LEARNING OUTCOME (LO):
A t t h e e n d o f t h i s c h a p t e r, s t u d e n t s
should be able to:
Familiarize with the
terminologies, concepts and
practices relating to technical
drawing. (W1)
Produce or thographic, isometric
a n d s e c t i o n a l d r aw i n g s m a n u a l l y.
(W2)
1
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No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any
form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the
prior permission of Faculty of Civil Engineering,
UiTM.
i
Table of Contents
1. ESSENTIAL DRAWING EQUIPMENTS ............................................................. 1
1.1 Let’s explore .................................................................................................. 2
1.2 Where do I stand? ......................................................................................... 6
2. ESSENTIAL DRAWING ELEMENTS .................................................................. 7
2.1 Let’s explore .................................................................................................. 8
2.1.1 Lines ....................................................................................................... 8
2.1.2 Lettering................................................................................................ 10
2.1.3 Dimensioning ........................................................................................ 11
2.1.4 Symbols ................................................................................................ 13
2.1.5 Abbreviations and Acronyms ................................................................ 18
2.1.6 Title Block ............................................................................................. 20
2.1.7 Scale..................................................................................................... 22
2.2 Practice makes perfect 2 (PMP2)................................................................ 24
3. ESSENTIAL GEOMETRIC CONSTRUCTION .................................................. 31
3.1 Let’s explore ................................................................................................ 32
3.2 Practice makes perfect 3 (PMP3)................................................................ 44
4. ESSENTIAL ORTHOGRAPHIC & ISOMETRIC PROJECTIONS...................... 59
4.1 Let’s explore ................................................................................................ 60
4.2 Practice makes perfect 4 (PMP4)................................................................ 79
5. ESSENTIAL SECTIONING ............................................................................. 109
5.1 Let’s explore .............................................................................................. 110
5.2 Practice makes perfect 5 (PMP5).............................................................. 112
6. APPENDIX ...................................................................................................... 116
ii
1. ESSENTIAL
DRAWING
EQUIPMENTS
1
1.1 LET’S EXPLORE
2
2. Pencil
3. Technical drawing pen
3
4. Color pencil 5. Regular ruler
6. Scale ruler 7. Curve ruler
4
8. Compass 9. Geometric template
10. Letters stencil 11. Drawing board/desk
5
1.2 WHERE DO I STAND?
6
2. ESSENTIAL
DRAWING
ELEMENTS
7
2.1 LET’S EXPLORE
2.1.1 LINES
Ref. Line Type Description Line Application Line
Thk. Coinci-
(mm) dence
Priority
A Continuous 0.7 Visible outlines and 1
thick edges
B Continuous 0.3 Dimension, 4,
thin projection* and leader 6*
lines, hatching,
outlines of revolved
sections, short center
lines, imaginary
intersections
C Continuous 0.3 Limits of partial or -
thin irregular interrupted views and
D Continuous 0.3 sections, if the limit is
thin straight not an axis
with zigzags
E Dashed thin 0.3 Hidden outlines and 2
edges
F Chain thin 0.3 Center lines, lines of 4
symmetry, trajectories
and loci, pitch lines
and pitch circles
G Chain thin, 0.3, Cutting planes 3
thick at ends 0.7
and changes of
direction
H Chain thin 0.3 Outlines and edges of 5
double dashed adjacent parts,
outlines and edges of
alternative and
extreme positions of
movable parts, initial
outlines prior to
forming bend lines on
developed blanks or
patterns
I Chain thick 0.7 Indication of surfaces -
which must meet
special requirements
Notes:
0.3 mm (H); 0.5 mm (HB); 0.7 mm (2B)
8
9
2.1.2 LETTERING
10
2.1.3 DIMENSIONING
11
12
2.1.4 SYMBOLS
13
14
15
16
17
2.1.5 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
AB air brick IWF interwoven fence (survey)
ABR alternate bars reversed (reinforcement) JCB J C Bamford – manufacturer of wheeled
excavators
AC alternating current or air conditioning JCT Joint Contracts Tribunal
ACoP approved code of practice Kg kilogramme
AIStructE Associate of the Institution of Structural kN kiloNewton
Engineers
ALT alternate, alternately (reinforcement) L light (survey)
AMIStructE Associate Member of the Institution of LA local authority
Structural Engineers
AMICE Associate Member of the Institution of Civil LL live load
Engineers
BBA British Board of Agrément LOLER Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment
Regulations 1998
BCA British Cement Association LP lamp post (survey)
BCO building control officer LSL laminated strand lumber
BCSA British Constructional Steelwork Association LSV lockshield valve (services)
BCWS boosted cold water service (services) M m metre
BH bore hole or beam height (survey) MC mass concrete or moderately conservative
BHWS boosted hot water service (services) MCW mains cold water (services)
