CORE EXPERIMENTS Study of Arrangement/Distribution of | Stomata in Dicot and Monocot Leaves Stomata are minute pores in the epidermal layer of aerial parts of plants. They are most \dant in leaves. A stoma is s@rounded by two specialiseMgpidermal cells, called guard ‘he guard cells are surroum@ed by a variable number idermal cells which are ‘he two guard cells of a stOQga, its aperture and the ite a stomatal apparatus. ally, stomata occur wes are said to be amphistmatic. Sometimes, r Mtomata than the Wggr surface, In the leaves o} ¥# ~ in monocotyledons, they are arranged in parallel Object | To study the arrangement/distribution of stomata on isobilateral (monocot) and dorsiventral (dicot) leaves. | WD Requirements cotyledons, stomata are scattered, whereas Isobilateral leaf (maize leaf or any monocot leaf), dorsiventral leaf (dicot leaf), forceps, | brush, blade, watch glass, slide, cover slip, safranin, glycerine, water, compound microscope. W Procedure | Take a dorsiventral leaf and peel off the epidermis of the upper and lower surfaces with the help of a blade. Thereafter stain the epidermal peels with safranin and then wash the stained peel with water and mount in glycerine. Study the peel of both the surfaces under the microscope. Repeat the same process for an isobilateral leaf and study the peels under the microscope. W Observations and Conclusion On counting the stomata of both the epidermal surfaces, we find that there is more stomata on the lower surface in comparison to the upper surface in a dorsiventral leaf, whereas the stomata are more or less equal on both surfaces in an isobilateral leaf.ae Nootan /SC Biology Practical File XIt f27] In a dorsiventral leaf the palisade tissue occurs on the upper surface and spongy parenchyma on the lower surface, hence, there is more stomata on the lower surface, whereas in an isobilateral leaf the palisade tissue occurs on both the upper and lower surfaces, hence the stomata are present more or less in equal amount on both the surfacy ry YS A B Upper epidermis Lower epidermis Fig. 1 A-B. Distribution of stomata on surfaces of a dorsiventral leaf: A. upper surface; B. lower surface. Viva-Voce 1. Mention the most significant function / role of guard cells in plants. . Guard cells bring about the gpening and closing of sto 2. Whi name of the pair of specialised cells which surrd@ad the stomatal pore and control its aperture s! 3. What is the functiot guard cell ? Ans. A guard cell is \dified epidermal cell that functions in the xchange of gases between the interior and exterior 4. What is transpiration ? Ans. The loss of water in the forr 5. What is a stoma ? ‘Ans. A stoma is a minute pore in the epidel epidermal cells, called guard cells. apours from the aerial parts of plants. yer of aerial parts of plants surrounde: two specialisedON Study of Soils is the top most layel its, air and water cont for plant to grow. ——_————————SOIBREXTURED provide physical support t jameter) determines the wai olding capacity W Object To study the texture of two soil samples collected from two different areas. W Requirements Soil samples (like garden soil, river bank soil), hand lens, petri dish, water. W Procedure Soil sample is examined under hand lens and felt between fingers in dry as well as mois state. Examine the soil under hand lens for large particles. Squeeze small amount of air dry s as well as moist soil between thumb and finger and try to judge the texture. W Observations The garden soil sample has a relatively even mixture of sand, silt and clay. It is mell with a somewhat gritty feel, yet fairly smooth and slightly plastic. On the other hand, river bank soil sample is loose and coarse grained. The individu: grains can readily be seen felt. W Result Thus, we may conclude that texture of the garden soil sample is a loam whereas of rive! bank soil is sandy. 