MATHS

CLASS 4TH
MATHS GRADE 4TH

Understanding Bar Graphs

Definition: A bar graph is a graphical representation of data using rectangular bars, where the
length of each bar represents the value it represents.

Parts of a Bar Graph

• Title: Describes what the graph is about.
• Axes: The horizontal (x-axis) and vertical (y-axis) lines that help in plotting data.
• Bars: Rectangular structures representing the data.

Creating a Bar Graph

Steps to Create:
• Determine the categories or items to be compared.
• Choose a scale for the axes.
• Draw the axes and label them appropriately.
• Draw bars for each category, ensuring they have the correct height.

Reading and Interpreting Bar Graphs

• Finding Information: Look at the height of each bar to understand the corresponding value.
• Comparing Data: Compare the lengths of bars to understand relationships between different
categories or quantities.

Formulae and Concepts

Height of a Bar:
• Formula: Height of bar = Value of data point / Scale of the graph.
Scale of the Graph:
• Formula: Scale = Maximum value of data / Length of the axis.
MATHS GRADE 4TH

Real-life Applications
Example 1: A survey was conducted among 20 students to find their favorite ice cream flavors.
The results are as follows:

Ice Cream Flavor Number of Students

Chocolate 8
Vanilla 6
Strawberry 4
Butterscotch 2
• Solution: Create a bar graph to represent the data and interpret the results.

Example 2: A study was conducted to see how much time children spend watching TV each week.
The results are as follows:

Time Range Number of Children

0-5 hours 10
6-10 hours 8
11-15 hours 5
16-20 hours 2
• Solution: Represent the data using a bar graph and analyze the findings.

Example 3: A class of 30 students was surveyed to find out their favorite sports. The results are as
follows:

Sport Number of Students

Football 15
Basketball 8
Cricket 5
Tennis 2
• Solution: Create a bar graph to represent the data and analyze the most popular sport among the

students.
MATHS GRADE 4TH

Example 4: A survey was conducted in a neighborhood to find out the number of pets owned by
different families. The results are as follows:

Pet Type Number of Families

Dogs 10
Cats 7
Birds 3
Fish 5
• Solution: Represent the data using a bar graph and determine which pet is the most common

among the families.

Example 5: A family maintains a record of their monthly expenses in various categories. The
expenses for the month of January are as follows:

Expense Category Amount ($)

Food 500
Rent 800
Utilities 200
Transportation 150
• Solution: Create a bar graph to represent the monthly expenses and analyze which category

consumes the highest proportion of their budget.

Conclusion
Bar graphs are powerful tools for visualizing and interpreting data. By understanding their
concepts, formulas, and real-life applications, we can become better at analyzing information and
making informed decisions in various aspects of life.
MATHS GRADE 4TH

Practice Problems
• Create a bar graph for the following data: Number of books read by students in a month.

Student Number of Books

Student A 5
Student B 8
Student C 12
Student D 3
• Conduct a survey among your classmates about their favorite fruits and represent the data using

a bar graph.
MATHS GRADE 4TH

Decimals
Introduction
Decimals are an essential part of our everyday lives. From money to measurements, decimals help
us make sense of quantities that fall between whole numbers. In this study material, we will delve
into the world of decimals, understanding their concepts, formulas, types, and operations, all with
relatable examples from daily life.

1. Concepts of Decimals
Decimals are numbers that are expressed with a decimal point to represent a part of a whole. Here
are some key concepts:
• Decimal Point: The decimal point separates the whole number part from the fractional part in a
decimal number.
• Place Value: Each digit in a decimal number has a specific place value, determined by its
position relative to the decimal point.
• Value of Digits: The value of each digit depends on its position. Moving to the left increases the
value by powers of 10, while moving to the right decreases the value by powers of 10.
• Comparison: Decimals can be compared using the same principles as whole numbers. The
digits to the left of the decimal point are compared first, followed by the digits to the right.

