• Heat engine - A machine for converting
Heat (developed by burning fuel) - useful work
Thermal energy - mechanical energy
CLASSIFICATION
1. Based on combustion of fuel
• External combustion engine - working medium is steam, that is generated in a boiler, located
outside the engine
• Internal combustion engine - combustion of fuel takes place inside the engine cylinder
2. Based ignition of fuel
• Spark ignition engine (Carburetor type engines) - constant volume combustion (C.V.C.) - petrol
• Compression ignition engine( injector type engines) - constant pressure combustion (C.P.C.) -
diesel
3. Based on working cycle
• Four stroke cycle engine - When the cycle is completed in two revolutions of the crankshaft, it is
called four stroke cycle engine
• Two stroke cycle engine. - When the cycle is completed in one revolution of the crankshaft, it is
called two stroke cycle engine
4. Based on fuel used
1. Diesel engine
2. Petrol engine
3. Gas engine
• Diesel engine – Diesel is used as fuel
• Petrol engine – Petrol is used as fuel
• Gas engines – propane, butane or methane gases are used
5. According to engine speed:
• Low speed engine: crankshaft speed less than 350 rpm.
• Medium speed engine: crankshaft speed between 350 - 1000 rpm.
• High speed engine: crankshaft speed more than 1000 rpm.
• Stroke bore ratio = stroke length / diameter of bore
varies between - 1 to 1.45
tractor engines - 1.25
• Compression ratio: total volume / clearance volume
SI engines - 8 to 12
CI engines - 12 to 24
• Power: It is the rate of doing work. The measurement of power of the engine is done by an
instrument called dynamometer.
• Horse power is the power needed to raise 75 kg a distance of one meter in one second or 4500
kg a distance of one meter in one minute.
• Indicated Horse Power (IHP)
• Power developed by all the cylinders and received by pistons, without friction and losses within
the engine
IHP = PLAN X/1 (for two stroke engine)
60 x 10^12
IHP = PLAN X /2 (for four stroke engine)
60 x 10 ^12
P - Mean effective pressure in Kg/cm²
L- Length of the piston stroke in meters
A -Cross sectional area of piston in cm²
N- speed of the engine (rev/min)
n - Number of cylinders in the engine
Brake horse power (B.H.P): available at the end of the crankshaft
Frictional horse power (F.H.P): power required to run the engine without producing any
useful work
F.H.P= I.H.P - B.H.P
I.H.P = B.H.P + F.H.P
THERMAL EFFICIENCY = POWER PRODUCED
FUEL USED
MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY = BHP
IHP
Piston speed (Np): For high speed tractor engine - 300 to 500 m/min.
A piston pin called gudgeon pin or wrist pin
Flywheel - smoothing the uneven torque – cast iron
Cylinders - made high- grade cast iron
Piston - Aluminum and its alloys
Skirt: It is that portion of the piston below the piston pin
Connecting rod - drop forged steel
crankshaft - drop forged steel or cast steel
Camshaft – Rotates half the speed of the crankshaft in four-stroke engine
Timing gear - Camshaft gear is bigger in size than that of the crankshaft gear and it has twice
as many teeth as that of the crankshaft gear so, this gear is commonly called half time gear
Calorific value - The heat liberated by combustion of a fuel is known as calorific value or
heat value of fuel
Petrol (11100 kcal/kg) (Calorific value)
Power kerosene (10850 kcal/kg)
Carburetion - The process of preparation of air-fuel mixture away from the engine cylinder
Best operating temp of IC engines is between 140⁰ F and 200⁰ F
40% of total heat produced is passed to atmosphere via exhaust, 30% is removed by cooling
and rest 30% is used to produce power
Lubrication is essential to
Reduce frictional effect
Helps cooling effect
Helps for sealing
Helps cleaning
Governing System - device to control the speed of the engine within the specified limit
R = [{N1-N2}/{(N1+N2)/2}] x 100 %
N1 – speed at no load, rpm
N2 – speed at full load, rpm
Governor hunting - Erratic variation of the speed of the governor when it over compensates
for speed changes
MODEL QUESTIONS
1. List the advantages of diesel engine
2. Mention the basic components of an IC Engine
3. List the types of engine classification
4. Mention the four strokes of IC engine with a neat sketch and explain their role
5. Differentiate petrol and diesel engine
6. Mention merits and demerits of different farm power sources.
7. Differentiate IHP and BHP
8. Write about the working of four stroke cycle engine
9. Write about the working of two stroke cycle engine
10. Compare four stroke cycle engines with two stroke cycle engine
11. Compare spark ignition engine with compression engine
