To find the average velocity
Uarg
the
The average velocity is obtained by dividing
the sectional area
discharge of the fluid across
in which it is flowing
d Velocity at radius X area of ring element
dQ UX 2Ardr
dQ R2 r zardr
x
Q de R2 f utrdr
for fµ c
fi 17 R2 f rdr
2
tff EI FIR
Q t luf RI
µ T ot
Uarg T Eea
EFFIE
2
1uma
Pyare diop Is the sections
ideasection
i
I
shown in
1 I
É
Using J equation
5
811 81 R
I set
de
f 2 op 8
2
n
ME
8 ai se
R Py
P Pa 8NEpa a a
X L
But Xz
P Pz 8 N L
Ipa
P Pa 321 1
8104,42
Pig 324 2
so 34
[Link]
tfTiequationisknocas
Hagen
Poiseuille's
equation
Is
Laminarflowpandeweepgggaraigitatonangplate
Consider two parallel fixed plates kept at a
distance in the Consider
of t as shown fig
a fluid element
of length ax thickness ay and
unit width at a distance of from the lower
y
fixed plate
Parallel plate fixed
1111111
I 5474
EI FIFTH gene aye
y
[Link] I
Parallelplate
fixed
If p the intensity of pressure
is on face AB
Pt 8,1 ax is the
premiere
on face CD
E is the shear stress on face BC
the shear stress on face AD
ft Gay is
Then
Pressure force on AB Pray x 1
Pressure force CD
fax
on
p ay x I
shear force on BC exam x I
shear force on AD
ft Ey ay ax x1
Therefore resultant force in the direction
is zero
offlow
So
Iya It gym eat 4
If
81 ax ay
ggayax o
Dividing by ax
ay
ft Ey 0
87
181 o
r
t
now
so
of g ptg
8,1 nog
It
!$'
t
Integrating w v
y
fay o
w rit y
Integrating further
I 8.9 99 9
boundaries
To find c and ez applying
conditions
i at o u o
y
at 6 0
yet
So at y o u 0
0 0 C2 0
to C2
At yet 0 0
I Etc t t ca
o
Etc t to
c 8,4 fit
!$(
Now reduces to
eqn
u t t fat y to
14 532
24 14
velocity and shearstress distribution
uman
II Gif
Lumaxe
FEty !$)
The average velocity J or Varg is obtained by dividing
the discharge across the section
by the area of
section f x1
The rate of flow throughthe strip ABCD
da UX area of strip
da ty yr dy x1
fo'dg
ft Felty yr dy
o
E E
9
4 7 E E coffee
Q
4 tf t
Varg g
Varg
1uars
therefore
[Link] E z
y
I I
Pressuredny
Considering two section and as shown
i
From Varg
42,8ft
o
Integrating w it x btw and
Idp [Link]
x
Pa p Uarsf
Po p VargEd 74 9
Yea se L
Pe P 1210 L
Varg
or
Pi Pa Ugg 12µL
hp
Pig Ung 124g
[Link]
shstigdistribution
e
NG Felty y'T
2 101 4 291
4
12 71
14,4
and t
If I are constant e varies linearly
with y
shear stress is maximum when
y o ort pipewall
shear stress is zero when É pipe centre
y
Maximum shear stress
Imax is
leman
EEty
Plane Poi seville equation
Flow between two paralle
of viscous fluid
plates one
moving
and other fixed
plate Couette flow
Jet
stream of fluid
[Link]
F ma
IM
fav fail
IN
Impactofsets
E
af data
T
i
i
Pipe
Q 02 03
San again any
in x axis
FE changeoffyventum
For max
Fx
ME
E
IV
Ees fav Ur
Fx Sav Antialvelocity Final velocity
conidifigibu stead inviscid
Impact of Jets
stationary plates
vertical plate
stationary
Force exerted by jet
a of water on a
fixed plate
stationary
[Link]
Pipe
L y
f
4,441g
H I
consider a jet of water out from
coming fixed
a nozzle of diameter'd strikes
a
shown in the
plate with velocity'v
as
figure cross section
Let a be the area of
of the jet
From the momentum equation
Force exerted bythe jet rate of change of
on the plate momentum
Findmmetum
F Initium
time
ma Initial velocity final velocity
F me
F fav V o
Belait
Similarly
ma Initial velocity final velocity
Fy me
v
far o
Fy
Fy
Stationary Inclined plate
ninolined
waterona
Force exated by jet of
a
plates
stationary water
No226no jetof
AV
fixedpig
vs
I c
oi
he
F Fncos910 O FuSind Fu is the normal
FucosO force
Fg FnSinko O
Now dirn is
X
Force in
Foc Fn Sind
Fa since
my Initialcity Finn
since
Fx fav V sino o
fav o since cos O
Fy
9aV2sinOcos
D
Stationarycurvedplatiforce corned
exerted by jet
a on a
stationary
plate at the centre AVsin0
[Link]
Foe Massine thirteiffity finalvelocity
Be fav V C vcoso
Fx fav2 Hcos
1
fav o vsino
Fg
fav2sinO
Ty
curved plate
Stationary
Forceexertedbythejetonafixed
angentially
cymedplateatoneendl
I met
t d vaso
fav Vaso C vooso
F
Foe 2 fav OSO
Fy fav vsinfo Vsino
O
Fg