9Nootan /SC Biology Practical Fite Xit {29] Note an also take soil sample fr om an RPeeacigs soil ee, from lawn ‘ound, etc, * {OISTURE CONTENTS! isture co! of the Sali: deem . earns, Maes cccming drying the samp in an oven aggro oo Object nna determine the moisture contents of the soil samples collected from two different areas. W Requirements = . Soil samples, petri plate, balance, oven. W Procedure Soil samples are collected from two different areas (viz. garden soil, sandy soil, etc.) in polythene bags which are immediately closed tightly. Some of the soil is then taken into petri plate and it is weighed. Now dry the soil in an oven at 105°C-110°C for about 24 hours till a constant weight is attained. Note the weight after drying. YW Observations 1. Weight of empty petri plate 2. Weight of petri plate + soil sample 3. Thus weight of soil sample -a 4. Weight of petri plate + oven dry soil 5. Thus weight of dry soil -a 6. Thus amount of moisture in soil = (b-a)-(c-a) Moisture percentage in soil = solo Hire Comenu eal 100 (on dry wt. basis method) Dy weight of soil je Gla) acea) col (c-a) ‘ Suppose (i) the weight of empty petri dish = 100 g (ii) The weight of petri dish + soil sample = 150 g (ii) The weight of petri dish + oven dry soil = 140 g Thus, (i) The weight of fresh soil sample = 150 - 100 = 50 g (i) The weight of oven dry soil = 140 - 100 = 40 g iii) The moisture content of the soil = 50 - 40 = 10 gESS 0 Nootan /SC Biology Practical File xy Moisture percentage in soil = ae x 100 = 25 per cent In this way, the moisture percentage of different soil samples can be calculated and the data can be shown in the following table : Weight of empty | Weight of petri | Weight of petri | Weight of fresh | Weight of dry Soil sample petri plate in | plate +soil | plate + oven dry | soil sample soil in g g(a) sample ing (b) | _ soil in g(c) (b—a) {c~a) 1. Garden soil 2. Lawn soil 3. Play ground soil 4, Sandy soil 5, Field soil W Conclusion The moisture percentage of garden soil is more than the sandy pH OF SOIL (SOIL REACTION) Soil reaction has a considerable influence upon ve the plants. Acidic soils are Object “| To determine the pH of the soil samples collected from two different areas. 1 W Requirements ‘ Universal indicator, soil samples (for example soils from road side, garden, humus rich sites, etc.), test tube, water, barium sulphate solution, porcelain tile. W Procedure aa Shake thoroughly a small spoonful of the soil sample, equal amount of barium sulphate and about 20 ml of water in a test tube. Allow to stand. Place a few drops of the cl supernatant liquid on a porcelain tile and add equal amount of universal indicator. Match colour of the solution with the colour chart for different pH provided on the indicator bottle’‘Nootan [SC Biology Practical File Xi! w Result ‘The pH of soil sample ‘A’ is ‘The amegigy of water which the soil retains afterthe excess water has been removed witation is called ue ing capacity of the soil. amount of water taken by ight of dry soil when it in water under standardis litions. Water holding capa capacity whereas clayey soils have [31] high water holding capa‘ Object To determine the water holding capacity of soil samples collected from two different sites. Requirements ‘ Soil samples (viz. sandy soil, clay loam soil; oven-dried), balance, filter paper, water, oven, tin boxes, petri dish. W Procedure 1. Take soil sample ‘4, crush it and dry it at 105°-110°C in an oven overnight. 2. Take a tin box whose bottom is perforated. 3. Place a filter paper at the perforated bottom of the box. 4. Weigh the box with filter paper. 5. . Now fill the box gradually with the oven-dried soil by tapping often to ensure uniform filling. Place this soil-filled box in a petri dish containing water. Allow it to remain overnight. nS . Weigh the container once again. . Take a few filter papers (as used in the container). Dip them in water and find out the average amount of water absorbed by filter paper. W Observations 1. Weight of box (a) 40g 2. Weight of dry filter paper (b) 10 g 3. Weight of oven dry soil + box + . dry filter paper (c) 100.10 g 4. Weight of wet filter paper (4) 0.40 g(32) Nootan /SC Biology Practica Fie xy 5. Weight of box + wet filter paper + wet soil (e) sesseeeee 150.40 8 6. Weight of oven dry soil (f) =[ce-(at+b)] = 100.10 - (40 + 0.10) =60g 7. Weight of wet soil (g) =[e-(a+d)] = 150.40 — (40 + 0.40) 110g 8. Amount of water in the soil (h) (210 — 60) =(g-f) =50¢g W Result ~ Amount of water in the soil Water holdi ity = =x eiede eames MEME EieTUCRoreTacy cles 50 = = x 100 = 83.33% 60 * W Conclusion 2 We find that the loam-clay soil has greater water holding capacity in respect of sandy sol Z ———— HUMUS CONTENTS (SOIL ORGANIC’MATTER); in this type of soil is imum and it takes not get sufficient oxygen for respiration. type of soils.Study of the Effect of Temperature and pH on the Activity of Salivary Amylase on Starch ical reactions in organisms ffectively lower the inactivated by excessive EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE ACTIVITY OF SALIVARY AMYLASE