law, complete a lawyer training course at the Judicial
Academy, undertake a 12-month internship at a law-practicing organization, and pass the
assessment for legal practice competency organized by the Vietnam Bar Federation.

In addition to these formal criteria, successful lawyers must develop a set of critical soft
skills and professional values. These include:

• Legal reasoning and analytical thinking: Lawyers must assess legal problems
systematically and offer strategic advice grounded in applicable laws and
precedents.

• Communication skills: Both oral advocacy and legal writing are central to effective
legal work.

• Ethical integrity: The professional code of conduct for lawyers demands honesty,
confidentiality, and independence.

• Emotional resilience: The legal environment often involves pressure, conflict, and
high-stakes decisions.

As Nguyen Dang Dung (2011) argues, “A qualified legal professional is not only equipped
with legal knowledge but also must possess a strong ethical compass and professional
discipline” (p. 215). These requirements align with international principles outlined by
bodies such as the International Bar Association (IBA), which emphasizes that legal
practitioners must uphold justice and the dignity of the profession (IBA, 2011).

1.3. Career Progression

The career path of a lawyer often follows a structured trajectory. Entry-level positions
include legal interns, paralegals, or junior associates. Upon gaining experience and must be
obtaining a law practice certificate, individuals typically progress to roles such as associate
lawyer, senior associate, and eventually partner in a law firm.

For those in corporate legal departments, career advancement may lead to positions like
legal counsel, head of legal, or even chief legal officer (CLO). In the public sector, lawyers
may work as prosecutors, judges, or policy advisors. Some lawyers opt to transition into
academia or legal journalism, contributing to the theoretical and societal understanding of
law.

The legal profession also offers opportunities beyond traditional boundaries. For instance,
lawyers with significant experience may become arbitrators or mediators. According to
Article 7 of the Law on Commercial Arbitration (2010), individuals with five years of legal
practice experience and professional integrity are eligible to serve as arbitrators in Vietnam
(National Assembly of Vietnam, 2010).

Moreover, globalization and digital transformation have opened new avenues for lawyers.
Legal professionals now work in international organizations, compliance roles, data privacy
and technology law, reflecting the evolving demands of the global legal market. Lawyers
with additional qualifications in business, finance, or international relations are particularly
well-positioned to operate in cross-border legal environments.

While many law graduates pursue traditional legal careers, the analytical and
communication skills developed during legal training are transferable to other fields. Law
graduates often excel in areas such as:

• Policy and public administration

 • Corporate governance and compliance

• Human rights and development work

• Management consulting and risk advisory

• International diplomacy

These interdisciplinary opportunities affirm the argument by Richard Susskind (2013) that
the future lawyer is no longer confined to the courtroom but must adapt to be a “legal
knowledge engineer, legal risk manager, or hybrid legal technologist” (p. 24).

In conclusion, the legal profession offers a wide spectrum of career opportunities that
extend well beyond courtroom advocacy. Lawyers play a pivotal role not only in upholding
the law but also in shaping policy, guiding business strategies, and contributing to social
development. As legal systems and societal expectations evolve, lawyers must continuously
adapt, develop new competencies, and embrace interdisciplinary approaches. Whether
practicing in traditional legal roles or branching into broader sectors, the legal profession
remains a dynamic and impactful field that rewards dedication, ethics, and intellectual rigor.

2. State Officials:
2.1. Overview

Although there has been a shift in young people's job preferences from the private sector
to the public sector , civil service is still only a secondary choice in young people's career
orientation; for example, in China, with more than 2.5 million candidates taking the civil
service exam, it only accounts for more than 20% of the number of university graduates in
2024, which is 11.79 million 1. Young people in China still have many other options, such
as participating in study & research at higher educational levels, doing freelance work that
does not require professional qualifications or practical experience, and there are even

1BichThuan, China's youth unemployment rate hits 8-month high , https://vov.vn/the-gioi/ty-le-thanh-nien-trung-quoc-that-

nghiep-tang-cao-nhat-trong-8-thang-post1123070.vov , accessed May 14, 2025.
millions of unemployed young people in China 2; and it has created a huge waste of China's
young human resources, it exists a paradox that the unemployment rate is at a record high
in a top economic and political superpower country in the world & the Chinese government
is having a headache finding a solution to mobilize all national strength for the " Chinese
dream ".

Or as in the survey results of employment after graduation of students from course 42 to

course 44 of Hanoi Law University (graduated from 2021 to 2023), the State environment
is also only second and ranked after the domestic business environment in the job choice
of the surveyed sample space. Accordingly, the specific statistics are as follows:

+ For students of K42, Hanoi Law University (graduated in 2021) 3: Of the total 1,076
students participating in the survey who have jobs, 187 students work in the State sector
(accounting for 17.38%), 901 students work in the private sector (accounting for 83.74%),
49 students are self-employed (accounting for 4.55%) & 49 students work in the sector with
foreign elements (accounting for 4.55%).

+ For students of K43, Hanoi Law University (graduating in 2022) 4: Of the total 1,293
students participating in the survey who have jobs, 347 students work in the State sector
(accounting for 26.8%), 893 students work in the private sector (accounting for 69.1%), 26
students are self-employed (accounting for 2%) & 28 students work in the sector with
foreign elements (accounting for 2.1%).

+ For students of K44, Hanoi Law University (graduating in 2023) 5: Of the total 1,233
students participating in the survey who have jobs, 203 students work in the State

2Phuc Duy, China promotes the "1131" program to reduce the unemployment rate of university graduates ,
https://thanhnien.vn/trung-quoc-day-manh-chuong-trinh-1131-giam-ty-le-sinh-vien-tot-nghiep-dh-that-nghiep-
185241025160153307.htm# , accessed on May 14, 2025.

3Hanoi Law University, Report No. 5150/BC-DHLHN dated December 9, 2022 on the employment situation of graduates in
2021 , Hanoi City, 2022, p.4.

4Hanoi Law University, Report No. 4966/BC-DHLHN dated November 14, 2023 on the employment situation of graduates in
2022 , Hanoi City, 2023, p.4.

5Hanoi Law University, Report No. 2317/BC-DHLHN dated December 25, 2024 on the employment situation of graduates in
2023 , Hanoi City, 2024, p.4.
environment (accounting for 18.11%), 789 students work in the private environment
(accounting for 70.38%), 13 students are self-employed (accounting for 1.16%) & 116
students work in an environment with foreign elements (accounting for 10.35%).

