Summation& Multiplication Notations

Summation Notation 

In statistics and mathematics we need to take the sum over a number of

elements, for Example you might to compute the sum of the first 10 natural
numbers, you could write obviously as:
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 10 = 55.

If the number of elements to be added is large, writing every element in very cumbersome,
therefore we often write as:

1 + 2 + · · · + 10 = 55.

The elegant way to write is a standard mathematical notation, namely the Greek Capital letter
"Sigma" (S for sum). And it's donated by 
10

 i  55 This expression means sum the values, starting at i=1 and ending with i=10
i 1

Let X be random variable and it consist in the following data:100, 50, 25, 75. It means (
X 1  100, X 2  50, X 3  25,  X 4  75 ), then the sum of all observations of X written as:

n 4

X i  X i
i 1 i 1

X1X 2 X 3 X 4
 100  50  25  75  250

Example: if X i has the following data:

20, 30, 50, 80.

4 4 4 2 4 4

Find: 1- X
i 1
i
2- 
X
i 1
i
2
. 3-
( X i )
4- 
(X
i 1
i  10)
.5- 
2X
i 1
i
i 1

1
Specialty of Summation:
n
1- Constant: if C is constant then. c  nc
i 1
if C=6

 6  6  6  ........  6  9*6  54
i 1

n n n

2- Additively if X and Y are variables then  (X

i 1
i Y i )   X i  Y i
i 1 i 1

Example: let
Xi: 2, 5, 1, 3, 0
Yi: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50.
5

 (X
i 1
i Y i )  (2  10)  (5  20)  (1  30)  (3  40)  (0  50)  161
5 5

 X i  Y i  (2  5  1  3  0)  (10  20  30  40  50)  161

i 1 i 1

n n
3- Linearity if c is constant and Xi a random variable: cX i  c  X i
i 1 i 1

If variable Xi consist of the following data: 1, 2, 5, 6. And C is constant C=10.

10X
i 1
i  (10*1  10* 2  10*5  10*6)  140
4 4

10X
i 1
i  10 X i  10(1  2  5  6)  140
i 1

2
 Pie Notation  (Multiplication notation)

In statistics and mathematics, we need to take the Multiplication over a

number of elements, for Example you might to compute the Multiplication of the
first 5natural numbers, you could write obviously as:
1 * 2 * 3 * 4 * 5 =120

The elegant way to write is a standard mathematical notation, called Pie notation and its symbol

to Multiplication, And donated by 

5

 i  1* 2*3* 4*5  120

i 1

This expression means sum the values, starting at i=1 and ending with i=5

Let X be random variable and it consist in the following data:10, 5, 2, 1. It means (

X 1  10, X 2  5, X 3  2,  X 4  1 ), then the Multiplication of all observations of X:

n 4

X
i 1
i X
i 1
i  10*5* 2*1  100

Example: If X random variable with the data:

Xi: 4, 5, 6, 9
4 4 4 4
Find: 1-  X i 2-
i 1
 X i2 3-( ( X i )2 ) 4-
i 1 i 1
 (X
i 1
i  10)

4
1- X
i 1
i  x 1 * x 2 * x 3 * x 4  4*5*6*9  1080
4
2- X
i 1
i  x 12 * x 22 * x 32 * x 42  42 *52 *62 *92  16* 25*36* 49  1166400
4 4
3-  X i  1080  ( X i )2  (1080)2  1166400
i 1 i 1
4

 (X
i 1
i  10)  ( x 1  10) *( x 2  10) *( x 3  10) *( x 4  10)

4-  (4  10) *(5  10) *(6  10) *(9  10)

 (6) *(5) *( 4) *( 1)  120

3
 Specialty of Pie Notation  (Multiplication notation):
n

c  c
i 1
n

1- Constant: if C is constant then

9

5  5
i 1
9
 5*5*5*5.....*5  1953125
n n n
2-  (X i  y i )   X i   y i
i 1 i 1 i 1
Example: let
Xi: 2, 5, 1, 3, 0
Yi: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50.

 (X
i 1
i  y i )  (2  10) *(5  20) *(1  30) *(3  40) *(0  50)  19995000

5 5

X
i 1
i   y i  (2*5*1*3*0)  (10* 20*30* 40*50)  0  12000000
i 1

5 5 5
  (X i  y i )   X i   y i
i 1 i 1 i 1

3- Logarithm of products
n n
Log ( X ic )   cLog (x i )
i 1 i 1
n n
Log ( X i2 )   2Log (x i )
i 1 i 1

For example:
4
Log (X 1.X 2 .X 3 .X 4 )   Log (x i )
i 1

n
Example: find Log ( X i ) for this data xi: 4, 5, 6, 9.
i 1

n
Log ( X i )  Log (4.5.6.9)  Log (1080)  3.033
i 1

 Log (x
i 1
i )  Log (4)  Log (5)  Log (6)  Log (9)  3.033