2. Formulas
• Addition: To add decimals, align the decimal points and add as usual.
• Subtraction: Subtract decimals by aligning the decimal points and subtracting as usual.
• Multiplication: Multiply decimals as if they were whole numbers, then place the decimal point
in the product so that the number of decimal places in the answer is equal to the sum of the
decimal places in the factors.
• Division: Divide decimals by moving the decimal point in the divisor and dividend until the
divisor becomes a whole number, then perform the division.
MATHS GRADE 4TH

3. Types of Decimals
• Terminating Decimals: Decimals that end or terminate after a finite number of digits.
o Example: 0.75, 2.4, 6.9
• Repeating Decimals: Decimals that have a repeating pattern of digits.
o Example: 0.333..., 0.454545..., 0.121212...
• Mixed Decimals: Decimals that contain both whole numbers and fractional parts.
o Example: 5.25, 8.7, 3.45

4. Operations on Decimals with Examples

Operation Example Question Solution

If Sarah has $3.50 and she receives $1.75 more, how much $3.50 + $1.75 =
Addition
money does she have in total? $5.25
If Tom has 5.75 meters of cloth and he uses 2.25 meters, how 5.75 - 2.25 = 3.50
Subtraction
much cloth does he have left? meters
If a box of chocolates costs $2.50 and Kate buys 4 boxes, how $2.50 * 4 =
Multiplication
much does she spend? $10.00
If there are 12.6 meters of rope and we need to cut it into 3 12.6 ÷ 3 = 4.20
Division
equal pieces, how long is each piece? meters

Money and Decimals

MATHS GRADE 4TH

• Addition of Money:
Addition of money is like addition of decimal and whole numbers.
Example 1. Add 5 rupees and 65 paisa to 6 rupees.
Solution. Write both the figures in tabular format as shown below.

Tense One DP Tenth Hundredth

6 . 0 0
+ 5 . 6 5
1 1 . 6 5

• Subtraction of Money:
Subtraction of money is like subtraction of decimals and whole numbers.
Example 1. Subtract Rs. 34.75 from Rs. 78.25.
Solution. Write both the figures in tabular format as shown below.

Tense One DP Tenth Hundredth

7 8 . 2 5
- 3 4 . 7 5
4 3 . 5 0

• Multiplication of Money:
Multiplication of money will be like normal multiplication, but here we must put a decimal
point two places from extreme right.
MATHS GRADE 4TH

Example 1. A cricket bat costs Rs. 127.25. What is the cost of 5 bats?
Solution. One cricket bat costs Rs. 127.25.
5 bats will cost = Rs. 127.25 × 5

Hundred Tense One DP Tenth Hundredth

1 2 7 . 2 5
× 5
6 3 6 . 2 5

So, 5 cricket bats will cost Rs. 636.25.

• Division of Money:
MATHS GRADE 4TH

Factors and Multiples

Introduction
In the world of numbers, understanding multiples and factors is essential. Multiples are the result of
multiplying a number by another integer, while factors are numbers that divide a given number
evenly. Let’s dive into this interesting topic with some examples and daily life applications!

Definition
Multiple: A multiple of a number is the result of multiplying that number by any whole number.
Factor: A factor of a number is any number that divides the given number without leaving a
remainder.

Examples
1. Multiples:
• Multiples of 3: 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, ...
• Multiples of 4: 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, ...
• Multiples of 5: 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, ...
2. Factors:
• Factors of 12: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12
• Factors of 15: 1, 3, 5, 15
• Factors of 20: 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20

Formulae
1. Finding Multiples:
• To find multiples of a number, multiply the number by 1, 2, 3, 4, and so on.
2. Finding Factors:
• To find factors of a number, divide the number by 1, 2, 3, 4, and so on, until you reach the
number itself.
MATHS GRADE 4TH

Daily Life Applications

1. Multiples:
• Bus Timetable: If a bus comes every 15 minutes, the departure times will be multiples of 15,
like 15, 30, 45 minutes past the hour.

• Counting Money: If you have $5 bills, the total amount you have will be multiples of 5, like $5,
$10, $15, and so on.
MATHS GRADE 4TH

2. Factors:
• Sharing Treats: If you have 12 candies and want to share them equally among friends, you can
do so because 12 has factors like 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6.

• Gardening: When planting flowers in a garden, you need to consider factors like the number of
rows and columns to arrange them efficiently.