All in all, we can tentatively conclude that: Although there is an upward trend in the period
2021 - 2022 & a downward trend in the period 2022 - 2023, but basically the State
environment is only the second choice in the job preferences of Hanoi Law University
graduates. And it is not outside the common preferences of young Vietnamese or young
Chinese people that we have presented & analyzed above, it further proves that although
there have been many reform policies that tend to focus on serving people, businesses 6&
shifting from the traditional public administration model to the modern public
administration model 7, the State environment is still not attractive enough for young
people, in the competition for human resources with the business environment.

2.2. Professional Requirements

In this subsection, we only focus on presenting and analyzing the job opportunities for
Bachelors of Law in Vietnam today in the civil service sector; based on the concept
presented above, it can be seen that the opportunity for a Bachelor of Law in Vietnam today
to become a civil servant is very open with the mechanism of examination or selection 8into
the payroll of state agencies both horizontally 9and vertically 10of the political system.

6Government, Resolution No. 76/NQ-CP dated July 15, 2021 promulgating the Overall Program for State Administrative
Reform for the 2021 - 2030 period , http://caicachhanhchinh.gov.vn/tin-tuc/chuong-trinh-tong-the-cai-cach-hanh-chinh-giai-
doan-2021-2030 , accessed May 14, 2025.

7Le Ngoc Hung, Public administrative reform: from traditional model to new post-public management model ,
https://lyluanchinhtri.vn/cai-cach-hanh-chinh-cong-tu-mo-hinh-truyen-thong-den-mo-hinh-hau-quan-ly-cong-moi-2142.html ,
accessed on May 14, 2025.

8Office of the National Assembly, Consolidated Document No. 25/VBHN-VPQH dated December 16, 2019 on the Law on
Cadres and Civil Servants , https://congbao.chinhphu.vn/noi-dung-van-ban-so-25-vbhn-vpqh-30925?cbid=30372 , accessed May
14, 2025. Accordingly, based on Clause 1, Article 37 of Consolidated Document No. 25/2019/VBHN-VPQH, " exam " or "
recruitment " are the two most popular methods of recruiting civil servants in Vietnam today.

9Instituteof Legal Science, Law Dictionary , Encyclopedia Dictionary Publishing House & Justice Publishing House, Hanoi City,
2006, p.615. Accordingly, " horizontal decentralization " is defined as " Decentralization by sector (by function), the law
stipulates the legal position of ministries & Ministers, the powers delegated by the Government, the management regime of the
Minister for the activities of the entire sector or field within the whole country ".

10Institute
of Legal Science, Law Dictionary , Encyclopedia Dictionary Publishing House & Justice Publishing House, Hanoi
City, 2006, pp.614-615. Accordingly, “ vertical decentralization ” is defined as “ Territorial decentralization with the law
However, in reality, the preference for becoming a civil servant in Vietnam today is mainly
concentrated in the executive branch (Government & ministries, branches at the Central
level, People's Committees at all levels & specialized agencies at the local level...) or the
judiciary (People's Courts at all levels), or at least independent institutions such as the
People's Procuracy at all levels; Because these are state agency systems with a wide scope
nationwide, the recruitment process is public, transparent & attracts the attention of the
majority of Law students right from when they are still in university.

The current Vietnamese legal system also has relatively complete and strict regulations on
institutions related to civil servants in the State apparatus; each entity in the apparatus has
its own functions, tasks, standards of professional competence, standards of training and
fostering qualifications, and has been institutionalized by legal regulations. For example,
the functions and tasks of the Chief Tax Inspector (code 06.037) include 11: " Presiding over
or participating in developing plans for tax collection, tax debt collection, tax enforcement
and other collections according to the functions of the work; organizing the implementation
of the collection management process; directly handling cases with complicated
circumstances ", " Synthesizing and evaluating the collection management work;
participating in developing management regulations, professional processes and related
documents and regulations; proposing amendments and supplements to management
regulations and collection processes in accordance with the actual situation ", " Presiding
over or participating in compiling documents and textbooks on tax management,
participating in teaching professional training courses for tax officials and civil servants
", " Presiding over or participating in developing topics, projects and projects applied to
the work of the industry; presiding over or participating in organizing research on the
application of scientific and technical advances and advanced technologies in the field of

stipulating the legal position of local authorities, thus proactively deciding on plans & budgets, having powers delegated by the
central government to manage economic, cultural, educational, social fields, civil servant management, being responsible for
social order, security & people's lives in the territory ”.

11Minister of Finance, Circular No. 29/2022/TT-BTC dated June 3, 2022 stipulating codes, professional standards, skills and
salary scales for civil servant ranks in the fields of accounting, tax, customs, and reserves ,
https://vbpl.vn/botaichinh/Pages/vbpq-van-ban-goc.aspx?ItemID=154784 , accessed May 14, 2025. Accordingly, the duties of the
Chief Tax Inspector (code 06.037) are specified in points a, b, c, d, dd, clause 2, article 10 of Circular No. 29/2022/TT-BTC .
tax management ", " Participating in Organize the enforcement of tax administrative
decisions according to authority and current regulations "

Regarding recruitment standards for civil servants, we need to understand that it is divided
into necessary conditions (prescribed by law) & sufficient conditions (prescribed by the
recruiting agency). Basically, the necessary conditions for a candidate to participate in the
civil service exam include 12: “ Having only one nationality, which is Vietnamese nationality
”, “ Being 18 years of age or older ”, “ Having an application, having a clear background
”, “ Having good political and moral qualities ” & “ Being healthy enough to perform the
duties ”.

In addition, Vietnamese law also stipulates cases of prohibition from registering for civil
service recruitment, specifically as follows 13: " Not residing in Vietnam ", " Losing or
having limited civil capacity ", " Being prosecuted for criminal liability; currently serving
or having completed serving a criminal sentence or decision of the Court without having
had the criminal record cleared; currently being subject to administrative measures of
being sent to a compulsory drug rehabilitation facility or to a compulsory education
facility".

At the same time, Vietnamese law also generally stipulates the sufficient conditions for a
candidate to register for civil service recruitment, which are " Having appropriate degrees
and certificates " & " Other conditions as required by the recruitment position " 14; it can
be simply understood that the recruiting agency will base on the job position to set out the

12Office of the National Assembly, Consolidated Document No. 25/VBHN-VPQH dated December 16, 2019 on the Law on
Cadres and Civil Servants , https://congbao.chinhphu.vn/noi-dung-van-ban-so-25-vbhn-vpqh-30925?cbid=30372 , accessed May
14, 2025. Accordingly, the necessary conditions for a candidate to register for the recruitment of state civil servants are specified
in points a, b, c, d, e, clause 1, article 36 of Consolidated Document No. 25/2019/VBHN-VPQH .