One investigating the influence of heat o1 action of an e! e is to expose the enzyme to a greeny om a known period 0! and then es' how long it takes to catalyse a particular ee W Object To demonstrate the effect of temperature on the action of an enzyme (salivary amylase) orstarch solution. W Requirements Test tubes, white tiles, glass rods, water baths maintained at 10°C, 40°C, 60°C and 100°C, salivary amylase solution, starch solution (1 per cent), iodine solution. W Procedure 1. Collection of saliva : For obtaining the saliva, first of all wash the mouth properly to remove the acidity of the mouth. Now, fill the mouth with water and spit it in a beaker after shaking it with the help of tongue for 2-3 minutes. Otherwise, you can chew a clean rubber piece after cleaning the mouth properly to get the saliva. As the saliva accumulates in the mouth, collect it in a test tube and add water in equal amount. Amylase enzyme is present in the collected saliva that reacts on [Link] hydrolyses it to maltose and glucose. . Preparation of 1% starch solution : For the preparation of 1% starch solution take 1 g of starch in a beaker and make a paste in cold water. Thereafter boil it in 100 ml water and cool the solution. nae Nootan (SC Biology Practica! File Xi - 3. Action of the effect of different temperatures on the action of salivary amylase : Take five test tubes and label them A, B, C, D and E, Pour 5 ml salivary amylase solution in each test tube. Place the test tube A at room temperature, B, C, D and E in water baths maintained at 10°C, 40°C, 60°C and 100°C respectively for exactly five minutes. At the end of the five-minute period remove the tubes from the water baths and cool them rapidly to room temperature. Now add 5 ml of starch solution to each tube and mix with a clean glass rod. At intervals of one minute test each tube for the presence of starch : withdraw one drop of the starch-salivary amylase mixture, place it on a white tile and add one drop of iodine solution. Make a complete record of your observations, noting the time in each case, before a blue colour ceases appear when iodine is added to the mixture. yY Observations Test tube A which was kept at room temperature shows highest enzyme activity, i.e., in this tube appearance of blue colour ceases in minimum time when iodine was added to the mixture. W Result The above experiment demonstrates that enzymes work best at room temperature and are readily inactivated by heating. EFFECT OF pH ON THE ACTIVITY OF SALIVARY AMYLASE Proteingceous nature of enzymes mal em extremely itive to the pH of the medium in whic . Each enzyme has a Cl ic optimin which its activity is maximal; a shift lag. or acidic side of the le causes a dro} ivity. Enzyme amylase works best at neutré Object To demonstrate the effect of pH on the action of salivary amylase on starch solution. W Requirements Test tubes, white tiles, glass rods, salivary amylase solution, starch solution (1 per cent), iodine solution, HCl, alkali. W Procedure 1. Collection of saliva : The saliva can be collected by the technique as described in Experiment 1. 2. Preparation of 1% starch solution : Prepare the starch solution as described in Experiment 1.ae] MootanISCBolay Pri py 3. Effect of different pH on the action of salivary amylase : Take three test tubes and ta them A, B and C. Pour 5 ml starch solution in each test tube and maintain the py o the solution in the test tubes 4, 7 and 10 respectively. Now add 5 ml of starch Soluti to each tube and mix with a clean glass rod. At intervals of one minute test each tube for the presence of starch: withdraw one drop of the starch- salivary amylase mix, ‘ place it on a white tile and add one drop of iodine solution. Make a complete reco, of your observations. See in which starch-salivary amylase solution, blue colour oes not appear on adding a drop of iodine. W Observations We observe that the test tube B which was kept at neutral pH, shows highest enzyme activity, ie., in this tube appearance of blue colour ceases in minimum time when iodine was added to the mixture. W Result The above experiment demonstrates that salivary amylase works best at neutral pH (py 2 and “J 0 acidic (pH 4) or alkaline side of the pH (pH 10) scale causes a drop in its activi Viva-Voce 1. Name the reagent which is used to test the presence of starch. Ans. lodine solution, * What is the chemical group to which all enzymes belong? Ans. Proteins. . What are enzymes? v & Ans, Enzymes