Practice Problems

Problem Solution
Find the first five multiples of 4. Multiples of 4: 4, 8, 12, 16, 20
What are the factors of 18? Factors of 18: 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18
Name three multiples of 7. Multiples of 7: 7, 14, 21
The number 24 has 8 factors: 1, 2, 3,
How many factors does the number 24 have?
4, 6, 8, 12, 24
Give an example of a daily life scenario where multiples
Arranging items in a box
and factors are used.
MATHS GRADE 4TH

Fractions
Introduction
Welcome to the world of fractions! Fractions are an essential part of mathematics and everyday life.
They help us understand and represent parts of a whole, enabling us to solve problems and make
sense of the world around us. In this study material, we’ll dive into the basics of fractions,
including concepts, formulae, types, operations, and real-life applications.

Understanding Fractions
Definition: A fraction represents a part of a whole.

Parts of a Fraction: Numerator, Denominator.

• Example: In the fraction 3/5, 3 is the numerator (representing the parts we have) and 5 is the
denominator (representing the total parts).
Real-life Application: Sharing a pizza among friends.

Types of Fractions
• a. Proper Fractions: Numerator is less than the denominator. Example: 2/3.
• b. Improper Fractions: Numerator is equal to or greater than the denominator. Example: 5/4.
• c. Mixed Fractions: A combination of a whole number and a proper fraction. Example: 1 1/2.
• d. Unit Fractions: Fractions which have 1 in their numerator are known as unit fractions. Few
examples are given below.
MATHS GRADE 4TH

o 1/2
o 1/3
o 1/4
o 1/5
o 1/9
o 1/21

Operations on Fractions
• a. Addition and Subtraction:
o Rule: Add or subtract the numerators, keeping the denominator the same.
o Example: 1/3 + 2/3 = 3/3 = 1 (Adding three-thirds makes one whole).
• b. Multiplication:
o Rule: Multiply the numerators and denominators separately.
o Example: (1/2) * (2/3) = (12) / (23) = 2/6 = 1/3.
• c. Division:
o Rule: Multiply the first fraction by the reciprocal of the second.
o Example: (3/4) ÷ (2/3) = (3/4) * (3/2) = 9/8.

Fractional Equivalents
Definition: Fractions that represent the same part of a whole.
• Example: 1/2 = 2/4 = 3/6.
Real-life Application: Different units for measuring length, like inches, feet, and yards.

Practice Problems
• Simplify the following fractions:

Fraction Simplified
6/12
4/8
10/20

• Add the fractions:

Fractions Sum
1/4 + 2/4
3/5 + 2/5
MATHS GRADE 4TH

• Subtract the fractions:

Fractions Difference
5/6 - 2/6
3/4 - 1/4

• Multiply the fractions:

Fractions Product
2/3 * 3/4
1/2 * 2/5

• Divide the fractions:

Fractions Quotient
3/4 ÷ 1/2
2/3 ÷ 1/4

Real-life Applications
• Cooking: Adjusting recipe measurements.

• Construction: Measuring and cutting materials.

MATHS GRADE 4TH

• Finance: Understanding percentages and proportions.

Conclusion
Remember, fractions are everywhere, and understanding them will make your mathematical
journey more enjoyable and practical.
MATHS GRADE 4TH

Geometry
Introduction
Geometry is all around us, from the shapes of the objects we use daily to the patterns in nature. In
this study material, we will dive into the fascinating world of geometry, exploring various shapes
and their significance in our lives.

Introduction to Shapes
Concept: Shapes are everywhere around us. They can be categorized into two-dimensional (2D)
and three-dimensional (3D) shapes.
• Examples: Circle, square, rectangle, triangle, cube, sphere, cylinder, cone.

Daily Life Applications:

• Plates (circle)
• Books (rectangle)
• Dice (cube)
• Soccer ball (sphere)
• Ice cream cone (cone)

Exploring 2D Shapes

Concept: 2D shapes are flat shapes that have only length and width.
• Examples: Square, rectangle, triangle, circle.

Daily Life Applications:

• Windows (rectangle)
• Pizza (circle)
• Notebooks (rectangle)
• Traffic signs (triangle)
MATHS GRADE 4TH

Properties of 2D Shapes
Concept: Each shape has its own unique properties such as sides, vertices, and angles.
• Examples: Square has four equal sides and four right angles.
Daily Life Applications:
• Stop sign (octagon)
• Clock (circle)
• Picture frame (rectangle)

Exploring 3D Shapes

Concept: 3D shapes have length, width, and height, making them solid.
• Examples: Cube, sphere, cylinder, cone.