13Office of the National Assembly, Consolidated Document No. 25/VBHN-VPQH dated December 16, 2019 on the Law on
Cadres and Civil Servants , https://congbao.chinhphu.vn/noi-dung-van-ban-so-25-vbhn-vpqh-30925?cbid=30372 , accessed May
14, 2025. Accordingly, cases prohibited from registering for civil servant recruitment are specified in points a, b, c, clause 2,
article 36 of Consolidated Document No. 25/2019/VBHN-VPQH .

14Office of the National Assembly, Consolidated Document No. 25/VBHN-VPQH dated December 16, 2019 on the Law on
Cadres and Civil Servants , https://congbao.chinhphu.vn/noi-dung-van-ban-so-25-vbhn-vpqh-30925?cbid=30372 , accessed May
14, 2025. Accordingly, general regulations on sufficient conditions for candidates registering for civil servant recruitment are
specified in Points d and g, Clause 1, Article 36 of Consolidated Document No. 25/2019/VBHN-VPQH .
necessary requirements for candidates. For example, for candidates who want to register
for the position of Professional Specialist in the 2024 General Department of Taxation civil
service recruitment exam, the sufficient condition is to have a university degree or higher,
including majors or majors with one of the " phrases " registered for recruitment such as:
Law , Economic Law , International Trade Law ... or Accounting - Auditing , Corporate
Accounting , Public Accounting 15...

Unlike the recruitment process for businesses, which usually lasts only a few days or a few
weeks, whenever they lack human resources, they will post recruitment information on
online platforms to find replacement personnel; but the civil servant recruitment process is
different, it can last up to half a year & must be carried out under the direction of superiors,
so it cannot be arbitrary like for businesses. Although each industry and profession in the
State apparatus has different functions and tasks, basically the civil servant recruitment
exam usually includes 2 rounds

At the same time, those who pass the civil service exam must meet the following conditions
16
: "Have a score of 50 points or more in round 2 ", " Have a score of 50 points or more in
round 2 plus priority points (if any) in order from high to low in the recruitment quota of
each job position ", " In case there are 02 or more people with the same score of 2nd round
plus priority points (if any) in the last quota of the job position to be recruited, the person
with the higher score of 2nd round is the successful candidate; if the successful candidate

15General Department of Taxation, Notice on the recruitment plan of civil servants of the General Department of Taxation in
2024 , https://gdt.gov.vn/wps/portal/!ut/p/z1/tVJNc4IwFPwr9cCRyQOi0CNihy-
xdVpQcnHSCEhbAtYMtv31DbRXtB3HXDZvstm3L1lE0BoRTtuyoKKsOX2TdUomG2cZOkmYAFjxwwz8KDKT2J8BPJkoQ
QQRxkUjdigttuKG1VxkXChwoBtZ98iz46HfiF3Ni2daK6CDjhVgEgxsWGpuapqKrT
FVb8eMqjllGs6ZlWPL7Bo0rNyi9E_s1TnHRB7DwLJB3ic9xXFtD5tzqYBdAB9P7xees9TAN34JJzRS6cEc9BBgtGrL7IhiXr9X
8pEf_zmid7bD5 MIOJ-
XdEK4rr18oH_x84HAEZKrLl_2e2DK6XVw_BFpfJ7tNVVnGp_qaR3cGToP2a7pQO5jbo9E3D_JY_Q!!/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FB
IS9nQSEh/ , accessed May 14, 2025.

16General Department of Taxation, Notice on the recruitment plan of civil servants of the General Department of Taxation in
2024 , https://gdt.gov.vn/wps/portal/!ut/p/z1/tVJNc4IwFPwr9cCRyQOi0CNihy-
xdVpQcnHSCEhbAtYMtv31DbRXtB3HXDZvstm3L1lE0BoRTtuyoKKsOX2TdUomG2cZOkmYAFjxwwz8KDKT2J8BPJkoQ
QQRxkUjdigttuKG1VxkXChwoBtZ98iz46HfiF3Ni2daK6CDjhVgEgxsWGpuapqKrT
FVb8eMqjllGs6ZlWPL7Bo0rNyi9E_s1TnHRB7DwLJB3ic9xXFtD5tzqYBdAB9P7xees9TAN34JJzRS6cEc9BBgtGrL7IhiXr9X
8pEf_zmid7bD5 MIOJ-
XdEK4rr18oH_x84HAEZKrLl_2e2DK6XVw_BFpfJ7tNVVnGp_qaR3cGToP2a7pQO5jbo9E3D_JY_Q!!/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FB
IS9nQSEh/ , accessed May 15, 2025.
is still not determined, the head of the competent authority for recruiting civil servants will
decide on the successful candidate " & " Those who fail the civil service exam will not have
their exam results reserved for the next recruitment exams ".

2.3. Current status of civil service profession in Vietnam & synchronous

solutions to attract talented young people into the state civil service
environment
With a strict, rigorous process that lasts up to half a year as described above, it is entirely
possible for a candidate to spend time studying for the civil service exam and miss out on
many recruitment opportunities at businesses; there are even civil service exam preparation
courses opened on social networks and many candidates have spent money to attend these
types of courses, essentially to fulfill their dream of becoming a civil servant. However,
with a huge amount of knowledge and extremely strict exam discipline, very few candidates
can pass the exam on the first try; and no matter how many times they pass the exam,
becoming a civil servant is still an achievement worth being proud of, especially in a
country deeply influenced by Confucian ideology like Vietnam.

As mentioned above, one of the core weaknesses of the civil servant and public employee
profession is that the salary is too low compared to the general level of society 17; this is the
main reason leading to the high number of civil servants and public employees quitting
their jobs & there is specific data evidence. Accordingly, in 2023, the number of cadres,
civil servants and public employees quitting their jobs is 10,880 people; of which, at the
Central level, there are 983 people (110 civil servants, 873 public employees) & at the local
level, there are 9,897 people (866 civil servants, 9,031 public employees) 18. Although in
the same year 2023, ministries, branches and localities recruited 42,115 civil servants and

17The salary fund of civil servants (paid by the state budget) or the salary fund of public employees (paid by public administrative
- career units, which can be financially autonomous according to the provisions of law) is very difficult to compare with the salary
fund of employees working in enterprises. One of the ways to free up the salary fund of the state environment is to
streamline the apparatus, while increasing taxes (for the state budget) is impossible because it will cause very strong
fluctuations in political life & increasing revenue (for the budget of public administrative - career units) is strictly controlled by
the ceiling level prescribed by the State.