are biological catalysts, which accelerate the rate of biochemical reactions. - Name the enzyme present in the saliva. Ans. Salivary amylase or ptyalin. ~ Can salivary amylase work if it is heated? Ans. No; on heating it gets denatured. Which enzyme shows its activity on starch? Ans. Amylase enzyme. > w * 7. At what temperature enzymes are most active? Ans. At room temperature. i i | ‘ 1Isolation of DNA from Available Plant Material FOR THIS EXPERIMENT ALONE DO NOT REFER THE MANUAL. [* Object isolate DNA fom _ REFER THE PDF WHICH IS SENT IN THE GROUP. DO NOT:COPY FROM THE MANUAL. W7_Prenoration 1. Preparation of CTAB but, t “TAB (Hexadecyl trimethyl am. onium bromide) +2 8 1M. *s pH 8.0 +10 ml 0.5 M EL “* pH 8.0 (Ethylene diami). ‘tetra acetic acid disodium say, +4 ml 5 MNacl «28 ml H,0 (sterile wate, ..-40 ml PVP 40 (polyvinyl pyrr. “done) aeclg Adjust all to pH 5 with HCl. “4 make up to 100 1 with water. 2. 1M Tris pH 8.0 Dissolve 121.1 g of Tris base in 800 m. «ater. Adjust p. “to 8 by adding 42 ml conc. HCl. Allow the solution to cool to room temperatu. before mala. * the final adjustments to the pH. Adjust the volume to 1 It. with water. Sterilize . ‘ng an aut. ‘ave.r 4 [40] Nootan /SC Biology Practical Fie xy LIDE: PREPARATION — fonnatne of Pollen Grains Pollen grains of any available flower like Antirrhinum, Lilium, Catharanthus roseus can be easily germinated on a cavity slide. For the germination of pollen grain, prepare 15% solution of sugar and add a pinch of boron. Put a drop of this nutrient solution in the cavity of the slide. Tap the anthers from the freshly picked flower and break them and dust pollen grain in the nutrient medium. Leave it as such for few hours. Put a cover slip on the slide. The slide will show numerous germinating pollen grains. Observe and draw. generative xine ‘nucleus 2 B ruetous male nucte tube nucleus, Fig. 1. Germination of pollen grains. W Comments 1. This is the slide of germinating pollen grains. . The pollen grains are in various stages of germination. . Pollen grains are unicellular and haploid structures. They possess a bilayered pollen- wall : the outer exine and an inner intine. 4. Exine is thick and ornamented whereas the intine is thin and soft. . The exine of some of the pollen grains has bursted and the intine has come outside from the germ pore in the form of a pollen tube. The protoplast of the pollen tube contains two nuclei; out of them the larger nucleus is known as tube nucleus, whereas the smaller one is called generative nucleus. as 1S. Ovary of a Flower to Show Marginal Placentation (e.g., Pea Flower; Fig. 2) Take a flower of pea plant. Take out the ovary from the flower by removing the outer whorls, i.e. sepals, petals and stamens. Then, cut a transverse and longitudinal section of the ovary. Stain it in safranin and mount in glycerine. Study both types of the sections under a dissecting microscope and draw. en a =nootan (SC Biology Practical File xip v Comments fa ee en type of placent i monocarpellary and the ovary is ugae, Smoeium is a 2. Placenta are borne on the frised naan cular. é& carpel. ‘Bins of the same j = 3. The ovules are borne al. i carpel. ong the ventral suture of the : ¥e Fig. 2. Ovary of pea flower in longysection and transection showing marginal x”. placentation, 3 - T.S. Ovary to Show Axile Placentation (Fig. 3) Take a flower of china rose Plant and by 'y Temoving the outer whorls of a flower, take out the ovary from the flower. Cut a transverse section. Stain it in safranin and mount in glycerine. Study under a dissecting microscope and observe th. e details, py Comments 1. axile placentation, the Synoecium is multic: 5 ellary, synearpous and the ovary is multilocular, tne 2. The placenta are borne on fused The ovules are borne on conflu: the central axis, 3. This type of Lis. is found in tomato, citrus, china rose, etc. 4 T.S. of a Hydrophyte Stem (Fig. 4) Prepare a temporary stained transverse section of the stem of a hydrophytic plant (say Hydrilla Stem) and study the anatomical features of the stem. VW Comments 1. The outline of the section is almost circular in outline. 2. Epidermis is single layered made up of thin-walled parenchymatous cells; cuticle is absent. 3. Cortex is well developed, thin-walled and parenchymatous, extensively traversed by air chambers (aerenchyma). 4, Mechanical tissue absent. 