Daily Life Applications:

• Ice cream cone (cone)
• Dice (cube)
• Basketball (sphere)
• Soda can (cylinder)

Properties of 3D Shapes
Concept: Just like 2D shapes, 3D shapes have their own unique properties such as faces, edges, and
vertices.
• Examples: Cube has 6 faces, 12 edges, and 8 vertices.

Daily Life Applications:

• Rubik’s cube (cube)
• Soccer ball (sphere)
• Triangular prism (package box)
MATHS GRADE 4TH

Symmetry

Concept: Symmetry is when one shape becomes exactly like another if you flip, slide, or turn it.
• Examples: Butterfly, snowflake, mirror image.

Daily Life Applications:

• Butterfly wings
• Human faces
• Decorative patterns

Perimeter and Area

Concept: Perimeter is the distance around the outside of a shape, while area is the space inside the
shape.

• Examples: Perimeter of a square = 4 x side length, Area of a rectangle = length x width.

Daily Life Applications:

• Fencing a garden (perimeter)
• Carpeting a room (area)

Daily Life Applications

• How much wrapping paper do you need for a gift box?
MATHS GRADE 4TH

• How many tiles do you need to cover a floor?

• Designing a birthday card (symmetry).

MATHS GRADE 4TH

Examples

Problem Description Solution Steps Answer

Example 1: A rectangle has a length of 5
Perimeter = 2(length + width) = The perimeter of the
units and a width of 3 units. What is its
2(5 + 3) = 2(8) = 16 units rectangle is 16 units.
perimeter?
The area of the
Example 2: If a square has a side length Area = side length × side length
square is 16 square
of 4 units, what is its area? = 4 × 4 = 16 square units
units.
Example 3: How many vertices does a A triangle has 3
A triangle has 3 vertices.
triangle have? vertices.
Example 4: A triangle has side lengths
Perimeter = sum of all side The perimeter of the
of 6 units, 8 units, and 10 units. What is
lengths = 6 + 8 + 10 = 24 units triangle is 24 units.
its perimeter?
Volume = side length × side
Example 5: If a cube has a side length of The volume of the
length × side length = 3 × 3 × 3
3 units, what is its volume? cube is 27 cubic
= 27 cubic units
MATHS GRADE 4TH

HCF and LCM

Introduction to HCF and LCM
HCF (Highest Common Factor) and LCM (Least Common Multiple) are fundamental concepts in
mathematics. They are used to solve various mathematical problems and have many applications in
our daily lives.

Let’s explore these concepts in detail with examples and practical applications…

1. Highest Common Factor (HCF)

Definition: The highest common factor (HCF) of two or more numbers is the greatest number that
divides each of them without leaving a remainder.
Formula:
• HCF (a, b) = Greatest common divisor (GCD) of 'a' and 'b'
Example:
• Find the HCF of 12 and 18.
• Solution:
o Factors of 12: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12
o Factors of 18: 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18
o Common factors: 1, 2, 3, 6
o Greatest common factor (HCF): 6

Practical Application:
• When sharing chocolates among friends, we often find the largest number of chocolates that can
be equally distributed among all friends. This is finding the HCF, where chocolates represent
the total quantity and friends represent the number of divisions.
MATHS GRADE 4TH

2. Least Common Multiple (LCM)

Definition: The least common multiple (LCM) of two or more numbers is the smallest number
which is a multiple of each of them.
Formula:
• LCM (a, b) = (a * b) / HCF (a, b)
Example:
• Find the LCM of 4 and 6.
• Solution:
o Multiples of 4: 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, ...
o Multiples of 6: 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, ...
o Common multiples: 12, 24
o Smallest common multiple (LCM): 12

Practical Application:
• When planning a schedule for watering plants, we look for the least common multiple of the
number of days between each watering session. This ensures that all plants are watered on the
same day.

Practice Problems

Problem Solution
Find the HCF of 16 and 24. HCF of 16 and 24 is 8.
Calculate the LCM of 5 and 8. LCM of 5 and 8 is 40.
If two buses start from the same point and travel in opposite directions,
The buses will be 108
one at 12 km/h and the other at 15 km/h, find after how many hours they
km apart after 3 hours.
will be 108 km apart.
MATHS GRADE 4TH

Metric Measures

Concept
Metric measures are units used to quantify different aspects of objects, substances, or phenomena.
These measures are based on the International System of Units (SI) and provide a standardized way
to express quantities.