18Vuong Tran, In 2023, nearly 11,000 civil servants will quit their jobs , https://laodong.vn/thoi-su/nam-2023-gan-11000-cong-
chuc-vien-chuc-nghi-viec-thoi-viec-1281933.ldo , accessed on May 15, 2025.
public employees, in which localities have paid attention to and focused on attracting and
recruiting high-quality human resources, promptly supplementing the number of civil
servants and public employees who quit their jobs 19; But the number of more than 10,000
civil servants and public employees resigning or leaving their jobs is really a difficult
problem, even when the State has been trying to reform the salaries of civil servants and
public employees in the direction of the lowest salary in the public sector being equal to or
higher than the lowest salary in region 1 of the business sector 20.

In the context of the " institutional revolution " with General Secretary To Lam directing
the radical arrangement and streamlining of the apparatus from the central to local levels 21,
leading to the suspension of civil servant recruitment 22and greatly affecting the plans of
many candidates hoping to become civil servants; but they are always ready to wait for the
opportunity to participate in the civil service exam, to stabilize in the state environment and
not have to worry about an unstable future if they still exist in the business environment.
Overall, the arrangement and streamlining of the apparatus is a correct policy of the Party
and State, although there are still many controversies in political and social forums in
Vietnam; but to evaluate in the most detailed way, we need time to have a general view
before drawing conclusions.

But one thing is certain, the arrangement and streamlining of the apparatus will free up a
huge salary fund and it will create conditions for the salaries of cadres, civil servants and

19Tri
Anh, More than 10,000 civil servants and public employees quit their jobs in 2023 , https://vov.vn/chinh-tri/hon-10000-
cong-chuc-vien-chuc-nghi-viec-trong-nam-2023-post1066755.vov , accessed on May 15, 2025.

20Nguyen Hoai Thu, From July 1, the average salary of civil servants and public employees will increase by about 30% ,
https://tapchitoaan.vn/tu-17-tien-luong-trung-binh-cua-cong-chuc-vien-chuc-tang-khoang-30%C2%A010824.html , accessed on
May 15, 2025.

21Vu Quang, “A real institutional revolution must be carried out” , https://daibieunhandan.vn/phai-tien-hanh-mot-cuoc-cach-

mang-thuc-su-ve-the-che-10361829.html , accessed on May 15, 2025. Accordingly, “ in parallel with reorganizing the local
government apparatus, it is necessary to decentralize and delegate power to stronger localities, so that localities can make their
own decisions and take responsibility; only then will it be a true revolution, creating a truly streamlined institution ”.

22Tran Tuan, Temporarily not recruiting civil servants, reducing at least 5 ministries, 2 permanent Government agencies ,
https://tapchitoaan.vn/tam-thoi-khong-tuyen-dung-cong-chuc-giam-toi-thieu-5-bo-2-co-quan-thuong-truc-chinh-phu12515.html ,
accessed on May 15, 2025.
public employees to increase; even when streamlining the payroll 23, abolishing " lifetime
payroll " and evaluating civil servants according to KPI 24will create a revolution in public
administration thinking in Vietnam today. Perhaps, the state environment will gradually
have the characteristics of the private environment, cadres, civil servants and public
employees need to dare to think, dare to do and affirm their position through work
efficiency; conservative thinking, stagnation, " on-time salary increase " and " working
according to the correct process " will no longer exist. But regardless, becoming a state
employee is always a source of pride and aspiration for young Vietnamese people (in
general) and Bachelors of Law (in particular) to experience and challenge themselves;
because those revolutions, after all, are still for the benefit of the nation, the people and to
attract young people with enough passion and talent to contribute to the rising era of the
Vietnamese nation, minimizing the brain drain to the private sector, when the state
environment cannot use talents to serve the nation.

3. In-House Counsel:
3.1. Overview

In-house counsel refers to an attorney who works directly for a company, handling its
internal legal matters. These legal professionals represent the company in specific legal
cases or proceedings and are compensated with a full-time salary. They are also known as
house counsel, inside counsel, or corporate counsel25. The role of in-house counsel is
dedicated to serving the legal interests of their employer. While the term "lawyer" broadly
describes anyone qualified to practice law, "in-house counsel" is a more specific term for a

23Pham Dong, Deadline to reduce at least 5% of civil servant payroll, 10% of career payroll , https://laodong.vn/thoi-su/thoi-
han-tinh-gian-it-nhat-5-bien-che-cong-chuc-10-bien-che-su-nghiep-1504855.ldo , accessed on May 15, 2025. Accordingly, the
Ministry of Home Affairs emphasized " the task by 2026, reduce at least 5% of civil servant payroll & reduce at least 10% of
career payroll receiving salaries from the state budget; associated with restructuring, improving the quality of civil servants and
public employees ".

24Hoa Le – Bach Huy Thanh, Abolishing the “ticket” for lifelong tenure, paving the way for talented people to enter the state ,
https://dantri.com.vn/noi-vu/bo-tam-ve-bien-che-suot-doi-mo-duong-cho-nguoi-tai-vao-nha-nuoc-20250511161532541.htm ,
accessed on May 15, 2025.

25Legal Information Institute-Cornell Law School, “in-house counsel”, source: https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/in-

house_counsel#:~:text=In%2Dhouse%20counsel%20is%20an,inside%20counsel%2C%20or%20corporate%20counsel., accessed
on May 12nd, 2025
lawyer who advises and assists individuals, organizations, or businesses on legal issues. In-
house counsel typically concentrates on particular areas of law, often providing a more
specialized service than a general practice lawyer.

Simply stated, we could understand that In-house counsel work within a company's legal
department, providing legal advice and support to the organization. Their responsibilities
are varied and depend on the size and nature of the company, as well as their specific role.
Common tasks include:

• Contract Management: Drafting, reviewing, and negotiating a wide range of

agreements, such as leases, licenses, sales contracts, and employment agreements
etc.

• Compliance: Ensuring the company follows all relevant laws and regulations. This
can involve areas like data privacy, hygiene regulations, or financial rules.