5. Reduced vascular element, composed chiefly of phloem; xylem being represented only by a cavity in the centre. Fig. 4. Hydrilla :1S. of stem, Fig. 3. Ovary of china rose i (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) in Margins of the same carpel. _ transection. showing axile lent margins which meet on _PlacentationON al Nootan /SC Biology Practical Fie xy, 1S. of Xerophytic Leaf (e.g., Nerium; Fig. 5) Cut a transverse section of the Nerium leaf, stain in safranin-fast green combination, in glycerine and study. \ W Comments — — — 1, Multiseriate epidermis; thick cuticle mute _gpisace spongy «ruses of on both upper and lower epidermis, “2Y* putniiume pajercyne__salum gaa 2. Stomata of sunken type, moreover 4 situated inside the stomatal pits, confined only to lower epidermis; stomata covered with hairs. Well differentiated mesophyll with Palisade on both the sides though abundant on the adaxial one. Spongy parenchyma is present between the palisade of lower and upper epidermis; the cells are loosely arranged and form large air chambers. ienomes ‘Si048" bane) sega toner 5. Vascular tissues well-differentiated. ee Ral 6. Vascular bundle is surrounded by a ea oot mount _ » the structure of any seed, first soak the seed in water for at least 24 hours and © then dissect out the seed to study its internal structure. VW Comments «Bean seed (Lablab purpureus) is ee an example of dicotyledonous exalbuminous seed. . Bean seed is more or less kidney- ; shaped and is covered by a hard seed coat. Fast an . Theseed coathastwointeguments, ory aad A 8 the outer thick testa and the inner thin tegmen. Fig. 6 A-D. Lablab purpureus (bean seed) : A-B. entire seed in two - At one edge of the seed coat a diferent views: C. embryo (after removal of the seed coat) whitish elongated ridge, the raphe _- "with thecotyedons unfolded. is present. At the basal end of the raphe, a broad scar, the hilum is present. 6. At the other end of the raphe, away from the hilum, there is a minute pore, called micropyle. nN e = =ootan 150 Biology Practical Fle Xir 7. The entire fleshy body as seen after ; of (a) two fleshy cotyled, Temoving the seed coat i Jt attached laterally. Ons, and (b) a short axie arene = See consisting 8, The reserve food is stored i, ‘otyledons r embryonal axis. Ta) } axis lyin; icropyl one in between the two Cotyledons ee ee ans wane le. 7. LS. Dicot Seea (e Pea Seed; Fig. 7A-C) y comments 1. ed coat . cohfedon oO: 2. fam cotyledons oe 3. The a integuments, the testa and the tegmen. Near the hilum, a minute o; The entire fleshy body, as seen of (a) two fleshy cotyledons, ant attached laterally. |. Reserve food is stored in the cotyledons embryonal axis. . One end of the axis is pointed called radicle Protrudes out of the cotyledons and lies next to the micropyle. ‘The other end of the axis lies in between the two cotyl . The region of the embryonal axis that lies between the ra and the point of attachment of cotyledons is said to be hypocotyl, whereas the portion between the > cotyledons is called epicotyl. S. Monocot Seed (e.g., Maize Seed; Fig. 8 A-B) fick Fi: 7 AC. Pisum sativun ti i; thick removal of eset (922 seed A entire seed; 8. embry (ater coat); C. embryo with cotyledons dissected. ~ ing, the micropyle is present, x removing the seed coat, is )) a short axis to which the embryo consisting the cotyledons remain provide nourishment to the developing x ee VW Comments; 1. Maize grain (Zea mays) is an example of monocotyledonous albuminous seed. 2. In fact, it is not a seed but a one-seeded fruit, known as caryopsis, where pericarp (fruit wall) is inseparably fused with the seed coat. 3. Inside of the grain is divided into two unequal portions, endosperm and embryo, by an epithelial layer.[44] Neotan /S¢, 4, The cells of the outermost two or PHY Pacey three layers of the endosperm, which contain proteins form a specialized sheath, called aleurone layer. 5. Embryo consists of (a) a single cotyledon (scutellum), and (b) a short axis. 6. The shield-shaped scutellum is greatly reduced and is attached laterally to the embryonal axis. 7. The upper part of the axis with minute leaves arching over it is 4 known as plumule and the lower "!9- aoe pee ae tein grain); A, entire grain; B. grain in part is called radicle. 8. The plumule and radicle are surrounded by a separate protective sheath each called | coleoptile and coleorhiza respectively. 