Formulae

Length:
• Formula: Length = Distance between two points
• Example: The length of a pencil is 15 centimeters.

Mass:
• Formula: Mass = Amount of matter in an object
• Example: The mass of an apple is 150 grams.

Capacity:
• Formula: Capacity = Amount of liquid a container can hold
• Example: A glass of water has a capacity of 250 milliliters.

Types of Metric Measures

Length:
• Kilometer (km)
• Meter (m)
• Centimeter (cm)
• Millimeter (mm)

Mass:
• Kilogram (kg)
• Gram (g)
• Milligram (mg)
MATHS GRADE 4TH

Capacity:
• Liter (L)
• Milliliter (mL)

Operations on Metric Measures

Addition/Subtraction:
• Example: If you have 2 apples weighing 100 grams each, how much do they weigh altogether?
• Solution:
o Each apple weighs 100 grams.
o Number of apples = 2.
o Total weight = 100 grams + 100 grams = 200 grams.
• Answer: The two apples weigh 200 grams altogether.

Multiplication/Division:
• Example: If a bookshelf is 2 meters long and each book is 20 centimeters wide, how many
books can fit on the shelf?
• Solution:
o Length of the bookshelf = 2 meters = 200 centimeters (1 meter = 100 centimeters).
o Width of each book = 20 centimeters.
o Number of books = Length of bookshelf / Width of each book = 200 centimeters / 20
centimeters per book = 10 books.
• Answer: You can fit 10 books on the shelf.

Conversion
Conversion is the process of changing something from one form, state, or purpose to another.
1. Length Conversion: Conversion of length involves changing the measurement from one unit to
another.

• For example:
o 1 meter (m) = 100 centimeters (cm)
o 1 kilometer (km) = 1000 meters (m)

Example: Imagine you’re going on a trip with your family. The distance to your destination is
200 kilometers. How many meters is this?
MATHS GRADE 4TH

Solution: 200 kilometers = 200 × 1000 meters = 200,000 meters

2. Time Conversion: Time conversion is the process of changing the measurement of time from
one unit to another.

For example:
o 1 hour (hr) = 60 minutes (min)
o 1 minute (min) = 60 seconds (sec)

Example: You’re baking a cake, and it needs to be in the oven for 1 hour. How many minutes is
this?

Solution: 1 hour = 1 × 60 minutes = 60 minutes

3. Volume Conversion: Volume conversion involves changing the measurement of volume from
one unit to another.

For example:
o 1 liter (L) = 1000 milliliters (mL)
o 1 liter (L) = 10 deciliters (dL)

Example: You’re pouring juice into glasses for your friends. If you have 2 liters of juice, how
many milliliters is this?

Solution: 2 liters = 2 × 1000 milliliters = 2000 milliliters

4. Weight Conversion: Weight conversion is the process of changing the measurement of weight
from one unit to another.

For example:
o 1 kilogram (kg) = 1000 grams (g)
o 1 kilogram (kg) = 10 hectograms (hg)

Example: You have 3 kilograms of apples. How many grams is this?

MATHS GRADE 4TH

Solution: 3 kilograms = 3 × 1000 grams = 3000 grams

5. Temperature Conversion: Temperature conversion involves changing the measurement of

temperature from one unit to another.

For example:
o Celsius (°C) to Fahrenheit (°F)
o Fahrenheit (°F) to Celsius (°C)

Example: Today’s temperature is 20°C. What is this in Fahrenheit?

Solution: (20 × 9/5) + 32 = 68°F

Daily Life Applications

• Buying Groceries: When you go grocery shopping with your parents, you might see items sold
by weight, such as fruits and vegetables. Understanding metric measures helps in choosing the
right amount.

• Cooking: Recipes often require precise measurements of ingredients like flour, sugar, and milk.
Metric measures help ensure that your dishes turn out just right!
MATHS GRADE 4TH

• Measuring Distance: When you go for a walk or a bike ride, you might see signs indicating
distances in kilometers. Metric measures help you understand how far you’ve traveled.