• Risk Management: Identifying potential legal risks and advising the company on
how to avoid or mitigate them.

• Corporate Governance: Overseeing the company's internal policies and ethical

standards.

• Litigation Management: Handling or overseeing legal disputes involving the

company, often working with external lawyers.

• Providing Legal Advice: Offering counsel to management and various departments

on legal issues related to business decisions.

• Intellectual Property: Managing trademarks, patents, and other intellectual property

assets.

• Employment Law: Dealing with legal matters related to employees and workplace
issues.

In essence, in-house counsel act as the company's internal legal experts, helping it navigate
the complex legal landscape and achieve its business objectives while staying within the
bounds of the law.
According to research by the Association of Corporate Counsel26, in-house counsel has six
primary duties. These are to foster corporate ethics and culture; manage legal education for
staff; handle daily corporate legal matters; select and supervise outside counsel; ensure
corporate housekeeping; and oversee the relationship with external auditors.

3.2. Professional Requirements

Generally, a specific set of qualifications is necessary to become an in-house counsel, and

these requirements can differ depending on the country. Taking Australia as an example27,
the journey typically begins with applying for a Practicing Certificate from the local Law
Society. A prerequisite for this is usually completing 18 to 24 months of supervised practice
within a law firm. The standard educational and training pathway to becoming a practicing
In-House Lawyer in Australia spans five to six years. This typically involves earning a
Bachelor of Laws (LLB) or a Juris Doctor (JD) degree, both of which are normally three to
four years in duration. Following graduation, individuals must complete Practical Legal
Training (PLT) within a year and gain admission from the relevant state or territory's
Admissions Authority within five years. Finally, they must apply for the Practicing
Certificate from the local Law Society and fulfill the supervised practice requirement at a
law firm.

To become an in-house counsel in Vietnam, one must first satisfy the general qualifications
for practicing law in the country. This involves holding a bachelor’s degree in law from a
recognized Vietnamese university or institution. Following academic qualifications, the
completion of a 12-month lawyer training course certified by the Vietnam Judicial
Academy or another recognized institution is necessary. Subsequently, a 12-month
practical internship (probation) at a reputable law firm or within the legal department of a
company is required to gain hands-on experience. A crucial step is passing the national bar
examination administered by the Ministry of Justice. Finally, to be fully qualified, one must

26 Association of Corporate Counsel, “Becoming In-house Counsel: A Guide for Law Students and Recent Graduates”, source:
https://www.acc.com/sites/default/files/resources/vl/membersonly/InfoPAK/19654_2.pdf, accessed on May 12nd, 2025

27 SEEK, “In House Lawyer”, source: https://www.seek.com.au/career-advice/role/in-house-lawyer, accessed on May 12nd, 2025
obtain a License to practice from the Ministry of Justice and become a member of a
provincial Bar Association.

Once qualified as a lawyer in Vietnam, there is typically no separate licensing needed to

work as in-house counsel. The Law on Lawyers in Vietnam recognizes Independent
Lawyers (In-House) as legal professionals employed under a labor contract by an
organization whose primary business is not the practice of law.

In summary, the requirements to become an in-house counsel generally encompass

education, bar admission, and experience. Regarding education, holding a Bachelor's
degree in Law or a Juris Doctor (JD) degree from an accredited law school is essential. For
bar admission, a license to practice law in the relevant state or jurisdiction is mandatory.
Concerning experience, most companies prefer candidates with several years of post-
qualification experience (PQE) gained in a law firm or within a government agency. The
specific number of years can vary depending on the role, with entry-level positions
potentially requiring 1-3 years, while senior roles may need 8-15+ years of experience.
However, some smaller organizations or startups might consider recent graduates.
Furthermore, a strong understanding of relevant legal principles, concepts, laws,
regulations, and practices is crucial. Specific knowledge in areas like corporate law,
contract law, data privacy, or a particular industry can be highly beneficial. Lastly, beyond
legal expertise, several skills are vital for in-house counsel, such as strong analytical and
problem-solving abilities, excellent written and verbal communication skills, effective
negotiation and interpersonal skills, good organizational and time-management skills,
sound business judgment and the ability to align legal advice with business goals, the
capacity to work both independently and as part of a team, and increasingly, digital literacy
and familiarity with legal technology are also important.

3.3. Career Progression

The career trajectory for an in-house counsel is marked by a spectrum of opportunities for
professional evolution, extending both vertically within the legal hierarchy and horizontally
into the broader business operations of the organization. A conventional and frequently
pursued path involves a progressive ascent through the ranks of the legal department. This
typically begins with foundational roles such as Legal Counsel or Corporate Counsel,
serving as crucial building blocks for more senior positions. As experience and expertise
accumulate, individuals may advance to become Senior Counsel, taking on more complex
legal matters and potentially mentoring junior colleagues. Further progression can lead to
roles like Managing Counsel, where responsibilities often include overseeing specific legal
teams or practice areas. The leadership track continues with positions such as Associate
General Counsel and Deputy General Counsel, where strategic involvement and broader
oversight of legal functions become increasingly central. The pinnacle of this traditional
path is the role of General Counsel or Chief Legal Officer (CLO), a position that often
entails direct engagement with executive leadership, shaping the company's legal strategy,
and managing all legal risks and compliance matters. Each step up this ladder is typically
accompanied by an expansion of responsibilities, often involving the management of larger
teams, the handling of more intricate and high-stakes legal issues, and a greater degree of
strategic influence within the company.

However, career growth for in-house counsel is not solely confined to formal hierarchical
promotions. Professionals can also experience significant development by "growing in
place." This involves proactively seeking and assuming new responsibilities within their
existing roles, deliberately expanding their legal expertise into diverse areas relevant to the
company's evolving needs, or spearheading more complex and impactful projects. This
form of growth allows for continuous learning and the development of a broader skillset,
enhancing an individual's value to the organization without necessarily requiring a change
in title.

An increasingly common and compelling career avenue for in-house counsel involves a
transition into the core business functions of the organization. The unique vantage point
and skill set cultivated within a legal role – encompassing risk assessment, strategic
thinking, a deep understanding of regulatory frameworks, and a nuanced comprehension of
business operations – can prove invaluable in various business capacities. Consequently,
in-house lawyers may find opportunities in roles such as Chief Diversity Officer, leveraging
their understanding of legal and ethical considerations in fostering inclusive environments;
Chief Human Resource Officer, where their knowledge of employment law and
organizational dynamics is highly relevant; or within departments such as compliance,
where their expertise in regulatory adherence is paramount, or even procurement, where
their negotiation and contract law skills are highly transferable. This transition allows legal
professionals to apply their analytical and problem-solving abilities in a different context,
contributing directly to the company's strategic and operational goals.