BIG back inlet gully MDF medium density fibreboard
BLK blockwork MH manhole
BM bending moment or bench mark MHSW Management of health and Safety at Work
Regulations
BOQ bill of quantities MICE Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers
BRW brick retaining wall (survey) MIStructE Member of the Institution of Structural Engineers
BS British Standard Mm millimetre
BSI British Standards Institution MMMF man made mineral fibres
BW brick wall (survey) or builders' work (services) MS mild steel
BWF barbed wire fence (survey) N Newton
BWIC builders' work in connection with (services) NASC National Access and Scaffolding Confederation
BWK brickwork NF near face (reinforcement)
C cill height (survey) NRV non return valve (services)
CA contract administrator NTS not to scale
CAD computer aided design OD outside diameter or Ordnance datum
CAM computer aided manufacture OH over head
CBF close boarded fence (survey) OPC ordinary Portland cement
CBW concrete block wall (survey) P post
CC centre to centre PALF palisade fence (survey)
CDM Construction (Design and Management) PC precast concrete
Regulations
CE conformité européene PCC Portland cement concrete
CEng chartered engineer PF picket fence (survey)
CGI corrugated galvanized iron PFA pulverised fuel ash
CH ceiling height PFC parallel flange channel
CHS circular hollow section PKT pocket (RC)
CI cast iron PL, PLT plate (steel connection)
CIF corrugated iron fence (survey) PPE personal protective equipment, Personal
Protective Equipment at Work Regulations
CJt construction joint PRF post and rail fence (survey)
CL cover level or centre line PWD Permanent Works Designer
CLF chain link fence (survey) PWF post and wire fence (survey)
CP code of practice QS QS quantity surveyor
CPF concrete panel fence (survey) R render (survey)
CPS concrete paving slabs (survey) RAD radiator
CR crown height of arch (survey) RC reinforced concrete
CRS centres RE rodding eye (survey)
CRW concrete retaining wall (survey) RHPC rapid hardening Portland cement
CS Concrete Society RHS rectangular hollow section
CV commissioning valve (services) RIBA Royal Institute of British Architects
CW concrete wall (survey) RICS Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors
CWS cold water service (services) RMC ready-mixed concrete
CWT hundredweight RSA rolled steel angle
D diameter RSJ rolled steel joist
DC drain cock (services) RWP rain water pipe
DCV double check valve (services) SC stop cock
DHW domestic hot water SE structural engineer
DL dead load SHS square hollow section
DOV drain off valve (services) SI Systeme Internationale
18
DP down pipe SL soffite level or sky light or sill level
DPC damp-proof course SOL setting-out line
DPDT double pole double throw switch (electrical) SOP setting-out point
DPM damp-proof membrane SP soil pipe (services); arch springer height (survey)
DPST double pole single throw switch (electrical) SPDT single pole double throw switch (electrical)
DRG drawing SPS stone paving slabs (survey)
DS District Surveyor SPST single pole single throw switch (electrical)
DSSO double switched socket outlet (electrical) SRC sulphate resisting cement
ECB electricity control box SS stainless steel or simply supported or special
structural (timber)
ECUK Engineering Council United Kingdom SSL structural slab level
EL existing level SSSO single switched socket outlet (electrical)
EngTech engineering technician STG staggered (RC)
EPP expanded polypropylene or environmentally STR strainer (services)
preferred product
ERV expansion relief valve (services) SV safety valve (services)
FB flower bed (survey) or from below (services) SVP soil and vent pipe
FBTA from below to above (services) SW stone wall (survey)
FC flexible connection (services) TA to above (services)
FF far face (reinforcement) TBM temporary bench mark
FFL finished floor level TIStructE Technician of the Institution of Structural
Engineers
FH fire hydrant (survey) TMICE Technician Member of the Institution of Civil
Engineers
FICE Fellow of the Institution of Civil Engineers TOB top of beam
FIStructE Fellow of the Institution of Structural Engineers TOC top of concrete
FL floor level TOS top of steel
FoS factor of safety TOW top of wall
FS full size or fused spur (electrical) TP town planning or trial pit
FSC forest stewardship council (timber) TPO tree preservation order
G gully (survey) TPRV temperature/pressure relief valve (services)
GGBS ground granulated blastfurnace slag TWC temporary works coordinator
GS general structural (timber) TWS temporary works supervisor
H, HT window head height (survey) T&G tongued and grooved
HAC high alumina cement UB universal beam
HDF high density fibreboard UC universal column
HL high level UF urea formaldehyde
HSFG high strength friction grip (steel connection) UNO unless noted otherwise
HT high tensile U/S underside
HWS hot water service (services) UTL unable to lift (survey)
IC inspection cover (survey) or inspection V vent (survey)
chamber
ICE Institution of Civil Engineers VP vent pipe (survey)
ID inside diameter W window (survey)
IEng incorporated engineer WAHR Work at Height Regulations
IL invert level WL water level (survey)
INTER intermediate switch (electrical) WMF wire mesh fence (survey)
IRF iron railing fence (survey) WPF wooden panel fence (survey)
IStructE Institution of Structural Engineers Ø diameter
IV isolating valve (services)
19
2.1.6 TITLE BLOCK
20
21
2.1.7 SCALE
22
23
2.2 PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT 2 (PMP2)
Redraw the following lines according to the prescribed line type and thickness.