• Estimating Capacity: Whether you’re pouring a glass of juice or filling a bathtub, knowing
about metric measures helps you estimate how much liquid you need.
MATHS GRADE 4TH

Money

Introduction to Money
Money is a medium of exchange used to facilitate transactions. It comes in various forms such as
coins and notes. In India, the currency is the Indian Rupee (INR), which is further divided into
smaller units called Paisa.

Functions of Money
• Medium of Exchange: Money helps us buy things. Instead of trading goods directly, we use
money to exchange for goods and services. For example, you can use money to buy toys,
books, or snacks.
• To measure the value of things: Money helps us measure the value of things. It gives us a
common way to compare the prices of different items. For instance, if a toy costs 50 rupees and
a book costs 100 rupees, we can easily see that the book is more expensive.
• Store of Value: Money allows us to save for future needs. We can keep money in a piggy bank,
wallet, or bank account. This way, we can use it later when we need it. It helps us plan for the
future.

Varieties of Money
• Coins: Coins are small, round pieces of metal. They come in different shapes, sizes, and colors.
In India, we have coins of different denominations like 1 rupee, 2 rupees, 5 rupees, and so on.
We use coins to buy small things like candies or to make exact change.

• Notes (Paper Money): Notes are pieces of paper with numbers printed on them. They represent
different values of money. In India, we have notes of different denominations like 10 rupees, 20
rupees, 50 rupees, and so on. We use notes for bigger purchases like buying clothes or
groceries.
MATHS GRADE 4TH

• Digital Money: Digital money is money that exists electronically. It’s not physical like coins or
notes. We can use digital money to pay for things online or through mobile apps. It’s convenient
because we don’t need to carry cash.

Understanding Rupee Conversion

1 Rupee (INR) = 100 Paisa

Conversion from Rupees to Paisa:

• To convert Rupees to Paisa, we multiply the Rupee amount by 100.
• Example 1: Convert 5 Rupees to Paisa.
• Solution: 5 Rupees = 5 * 100 Paisa = 500 Paisa

Conversion from Paisa to Rupees:

• To convert Paisa to Rupees, we divide the Paisa amount by 100.
• Example 2: Convert 350 Paisa to Rupees.
• Solution: 350 Paisa ÷ 100 = 3 Rupees and 50 Paisa
MATHS GRADE 4TH

Money Exchange: When traveling abroad, you may need to exchange Indian Rupees for foreign
currency. Understanding Rupee conversion helps you know the value of your money in different
currencies.

Practice Problems

Problem Solution
Convert 8 Rupees to Paisa. 8 Rupees = 8 * 100 = 800 Paisa
650 Paisa ÷ 100 = 6 Rupees and 50
Convert 650 Paisa to Rupees.
Paisa
If a chocolate costs 75 Paisa, how much will 3 chocolates 3 * 75 Paisa = 225 Paisa = 2 Rupees
cost in Rupees? and 25 Paisa
You have 250 Paisa. How much money do you have in 250 Paisa ÷ 100 = 2 Rupees and 50
Rupees? Paisa
MATHS GRADE 4TH

Numbers

Introduction to Numbers
Numbers are everywhere around us, helping us count, measure, and understand the world. In Class
4, we delve deeper into the fascinating world of numbers, exploring their properties and
relationships.
• Smallest 5-digit number is 10000, it is read as ten thousand.
• Largest 5-digit number is 99999, it is read as ninety nine thousand nine hundred ninety nine.
• One more than 99999 = 99999 + 1 = 100000
• 100000 read as one lakh. It is the smallest six digit number.
• One more than 100000 = 100000 + 1 = 100001
• 100001 is read as one lakh one.
• 100010 is read as one lakh ten.
• 100099 is read as one lakh ninety nine.
• 100201 is read as one lakh two hundred one.
• 105001 is read as one lakh five thousand one.
• 109999 is read as one lakh nine thousand nine hundred ninety nine.
• 152065 is read as one lakh fifty two thousand sixty five.
• 999999 is the greatest six digit number.