For those aspiring to the highest echelons of the legal department, specifically the role of
Chief Legal Officer (CLO), a deliberate and strategic approach is essential. This often
necessitates cultivating strong relationships with the company's board of directors,
demonstrating a keen understanding of the broader business landscape and financial
considerations, and deeply internalizing the organization's unique culture and values.
Crucially, building a consistent track record as a trusted and insightful business partner
early in one's career lays a vital foundation for future aspirations of becoming a CLO. This
involves not just providing legal advice, but also understanding the business implications
of legal decisions and contributing to the overall strategic direction of the company.

Furthermore, a growing trend in corporate legal departments is the implementation of

formal succession planning. Recognizing the importance of leadership continuity,
companies are increasingly identifying and grooming high-potential legal talent for future
leadership roles. This can sometimes manifest in the strategic hiring of a Deputy General
Counsel with the explicit intention of facilitating their promotion to General Counsel within
a defined timeframe, ensuring a smooth transition and the retention of valuable institutional
knowledge.

In conclusion, the career landscape for in-house counsel is dynamic and multifaceted,
offering a rich array of opportunities for continuous professional development and
advancement. Whether through traditional hierarchical progression within the legal
department, strategic expansion of responsibilities within a current role, a transition into
the broader business operations, or targeted preparation for executive leadership, in-house
counsel have diverse pathways to cultivate fulfilling and impactful careers within the
corporate environment.
 4. Academia

In the field of academic law, law graduates aim to become legal researchers at academic
institutions or law teachers in universities and law schools. In Vietnam, law teachers often
engage in legal research, and legal researchers sometimes serve as guest lecturers.
However, there remain clear differences between a legal researcher and a law teacher.
While legal research is undoubtedly important, this document focuses solely on the role,
responsibilities, and career progression of law teachers.
4.1. Overview

Law teachers primarily engage in legal instruction. Depending on their qualifications, they
may teach in various programs. Professors, associate professors, or those holding a Doctor
of Law degree with high research competency typically teach across all academic levels28.
In contrast, teachers holding a Doctor of Law degree are eligible to teach in both Master of
Law and Bachelor programs29, while those with a Master of Law degree usually instruct in
the Bachelor program30.
Law teachers also participate in building and developing academic programs. They design
course outlines, establish specialized topics, and identify the key issues to be conveyed to
learners. Additionally, they compile course materials such as textbooks, reference books,
and other relevant resources.
Finally, one of the key responsibilities of law teachers is to participate in legal research
activities. They organize, attend, provide commentary on, and report on legal seminars and
conferences. Additionally, they instruct students on developing their research topics.
4.2. Professional Requirements

Law teaching is a profession requiring high qualifications. Depending on the university or

law school, law graduates must meet specific requirements.

28 According to Article 10(4)(a) of Circular No. 17/2021/TT-BGDĐT

29 According to Article 10(3)(a) of Circular No.17/2021/TT-BGDĐT

30 According to Article 10(2)(a) of Circular No. 17/2021/TT-BGDĐT

At Hanoi Law University, an announcement issued on November 16, 202331, establishes
that law graduates must be Vietnamese citizens residing in the country, possess not only
the academic credentials of a Master of Law but also maintain a clean personal record and
meet age requirements. They are expected to demonstrate strong political integrity and
ethical standards, be in good health, and exhibit the necessary teaching and research
abilities. Moreover, candidates should show a professional demeanor suitable for the
classroom while proving their proficiency in English and basic information technology as
dictated by current regulations, along with complying with any additional requirements
specific to individual teaching positions.
Similarly, at the University of Law under Vietnam National University, Hanoi, a separate
announcement from October 14, 202432, outlines a comparable framework for aspiring law
educators. Here, candidates are also required to be Vietnamese nationals living in Vietnam,
possess robust health, and have an unblemished background. In this context, the academic
requirement is more flexible, accepting degrees in law at the bachelor's, master's, or
doctoral level, provided that candidates demonstrate the requisite proficiency in English
and basic IT skills as per the latest guidelines. Above all, both teaching and research
capabilities are essential, as these skills are central to ensuring that educators can provide
high-quality legal instruction and contribute to academic scholarship.
Though there are nuanced differences between the criteria of different institutions, the
essential qualities for becoming a law teacher in Vietnam remain consistent. Applicants
must possess sound academic credentials, maintain good health, and have a clean record
while being proficient in both English and modern information technology. Most
importantly, an effective blend of teaching and research skills is indispensable for those
who wish to thrive in the academic realm of law teaching.

4.3. Career Progression

31Announcement of recruitment of civil servants of Hanoi Law University,

https://hlu.edu.vn/Images/Post/files/Phong%20TCCB/2023/Thông%20báo%20tuyển%20dụng%20viên%20chức%202023%20(1).
pdf accessed 14/5/2025

32 https://vnu.edu.vn/upload/2024/10/35733/file/TB%20tuyển%20dụng_0001.pdf accessed 14/5/2025

Law teachers enjoy a remarkably diverse array of employment opportunities that reflect
both the depth and breadth of legal academia. They may choose to work in law schools,
where the focus is intensely on law teaching and where they engage directly in teaching
specialized courses that prepare students for careers in the legal profession. In these
settings, law teachers are immersed in environments that are exclusively dedicated to law,
enabling them to concentrate their efforts on advancing legal theory, engaging in rigorous
research, and mentoring students through comprehensive, practice-oriented education.

At the same time, law teachers frequently find opportunities within the law faculties of
universities that offer a multitude of disciplines. In these broader academic communities,
they not only impart legal knowledge but also contribute to interdisciplinary research and
curriculum development that bridges law with fields such as business, political science, and
social studies. This diversity in teaching environments allows them to participate in rich
academic exchanges, collaborate with experts from other disciplines, and influence a wider
spectrum of academic programs by integrating legal perspectives into various fields of
study.