9. L.S. Monocot Seed (e.g., Wheat Seed; Fig. 9 A-B) 2. In fact it is nOW&a seed but a one seeded psis, where pericarp (fruit wall) is insepé seed coat. 3. The grain is oval, yellowis! colour and there is a longit along the ventral side. 4. Inside of the grain is divided it unequal portions endosperm and em 5. Embryo consists of (a) a single cotyl (scutellum), and (b) a short axis. 6. Scutellum is attached to the middle part of the axis on one lateral side. 7. Opposite to the scutellum a tongue-like outgrowth called epiblast is seen. Fig. 9 A.B. TaFOR SPOTTING Study of Permanent Slides a T. S. Ovary of Mammal (Fig. 1) y Comments 1. This is the slide of TS, of ovary of a mammal, coniex 2. The outer surface is covered by a germinal epithelium, 3. The cortex contains numerous spherical or oval ovarian follicles (Graafian follicles) zona pola and a connective tissue, the stroma. "@-ronased own 4, The ovarian follicles are in various stages _mesovonum ane of development and the stroma is highly ‘ee Fig. 1. Ovary insection, cellular. . The ovarian follicle carries a large, centrally placed ovum, surrounded by several layers of granular cells. 6. The medulla consists of loose connective tissue, elastic fibres, numerous blood vessels and some smooth muscle fibres, W Points of Identification 1. The outer surface is covered by a germinal epithelium, 2. Numerous Graafian follicles are seen in various stages of development. 72. T. S, Testis of Mammal (Fig. 2) W Comments ——_-_—___———. 1. This is the slide of T. S. of testis of a mammal. 2. The testis is covered by a dense fibrous membrane, called tunica albuginea. 3. Internally, each testis is divided into several lobules. . 4. Each lobule contains a number of seminiferous tubules,[46] ‘ Nootan (SC Biology Practical File Xi) 5, The basement membrane of the seminiferous COMOECNG yy tubule is lined by spermatogonia. 6. Cells of Sertoli are also attached to the basement membrane. 7. In between seminiferous tubules, masses of cells called Leydig cells are present. 8. The interstitial connective tissue also contains fibroblasts, blood vessels and lymphatics. S 'alo203 seminiferous uule \ a Yeyaig cons Fig. 2. A part of testis of a mammal in transverse section, W Points of Identification —__—— : _ 1. Each lobule of the testis contains a number of seminiferous tubules, with spermatogonia and cells of Sertoli. 2. In between seminife . Germinating Pollen Grain (Fig. 3) W Comments — a _—<—$ $$ ____ , 1. This is the slide of germinating pollen grains on the ules, masses of cells called Leydig cells are present, stigma. ‘germinating [Link] pollen grains are in various stages of poten aries germination. 3. Pollen grains are unicellular and haploid structures. renee They possess a bilayered pollen-wall : the outer exine and an inner intine. 4, Exine is thick and ornamented whereas the intine is thin and soft, 5. The exine of some of the pollen grains has bursted and the intine has come outside from the germ pore in the form of a pollen tube. 6. The protoplast of the pollen tube contains two nuclei; out of them the larger nucleus is known _ as tube nucleus, whereas the smaller one is called Fig, 3. Stages of pollen germination generative nucleus. ‘on stigma,al ology Pract! Fle XI yor ye emerging pollen tube penetrates the sigma and pushes its way through the S es * and down the wall of the ovary where it helps in fertilization. x. S. Ovary Showing Marginal Placentation (Fig- 4) comin nts: v ris isthe slide of TS. ovary showing marginal . placentation. . In this type of placentation, the gynoecium is monocarpellary, the ovary is unilocular and the centa are borne on the fused margins of the game carpel. 3. The ovules are borne along the ventral suture of the 1. 4. This condition is seen in legumes. Fig. 4. TS. ovary showing marginal placentatlon. fr, S. Ovary Showing Axile Placentation (Fig. 5) yom ts 4, This is the slide of TS. ovary showing axile placentation. 2. In this type of placentation the gynoecium is mnulticarpellary, syncarpous and the ovary is multilocular. 3. The placenta are borne on fused margins of the same carpel. Fig. 5. TS. ovary showing axile 4. The ovules are borne on confluent margins which placentation. meet on the central axis. 5. This type of tation is found in tomato, citrus, china rose, etc. % y comments — 4. This is the slide of TS. ovary showing parietal placentation. [Link] this type of placentation, the gynoecium is multicarpellary, syncarpousand the ovary isunilocular. 3. The placenta are borne on fused margins of the same Ovary Showing Parietal Placentation (Fig. 6) carpel. 