BONE (OSSEUS)
TISSUE
BONE (OSSEUS)
TISSUE
• VASCULARIZED, rigid form of CT constituting
most of the skeleton of higher vertebrates.
• Has all the basic components of CT.
• Extracellular matrix: components are heavily
mineralized with calcium, making it hard and
brittle.
• Dynamic plastic tissue that constantly undergoes
internal reconstruction in order to adapt to new
stresses.
• Serves as the storage depot for 99% of the
body’s calcium, 85% of phosphorus and 65%
of sodium and magnesium.
BONE MATRIX
• Made up of both inorganic and organic
components.
• Inorganic components – hydroxyapatite crystals
which are made up of a combination of calcium,
phosphate, and hydroxyl ion.
• Inorganic constituents – impart strength,
inflexibility, and hardness to the bone.
• Organic framework – which the minerals are
deposited is made up of proteoglycans,
glycosaminoglycans (chondroitin 4-sulfate),
glycoproteins (sialoproteins and osteocalcin) and
Type I collagen fibers.
4 TYPES OF CELLS
PRESENT IN
ACTIVELY
GROWING BONE
1. OSTEOPROGENITOR
CELLS
• Derived from undifferentiated mesenchymal
cells
• Have the capacity for mitosis and for further
structural and functional specialization.
• Usually found adjacent to newly formed bone
matrix
2. OSTEOBLASTS
• Originate from the osteoprogenitor cells
• Are squamous, cuboidal, or columnar cells with
a basophilic cytoplasm.
• Responsible for formation of bone matrix
• Found on surfaces of developing bones.
3. OSTEOCYTES
• Mature, principal cells of fully formed bone found
inside the lacunae, which are embedded into the
calcified interstitial matrix.
• Flattened cells with an oval nucleus
• Responsible for the maintenance of the
mineralized bone matrix
4. OSTEOCLASTS
• Giant, multi nucleated cells
• Commonly seen in areas where active bone
resorption occurs.
• In developing bones, they are commonly
residing within shallow cavities called Howship’s
lacunae.
TYPES OF BONE
1. SPONGY/
CANCELLOUS BONE
• Has trabeculae or spicules of mineralized
tissue with empty spaces between
trabeculae.
• In an intact living bone, the regions between the
bony spicules are filled with bone marrow.
• Osteocytes and abundant blood vessels lie
within the immediate vicinity of this bone.
• They occupy greater part of the epiphysis of
long bones.
2. COMPACT/
DENSE BONE
• Solid mass occupying the shaft or diaphysis of long bones.
• Most typical and distinctive microscopic feature: presence of
Haversian systems or osteons.
• Osteons – lamellae of mineralized matrix filled with osteocytes that
are concentrically arranged around a vascular channel known as the
haversian or central canal.
• Between haversian systems are layers of matrix called interstitial
lamellae.
• Volkmann’s canals - vascular channels connect adjacent haversian
canals.
• Periosteum – specialized CT surrounding the periphery of bone.
• Endosteum – supporting tissue lining the medullary canal of bones.
OSSIFICATION/
OSTEOGENESIS
OSTEOGENESIS
• Or the Histogenesis of bone – refers to the
development, growth, and maturation of bones.
Bones can be formed in 2 ways:
1. Intramembranous ossification – occurs in richly
vascularized mesenchymal membrane where the
condensation of its constituent mesenchymal cells
leads to its differentiation into osteoblast cells to
form the primary bone tissue.
- It is through this ossification process that most of
the flat bones are formed, though the process also
contributes to the growth of short bones and the
thickening of long bones.
OSTEOGENESIS
• Or the Histogenesis of bone – refers to the
development, growth, and maturation of bones.
Bones can be formed in 2 ways:
2. Endochondral/ intracartilaginous
ossification – relies on the presence of hyaline
cartilage with shape resembling a small version of
the bone to be formed.
- This process is well demonstrated in the
development of short and long bones and is the
method of ossification that allows functional
stresses to be sustained during skeletal growth.
OSTEOGENESIS
• Both ossification process involve formation of
osteoblasts that synthesize and secrete the osteoid,
followed by mineral deposition, and then bone
remodeling at resorption sites.
• In long bones, the formation of ossification centers is
crucial in the developmental process.
• Diaphysis – primary ossification center formed.
- Site of increased bone diameter
• Epiphysis – location of secondary center of
ossification.
- Important site in the longitudinal growth of
OSTEOGENESIS
• The bony shaft is separated from the bony
epiphysis at a region known as the epiphyseal
plate.
• At this site 5 zones of osteogenesis can be
identified:
1. Zone of Reserve Cartilage (Resting Zone)
2. Zone of Proliferation
3. Zone of Maturation and Hypertrophy
4. Zone of Cartilage Degeneration (Calcified
Cartilage)
5. Osteogenic (Ossification Zone)