Furthermore, the role of a law teacher is not confined to a single institution. Many teachers
take on additional responsibilities as visiting lecturers at other universities, thereby
broadening their professional reach and sharing their expertise with a broader student
audience. This flexibility in teaching assignments means that while they maintain their
primary commitments at their home institutions, they also have the chance to engage with
different academic cultures and pedagogical strategies. Such experiences not only enhance
the quality of their own teaching and research but also contribute to the overall
advancement of law teaching by fostering collaboration and innovation across institutions.

This dynamic and multifaceted career landscape for law teachers underscores the value of
legal expertise in higher education. It provides a platform for teachers to continually grow,
learn, and influence both the academic and practical realms of law. These varied
opportunities enable law teachers to shape legal teaching in a way that is responsive to
evolving societal needs, ensuring that the next generation of legal professionals is well-
equipped to navigate the complexities of modern legal practice

III. Job opportunities outside the field of law

While many law graduates pursue traditional legal careers, a growing number are
successfully transitioning into non-legal fields where their skills are equally valued.
Industries such as human resources and finance actively seek professionals with strong
analytical thinking, attention to detail, and a deep understanding of regulatory
frameworks—core competencies developed through legal education. Whether working as
HR specialists, compliance officers, financial analysts, or corporate advisors, law graduates
are well-equipped to thrive in these interdisciplinary roles. This shift reflects the evolving
job market and highlights the versatility of a legal background in adapting to diverse
professional environments.

1. HR
1.1. Overview

Legal professionals are trained to think critically, communicate precisely, and understand
complex regulatory environments—core competencies that align naturally with key HR
functions. In fact, employment law, regulatory compliance, conflict resolution, and policy
development are areas where HR and law overlap significantly.

Moreover, HR offers an opportunity for more proactive and people-centric work. While
legal work can often be reactive—responding to litigation or regulatory issues—HR
involves shaping workplace culture, designing organizational policies, and supporting
employee well-being. This shift from adversarial to collaborative environments is a major
draw for those seeking more interpersonal engagement.

Furthermore, law graduates are uniquely positioned to navigate sensitive workplace issues
such as harassment investigations, disciplinary actions, or diversity and inclusion policies.
Their training in confidentiality, negotiation, and objective reasoning makes them well-
suited for roles in employee relations, compliance, and organizational ethics.
In a global economy, organizations value HR professionals who can interpret labor codes,
cross-border employment laws, and contracts—especially in multinational firms. Hence,
HR serves as both a practical and strategic career avenue for law graduates.

1.2. Professional Requirements

Although a legal education provides a solid foundation for understanding regulations and
corporate policies, transitioning into the field of Human Resources requires the acquisition
of new knowledge and competencies specific to the HR profession. Employers often seek
candidates who not only possess legal acumen but also demonstrate a clear understanding
of core HR functions such as recruitment, performance management, employee
engagement, and compensation planning1.

In addition to technical knowledge, soft skills play a critical role. Human Resources is
inherently a people-centered discipline, requiring emotional intelligence, conflict resolution
ability, and effective communication2. Law graduates, who are often trained in negotiation
and analytical reasoning, may already possess many of these attributes, but they must be
prepared to apply them in a more collaborative and empathetic context.

To strengthen their qualifications and gain industry credibility, many aspiring HR

professionals pursue certifications. Among the most widely recognized are the Professional
in Human Resources (PHR) from the Human Resource Certification Institute (HRCI), and
the SHRM-CP (Certified Professional) from the Society for Human Resource Management
(SHRM)3. These credentials signal proficiency in HR technical knowledge and practical
application, and they are particularly useful for those entering the profession without prior
HR experience. For those in the UK or planning to work with international companies, the
CIPD Level 5 Certificate in Human Resource Management is also highly regarded 4.

Some law graduates may choose to enhance their transition by enrolling in postgraduate
programs in Human Resource Management, especially if they aim for leadership positions
in large organizations. These programs offer structured learning on organizational behavior,
strategic HR planning, and workforce analytics, which are essential for modern HR roles 5.
 1.3. Career progression

The HR field offers a clear and structured career path, with multiple entry points and diverse
opportunities for specialization. For law graduates, the path typically begins in roles that
make direct use of their legal expertise—such as compliance officers, employee relations
coordinators, or HR assistants focusing on policy development and workplace
investigations6.

At the early stage of their HR career, individuals gain practical experience in organizational
operations and employee management. These roles provide exposure to day-to-day HR
functions, allowing former law students to adapt their problem-solving skills to a corporate
environment. Over time, as their HR knowledge deepens, professionals can transition into
more specialized positions such as HR Generalist, Recruitment Specialist, or Learning and
Development Coordinator7.

As they gain experience and leadership capabilities, law graduates can progress into mid-
level roles including HR Business Partner, where strategic thinking and cross-functional
collaboration are essential. In this position, professionals are expected to align HR practices
with organizational goals, manage change initiatives, and provide guidance to senior
management on people-related issues. The legal background becomes particularly useful in
handling sensitive issues such as contracts, disciplinary procedures, and risk management 8.

At the senior level, career opportunities include positions such as HR Manager, Director of
People Operations, or Chief Human Resources Officer (CHRO). These leadership roles
require a comprehensive understanding of business strategy, organizational culture, and
ethical governance. Legal expertise is a distinct advantage at this stage, as HR leaders are
increasingly involved in mergers and acquisitions, international employment compliance,
and the design of equitable workplace policies9.

In conclusion, the HR career path offers law graduates a meaningful and progressive
professional journey. It allows them to utilize their legal background while expanding their
influence in areas such as organizational development, strategic planning, and employee
engagement. With the right combination of qualifications, practical experience, and a
people-focused mindset, they can build a successful and impactful career beyond traditional
legal roles.

2. Finance

In recent years, many law graduates, who were once expected to follow linear paths into
legal practice, are now exploring dynamic career options outside the courtroom 33. One of
the most notable trends in the past decade has been the migration of law graduates into the
finance industry. This transition is not only growing in popularity but is also widely
accepted by financial institutions that recognize the value of a legal background. The shift
is driven by the finance sector’s dynamic nature, attractive compensation packages, and the
increasing convergence between legal frameworks and financial operations.

2.1. Overview

Jobs in the finance sector offer dynamic and rewarding career opportunities for individuals
with strong analytical, numerical, and strategic thinking skills. The field encompasses a
wide range of roles that focus on managing money, analyzing financial performance,
ensuring compliance, and advising on investment decisions. Professionals in this sector
play a critical role in help

The finance sector is a natural fit for many law graduates. The academic rigour of a law
degree fosters skills that are highly transferable to financial roles. These include analytical
thinking, complex problem-solving, research competence, and critical reasoning. Legal
education trains students to break down complicated texts, construct persuasive arguments,
and examine risk — all essential skills in finance.