Understanding Place Value

Place value is a fundamental concept in the number system. It helps us understand the relative
value of digits in a number based on their position. For example, in the number 346, the "3"
represents hundreds, the "4" represents tens, and the "6" represents ones.
Place Value of 6-Digit Number:

Place Lakh Ten Thousand Thousand Hundred Tens Ones

Digit Example 1 5 2 0 6 5
Value 100000 50000 2000 0 60 5

Example Number: 152065

Reading: One lakh fifty two thousand sixty five
MATHS GRADE 4TH

Expanded Form of Six Digit Numbers

In class III, we learnt how to write 4 or 5 digit number in expanded form. Here we will learn how to
write 6 digit number in an expanded form.

Example 1: Write 654213 in expanded form.

• Solution: 654213 = 600000 + 50000 + 4000 + 200 + 10 + 3

Example 2: Write 405032 in expanded form.

• Solution: 405032 = 400000 + 0 + 5000 + 0 + 30 + 2
o = 400000 + 5000 + 30 + 2

Comparison of Two Numbers

In class III, we have learnt how to compare two numbers. We will follow the same rules for
comparing 6 digit numbers.
• Rule 1: Number which contains more digits is greater than the number having less digits.
• Rule 2: When two numbers contain same digits then we compare left most digits of both the
numbers. Number which is having greater digit should be considered as larger number. If the
left most digits of both the numbers are same, then we compare the next digits to the right. This
process continues till we get a greater digit to decide which number is greater.

Example 1: Which number is greater? 565785 and 576865

Solution: For both the numbers lakh place is having digit 5. We can not decide which number is
greater by comparing lakh place.
o Now, let’s consider ten thousand place.
o 565785 has 6 in ten thousand place.
o 576865 has 7 in ten thousand place.
o We know 7 is greater than 6.
o So, 565785 is less than 576865.
MATHS GRADE 4TH

Order of Numbers
Ascending Order:
Ascending order means writing a given group of numbers in increasing order. Let’s have a look at
some examples.
• Example 1: Arrange the below given numbers in ascending order.
o 406780, 400789, 406098, 467893
• Solution: 400789, 406098, 406780, 467893

Descending Order:
Descending order means writing a given group of numbers in decreasing order. Let’s have a look at
few examples.
• Example 1: Arrange the below given numbers in descending order.
o 656798, 656780, 655634, 665020
• Solution: 665020, 656798, 656780, 655634

Indian Number System

Ten Ten
Number Crores Lakhs Thousands Hundreds Tens Ones
Lakhs Thousands

One 1
Ten 1 0
1 Hundred 1 0 0
1 Thousand 1 0 0 0
10
1 0 0 0 0
Thousand
1 Lakh 1 0 0 0 0 0
10 Lakh 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 Crore 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
MATHS GRADE 4TH

International Number System

Ten Hundred Ten

Number Millions Thousands Hundreds Tens Ones
Millions Thousands Thousands

One 1

Ten 1 0

1
1 0 0
Hundred

1
1 0 0 0
Thousand

10
1 0 0 0 0
Thousand

100
1 0 0 0 0 0
Thousand

1 Million 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

10
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Million
MATHS GRADE 4TH

Perimeter and Area

Introduction
From measuring the fence around a garden to finding the space a carpet covers, understanding
perimeter and area helps us solve practical problems. In this guide, we’ll delve into these concepts,
explore their formulas, and see how they relate to the world around us.

Understanding Perimeter
Perimeter is the distance around the outside of a shape. It’s like walking along the edge of a
playground.

Formula:
• Perimeter (P) = Sum of all sides

Example:
• If a square has sides of length 4 cm each, its perimeter = 4 cm + 4 cm + 4 cm + 4 cm = 16 cm.
Daily Life Application:
• When you measure the boundary of a park or your backyard, you’re finding its perimeter.

Exploring Area
Area is the space inside a shape, like the floor space in your room or the space a picture covers on
the wall.

Formula:
• Area (A) = Length × Width (for rectangles and squares)

Example:
• If a rectangle has a length of 5 cm and a width of 3 cm, its area = 5 cm × 3 cm = 15 square cm.
MATHS GRADE 4TH

Daily Life Application:

• When you calculate the space a rug covers on the floor, you’re finding its area.