Line Type Line Thk. Your Line
(mm)
0.7
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3, 0.7
0.3
0.7
24
Write the texts according to the following instructions.
Text Text Instruction Your Text
Ht. Thk.
(mm) (mm)
3 0.5 Your name.
All letters
capitalized.
2 0.5 Your name.
First letter of
each word
capitalized.
3 0.5 Your course
registration
no.
4 0.5 Write
“Penang
postcode
10xxx–11xxx”
exactly.
5 0.5 Write
“UiTMPP tel.
+604-
3822888”
exactly.
25
26
27
28
29
30
3. ESSENTIAL
GEOMETRIC
CONSTRUCTION
31
3.1 LET’S EXPLORE
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
3.2 PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT 3 (PMP3)
Redraw the shapes of 1 through 26 as prescribed above (Sheet 1 of 15)
44
Redraw the shapes of 1 through 26 as prescribed above (Sheet 2 of 15)
45
Redraw the shapes of 1 through 26 as prescribed above (Sheet 3 of 15)
46
Redraw the shapes of 1 through 26 as prescribed above (Sheet 4 of 15)
47
Redraw the shapes of 1 through 26 as prescribed above (Sheet 5 of 15)
48
Redraw the shapes of 1 through 26 as prescribed above (Sheet 6 of 15)
49
Redraw the shapes of 1 through 26 as prescribed above (Sheet 7 of 15)
50
Redraw the shapes of 1 through 26 as prescribed above (Sheet 8 of 15)
51
Redraw the shapes of 1 through 26 as prescribed above (Sheet 9 of 15)
52
Redraw the shapes of 1 through 26 as prescribed above (Sheet 10 of 15)
53
Redraw the shapes of 1 through 26 as prescribed above (Sheet 11 of 15)
54
Redraw the shapes of 1 through 26 as prescribed above (Sheet 12 of 15)
55
Redraw the shapes of 1 through 26 as prescribed above (Sheet 13 of 15)
56
Redraw the shapes of 1 through 26 as prescribed above (Sheet 14 of 15)
57
Redraw the shapes of 1 through 26 as prescribed above (Sheet 15 of 15)
58
4. ESSENTIAL
ORTHOGRAPHIC &
ISOMETRIC
PROJECTIONS
59
4.1 LET’S EXPLORE
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
4.2 PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT 4 (PMP4)
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
5. ESSENTIAL
SECTIONING
109
5.1 LET’S EXPLORE
110
111
5.2 PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT 5 (PMP5)
112
113
114
115
6. APPENDIX
116
Draughting log (1 of 5)
What to draw? Describe elements one How to draw? Describe tools/functions
by one… used and process step by step…
117
Draughting log (2 of 5)
What to draw? Describe elements one How to draw? Describe tools/functions
by one… used and process step by step…
118
Draughting log (3 of 5)
What to draw? Describe elements one How to draw? Describe tools/functions
by one… used and process step by step…
119
Draughting log (4 of 5)
What to draw? Describe elements one How to draw? Describe tools/functions
by one… used and process step by step…
120
Draughting log (5 of 5)
What to draw? Describe elements one How to draw? Describe tools/functions
by one… used and process step by step…
121
122