In particular, attention to detail and risk awareness are two critical strengths law graduates
bring to the table. In finance, decisions involving millions or even billions of dollars often
hinge on fine details — whether in a contract, regulation, or investment prospectus. Law

33 Untapped opportunities for law graduates in the Banking and Finance industry,
https://www.barandbench.com/columns/untapped-opportunities-for-law-graduates-in-the-banking-finance-industry , accessed on
May 15, 2025
graduates are well-prepared to handle such responsibility due to their experience with legal
analysis, where precision and cautious judgment are paramount.

Moreover, law graduates possess a deep understanding of legal frameworks, regulations,

and contracts, which are core to many financial operations. From corporate governance and
securities law to banking compliance and mergers and acquisitions, the intersection of law
and finance is substantial. This overlap gives law graduates a unique advantage, particularly
in roles that demand legal interpretation and adherence to strict regulatory environments.

2.2. Professional Requirements

While a law degree offers a solid foundation in critical thinking, analysis, and regulatory
understanding, entering the finance sector typically requires the development of additional,
finance-specific skills. Financial institutions today increasingly seek professionals who can
bridge the gap between legal expertise and financial acumen—combining knowledge of
laws and regulations with numerical literacy, data interpretation, and economic insight.

To qualify for such roles, candidates typically need to have completed a Bachelor of Laws
(LL.B.) degree or be in the final stages of their legal education. Strong research and
analytical skills are crucial, as is attention to detail when reviewing contracts or drafting
internal policy documents. Proficiency with financial software and databases—such as
Microsoft Excel, Bloomberg Terminal, or Thomson Reuters—is often expected, especially
in roles involving data analysis or financial reporting34. For example, a law graduate
working in a private equity firm might use these tools to conduct legal due diligence during
acquisitions, ensuring target companies comply with corporate and securities law before
investment decisions are made.

Moreover, to meet these evolving demands, many law graduates choose to upskill through
online platforms such as Coursera, edX, or LinkedIn Learning. These courses often cover
essential topics like accounting, corporate finance, and investment principles. In addition

34Hard Skills Financial Software Proficiency: 5 Key Areas for 2025 Career Growth, https://yournextresume.com/career-
development/hard-skills-financial-software-proficiency-5-key-areas-for-2025-career-growth/ , accessed on May 15, 2025
to self-paced learning, pursuing professional certifications is another common pathway.
The Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) Level 1, for instance, provides a strong foundation
in ethics, economics, quantitative methods, and financial reporting 35. Similarly, the
Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) qualification is highly valued for
those interested in accounting-focused roles36, while the Investment Foundations
Certificate serves as a lighter, introductory alternative to the CFA.

Beyond academic and technical qualifications, gaining practical experience is crucial.

Internships or short-term placements in banks, investment firms, or regulatory bodies offer
hands-on exposure to financial operations and help build valuable industry networks. These
real-world experiences not only reinforce technical knowledge but also demonstrate
commitment to a finance career—often serving as a key entry point into the sector.

2.3. Career Progression:

Law graduates entering the finance sector often find a clear and rewarding path for career
advancement. Most begin in entry-level roles such as Compliance Analyst, Junior Risk
Analyst, or Legal Assistant within a finance team. These positions offer valuable exposure
to financial systems, regulatory requirements, and the internal operations of financial
institutions, serving as a strong foundation for future growth.

As professionals gain experience and deepen their understanding of both finance and
regulation, they often progress into mid-level roles such as Risk Manager, Finance Legal
Advisor, Corporate Governance Analyst, or Associate in Compliance or Corporate Finance.
At this stage, individuals are expected to take on greater responsibilities, provide strategic
input, and manage teams or projects.

35 7 Benefits of CFA Charter You Should Know, https://300hours.com/benefits-of-cfa/ , accessed on May 15, 2025

36Top 15 ACCA Benefits: Reasons to pursue this global qualification, https://www.theknowledgeacademy.com/blog/acca-

benefits/#:~:text=The%20ACCA%20%28Association%20of%20Chartered%20Certified%20Accountants%29%20is,career%20pr
ospects%2C%20as%20well%20as%20diverse%20job%20opportunities. , accessed on May 15, 2025
With continued professional development—such as completing the full CFA program,
earning an MBA, or gaining specialized experience—law graduates can advance to senior
leadership roles. These include positions like Head of Compliance, Vice President of Risk,
Chief Legal & Risk Officer, or even Finance Director. Such roles involve overseeing major
business functions, guiding regulatory strategy, and shaping corporate governance at the
highest level.

In some cases, professionals choose to pivot into investment management, mergers and
acquisitions advisory, or the fintech sector, particularly if they have an interest in
technology and innovation. These alternative paths allow law graduates to combine their
legal expertise with evolving trends in finance, often leading to entrepreneurial or high-
impact careers.

Moreover, as globalization and digital transformation continue to reshape industries, the

demand for professionals who can bridge legal knowledge with business, governance, and
innovation is rapidly increasing. Law graduates who are open to upskilling and exploring
new sectors can find fulfilling and impactful careers outside the courtroom. This trend
underscores the fact that a law degree is not merely a path to legal practice, but a gateway
to a wide range of dynamic and influential career opportunities.

VII. Conclusion
The legal profession presents a remarkably diverse landscape of career paths, extending
well beyond the traditional image of courtroom lawyers. Evidencing this shift is the
increasing prevalence of in-house counsel roles across various sectors, from technology and
finance to healthcare. These positions offer attorneys the opportunity to become integral to
a single organization, contributing to its strategic objectives and navigating a wide range of
legal matters, including compliance, contracts, and intellectual property.

Beyond the corporate realm, the legal field also encompasses significant opportunities in
government, non-profit organizations, and academia. Lawyers can specialize in numerous
areas such as environmental law, human rights, or international law, catering to varied
interests and societal needs. Furthermore, the evolving nature of the profession, driven by
globalization and technological advancements, continues to generate new roles like legal
technologists, demanding a broader skillset from legal professionals. Whether in private
practice, corporate legal departments, or other sectors, a career in law offers a multitude of
avenues for individuals passionate about justice and problem-solving, shaped by the
continuous advancements in society and technology.
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4. Hanoi Law University, Report No. 5150/BC-DHLHN dated December 9, 2022 on the
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