Movingplatey
Force exerted by jet
a on a moving vertical plate
yetof
water plate
i
if iii
Iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
Consider a
jet of water from a nozzle
of diameter'd strikes a movable plate As
a
result the plate moves with um Is away
be the velocity
from the jet Let Vmls
of the jet of water
F rate of change of momentum
F Matisse Invietiffity Finnedcity
Ee lad u
H V o
[Link]
fafV u o cu ul
Fy
[Link]
Movable Inclined plate
Force exated by jet of
a onanined
movable plate
Northno et EaF t
7 b
y My f
g i
he she y
F Fucos910 O FuSind Fu is the normal
FucosO force
Fg FnSinko O
Now dirn is
X
Force in
Foc Fn Sind
Fa since
my Initialcity Finagle
F fa U LV ul Sino o since
Fx 9av sin
Fy Fucose
faf o o
f 01since coso
Fy
Fg fad UI since cos
Movingcurved plate
corned
Force exerted by jeta on a
moving
plate at the centre Hino
v
ft
is
i
k ut
e
Fa
Ma
me
thirteiffity finalvelocity
C t U cosoD
Foe law o
d u
T
2
u ltcoso
IFx faf
Fy fad CV
u o o since
[Link]
IFye fafv
Moving curved plate
movable
Forceexertedbythejetona
[Link] tangentiay
since
is
g i
Since
a v o
u cosO
µ
BE lad o
d o Coo C C ulcosoD
2cosoJ
Fx 2fa u
Fye fad 07kV ossific d u no
1Fy
nozzle
Ajet of water from a is
deflected through 600 from its original
direction by a curved plate which
it enters tagentially without shock with
and leaves with a
a
velocity of 30m15
the discharge
velocity of 25m15 If Calculate
from the nozzle is 08kg1
and direction of resultant
the magnitude
mi o
8kgIs
Vi 30m15
ii 2
25 Mls
tomato
Fe 0.8 30 2509600
Fx 14 N lay
mi o Yasin Goo
Remitant F FEET
Fy
0.810 12.5
F FEE
Fyi IF TT
22
Fy 1732N
water of diameter 75mm strikes
A jet of at its centre with a velocity
a curved plate
corned is moving
of 20m Is The plate
the direction
with a velocity of 8 mls in
an
The jet is deflected through
of the jet exerted by
the force
angle of 165 Find
i
done second
ii work per
the jet on the plate
and his Efficiency of
IÉÉÉ4fyI gm
1800 1650 150
0
Sal o c u fr okay
Fx
Fx fat u I Cosa
Fx 1000 x 0.075120 8 I It cos150
Fx 125kN
Power of the jet Exo
worked 1.25 8
IO KW
Efficiency of thejet Ygitchyise
7 E
X 20 202
17412
56
É
I
f 094 for Re btw400988
At a sudden enlargement of a
water main
the hydraulic
to diameter
from 240mm 480mm
10mm Estimate the rate of
gradient rises by
flow
at Eg L Ig
Hydraulic gradient
o OI M
10 Mm
Head loss due to sudden enlargement
WEE If
0.2402
a Id I
Az I 0.480
V2 4 V2
V
g
4 9
so he
Eg 11
Bernoulli's exp
Igt Igt
h
Igt Yg the the
that 91g
Ig E
2
Igt Yg
1
I 91g gth
I
[Link]
m
0.482 X 0 181
Q A2V2
I
32.75 lt s 0 3m
LQ
Fightin
over building
trees plant
automobiles
air
crafts
air External
flow
Resultant force of pressure and shear
forces acting on the entire surface of
the body
Component of the resultant pressure and
shear forces acting in the flow
direction is called as the drag force
or drag
the resultant and
Component of pressure
shear forces acting normal to the
flow direction is called as lift force or
f
Ir GRFF Dragforce
Lift force will move the body
in that direction
force will resist the flow
Drag
of the body
ÉÉÉÉE
Pressure and shear
Lift forces
Drag Pressure and shear
forces
IF I Viva
free stream
I
velocity
r
lues
Free stream velocity The velocity of the
fluid approaching a body
Incompressible flows
Flow over building automobiles trees
Ma o 3
Compressible flows
Flow over aircrafts highspeeds rockets
missiles
blunt body
Bluff body abuilding trees
block the flow of air
Stream line body air crafts
with
body is having a shape align
stream lines of the flow
IF
Dragandlift
TÉÉÉ
endA
d Fp Pda co so TwdA Sino
d f Pd A sino end A coso
Drag force F
body
J
A
dFp
f
A
Pdacoso ewdasino
Lift force E
on body Idf fA Pdasinotendacoso
F and F depends on density f ofthe
fluid upstream velocity V size shape
and orientation of the body
Drag co efficient Cpt Ifp
Lift co efficient C
If
where A is the frontal area planearea
normal to the direction of flow
v2 dynamic pressure
If
A a ofdifferent
cylinder
DI
A LD
FIT A DAD
TE
A it
0,1
I Osphere A
I