4. This type of placentation occurs in water melon andFis- 6. TS. ovary showing parietal other cucurbits. placentation.[4a] Nootan /S¢ Biology, Practical Fite xy, 7. T. S. Ovary Showing Basal Placentation (Fig. 7) Ww toute 1. This is the slide of TS. ovary showing basal placentation. 2. In this type of placentation the ovary is unilocular and the solitary ovule appears to arise from the base of the ovary. 3. This type of placentation is seen in sunflower. oA. S. Blastocyst (Fig. 8) —, Fig. 7. TS. ovary. show placentation Brel WV Comments 1. This is the slide of T. S. blastocyst of a mammal. vophbin 2. It is a two-layered ball of embryonic cells. ae Nootan SC Biology Practical File xy liver Infectve ‘Cll schigont CVPOZOHS schizont melacryptozoltes sporozoes SP0"0704e8 [o%tor merazotes jr merozoles \ 3 g 3 He | . rozoltes io rie) ce Fig. 10. Plasmodium : life-cycle. va caris lumbricoides (Fig. 11 A-B) W Comments 1.A common intestinal roundworm which parasitises humans and pigs. 2. Slender, elongated body, tapering at each end. 3. Male is comparatively small than the female and is curved at its posterior end. 4, Mouth is terminal and is bounded by three lips which possess sensory papillae. 5. Body cavity is a pseudocoelom. 6. An anus is present at a short distance from the posterior end and it is marked by a transverse opening. 7. In males, a pair of penial setae project out from the genital aperture. 8. In females, gonopore lies behind the anterior end of the body. 9. Reproductive organs are highly developed. Fig. 11 A-B. Ascaris lumbricoides : A. male; female.Nootan /SC Biology Practica File Xi) 51] I. STUDY OF MORBHOLOGICAL ADAPTATIONS OF W Comments —————_____ _.___ « This is a specimen of Opuntia plant. . The plant grows in xerophytic habitats. 3. The stem is modified into a flat fleshy and green leaf-like structure, the phylloclade. . Function of photosynthesis is taken up by the phylloclade. Besides, it also stores the water and reserve food materials. 5. Leaves are modified into spines to check transpiration, n= > Fig. 1. Opuntia, PO rustzalian acacia (Fig. 2) W Comments — — 1, This is a specimen of Australian acacia. 2. This is a xerophytic plant. 3. The leaves are bipinnately compound and the leaflets are very minute and fall quickly. 4, The petiole is modified into a flattened leaf-like structure, the phyllode. 5. The function of photosynthesis is carried over by the phyllode. phylode (petite) Fig. 2. Australian acacia.ON [52] Nootan /SC Biology, Practica Fie yy | JeGbexis (Fg. 3) W Comments... - eee 1. This is a specimen of Capparis plant. 2. It is a drought enduring non-succulent xerophytic plant. 3. To reduce the rate of transpiration, the leaves are ephemeral and ster not opened fully. 4. Stipules are also modified into curved spines. 5. The green stem performs the function of photosynthesis. Fig. 3. Capparis, __sll STUDY OF MORPHOLOGICAL ADAPTATIONS IN XEROCOLES (DESERT ANIMALS) LgeEgax00 rat (Fig. 4) 7 Comments This is a specimen of kangaroo rat. Tt is a xerocole rodent which is adapted to nocturnal habits to avoid heat, i.e., it remains active during night. It can survive for a long time without drinking water, because it conserves water by excreting solid urine and its faeces is also dry. It obtains its water from its own metabolic Processes and from hygroscopic water in its food. To conserve water the animal remains in the burrow in day; it has no sweat glands. . 2 el (Fig. 5) 2 Fw wo VW Comments 1. It is a model/figure of a camel. 2. It is adapted to desert places. . 3. It can survive for a long time without drinking water, because it can store enough water in its stomach, ° 4. The camel not only excretes highly concentrated urine but can also withstand dehydration up to 4 25% of its body weight. - 5. Itaccumulates fat in the hump, which speeds heat Fig. 5. Camel flow away from the body and its thick coat Prevents the flow of heat inward toward the body.Nootan /SC Blology Practical Fie Xii Ill. STUDY OF MORPHOLOGICAL ADAPTATIONS IN HYDROPHYTES - W comments - ~— _ VW Comments —— VW Comments {sa} 1. Hydrilla (Fig. 6) 1. This isa specimen ofa hydrophytic plant, named Hydrilla. 2. It is a submerged plant which is generally found in fresh water ponds, lakes, etc. . The roots are poorly developed ; they are devoid of root cap and root hairs. . The leaves are small and narrow and remain arranged in whorls on the stem, The stem is long, delicate and flexible and possess many air cavities. 6. Vascular and mechanical tissues are poorly developed. = 2 i Fig. 6. Hydrilla. > 2, Eichhornia (Fig. 7) 1. This is a specimen of Eichhorn 2. Itisa free-floating hydrophyte. 3. . Its stem is highly delicate and flexible ai a offset. 4. A group of leaves are developed towards the and adventitious roots on the lower side at each 1 |. The roots are short and poorly developed, |. The petiole is swollen and spongy and provides the pl — buoyancy and floatation, i e - Air chambers are found in all parts of the plant which provide buoyancy to the plant. 3. Nelumbo (Water lily; Fig. 8) an ~ . This is a specimen of . Its stem is an undergroun roots on its surface. The roots remain fixed in the soi |. The petioles are long and they make on the water surface. The whole plant (except the lamina) remains water. . Air spaces are found in rhizome, petiole and peduncle. mbo, a hydrophytic plant. izome which bears adventitious — rs af lamina floatingpo Nootan isc, Biology Prac ti aa tical File xi ‘tower [54] ” Vallisneria (Fig. 9) W Comments 4. This is a specime hydrophytic plant. ; 2. The plant remains submerged in water. 3. The stem is highly reduced. ; : 4, The leaves are long, narrow and ribbon-shaped as there is no resistance to water flow. 5, Cuticle and stomata are Jacl mn of Vallisneria, a rooted submerged ing on the leaves. Fig, 9. Valisneria, Z tricularia (Bladderwort; Fig. 10) ———_ Comments = . This is a specimen of Utricularia, a hydrophytic plant. . Its a rootless floating aquatic herb with struggling branches. . Stem is soft and spongy: |. Leaves are highly segmented and do not produce resistance to water flow. Some leaf segments are modified into bladder-like structure to capture insects. . The bladder is a stalked pear shaped structure with a hollow cavity having an opening at the distal end. | 7. The opening has a tap door consisting of stiff tapering \ sens aa | bristles which can open only inwards. y 5 . The trap door allows minute flies to pass in but they cannot pee come out. Fig, 10, Utricularia bladderwort, IV)STUDY OF MORPHOLOGICAL ADAPTATIONS OF AQUATIC ANIMAIS, G2. Porn (Labeo rohita; Fig. 11) W Comments —— 1. This is a specimen of a bony fish, called rohu. . It is commonly found in fresh water ponds, rivers, lakes and estuaries. The body is streamlined, divisible into head , trunk and tail, and it helps the animal in floating in water. are \ 4. Trunk and tail are covered by thin, Se rounded, overlapping dermal cycloid scales that form a water-proof covering. 2 en pectoral fin Fig. 11. Labeo rohita (Rohu).— Nootan (SC Biology Practical Fife XII Iss) 5. Fins are modified limbs that help in locomotion. 6. The animal possesses a specific pressure sense organ, the lateral line. 7. The skin is devoid of sweat glands and oil glands. 8, Gills are the respiratory organs that absorb the oxygen dissolved in water. 9. Tail is laterally compressed and narrower behind. AX (Rana tigrina; Fig. 12) W Comments 1. This is a specimen of frog. 2. This is a soft-skinned amphibious animal which is commonly found in moist places, fresh water ponds and streams. . Body is bilaterally symmetrical, divisible into head and trunk. Head is dorso-ventral and triangular and it helps the animal in reducing resistance to water currents. . A nictitating membrane is found on the eyes so that the Sperue ied ind animal can see well in the water. Fig. 12. Rana tigrina (Frog). . The hind limbs bear webbed foot. o ol ‘abdomen s POLLINATION BY DIFFERENT AGENCIES 1. Pollination in Salvia (Fig. 1 A-D) W Comments . Species of Salvia sho 2. The flower has a bilippe: alights. « . There are only two epipetalous an anterior sterile anther lobe. 4. The filament is attached to the connect mechanism is formed and the connective . When a bee enters the flower in search o! anterior sterile anther lobes which block the mot . The lever mechanism comes in action and the post its back. Thus pollen grains from the fertile lobes get 7. When the same insect visits another flower, the pollen its stigma, which is placed in such position to be touched bj . Both the pollen grains and stigma are sticky in nature. interesting mode of insect pollination. ‘olla; the lower lip acts as a platform on which the bee ens and each stamen_ has a posterior fertile and in such a way that a sort of lever (turnpipe) easily swing on the filament. ‘ar, its head (proboscis)pushes the of the corolla tube. gr fertile lobes hit the insect on ted on the insect’s body. its body is picked up by e visiting insect. STUDY OF FLOWERS ADAPTED TO