Perimeter and Area of Common Shapes

Square:

• Perimeter: 4 × side length

• Area: side length × side length

Rectangle:

• Perimeter: 2 × (length + width)

• Area: length × width
MATHS GRADE 4TH

Triangle:

• Perimeter: Sum of all three sides

• Area: 1/2 × base × height
Circle:

• Perimeter (Circumference): π × diameter (or 2 × π × radius)

• Area: π × radius × radius

Solving Problems

Problem Solution
Problem 1: Find the perimeter of a square with sides of length 6
Perimeter = 4 × 6 cm = 24 cm.
cm.
Problem 2: Calculate the area of a rectangle with a length of 8 m Area = 8 m × 3 m = 24 square
and a width of 3 m. meters.
MATHS GRADE 4TH

Real-Life Examples
• Gardening: Determining the perimeter of a garden helps in knowing how much fencing is
needed.

• Room Decoration: Calculating the area of a room helps in buying the right amount of carpet
or tiles.

• Pizza Party: Finding the area of a pizza helps in knowing how many slices you need to feed
everyone.
MATHS GRADE 4TH

Profit and Loss

Introduction
Profit and loss are important concepts in our daily lives. We encounter them whenever we buy
things, sell things, or run a business. Understanding profit and loss helps us make better decisions
with our money.

What is Profit?
Profit is the amount of money you gain when you sell something for more than it cost you to buy or
make it.
Example:
• Let’s say you buy a toy for $10 and sell it to your friend for $15. Your profit would be $5
because you gained $5 from selling the toy for more than you bought it.

What is Loss?
Loss is the amount of money you lose when you sell something for less than it cost you to buy or
make it.
Example:
• If you bought a book for $8 and sold it for $5, you would experience a loss of $3 because you
sold the book for less than you bought it.

Daily Life Applications

• Buying and Selling Toys: Imagine you have a toy shop. You buy toys from a supplier and sell
them to customers. If you sell the toys for more than you bought them, you make a profit. But if
you sell them for less, you incur a loss.
MATHS GRADE 4TH

Solving Profit and Loss Problems

Let’s solve some problems to understand profit and loss better.

Problem Solution

Problem 1: You bought a packet

Cost price of 1 pencil = $4 ÷ 10 = $0.4<br>Selling price of 1
of pencils for $4 and sold each
pencil = $1<br>Profit per pencil = Selling price - Cost price =
pencil for $1. How much profit
$1 - $0.4 = $0.6<br>Total profit = Profit per pencil × Number
did you make if the packet
of pencils = $0.6 × 10 = $6<br>You made a profit of $6.
contained 10 pencils?

Problem 2: You bought a bag of Cost price of 1 marble = $6 ÷ Number of marbles<br>Selling

marbles for $6. You sold each price of 1 marble = $0.50<br>Profit per marble = Selling price
marble for $0.50. How many - Cost price = $0.50 - Cost price<br>To make a profit of $3,
marbles do you need to sell to we need:<br>$3 = Profit per marble × Number of
make a profit of $3? marbles<br>Number of marbles = $3 ÷ Profit per marble
MATHS GRADE 4TH

The Four Operations

Introduction
In this study guide, we will dive into the realm of the four fundamental operations: addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division. These operations are like the building blocks of math,
helping us solve problems and understand the world around us.

Let’s embark on this journey together as we explore each operation with fun examples from
everyday life!

1. Addition
Concept:
• Addition is combining two or more numbers to find their total.
Formula:
• a+b=c
• ("a" and "b" are numbers being added, and "c" is their sum.)
Examples:
• You have 3 apples, and your friend gives you 4 more apples. How many apples do you have in
total? (3 + 4 = 7)
• You found 6 seashells on the beach. Later, you find 5 more. How many seashells do you have
altogether? (6 + 5 = 11)
MATHS GRADE 4TH

Daily Life Application:

• Adding up money when shopping.

• Counting the number of toys you have.

2. Subtraction
Concept:
• Subtraction is taking one number away from another to find the difference.

Formula:
• a-b=c
• ("a" is the starting number, "b" is the number being subtracted, and "c" is the difference.)

Examples:
• You have 8 marbles, and you give 3 to your friend. How many marbles do you have left? (8 - 3
= 5)
• There were 10 cookies on the plate. You ate 2 of them. How many cookies are left on the plate?
(10 - 2 = 8)
MATHS GRADE 4TH

Daily Life Application:

• Calculating change after buying something.

• Figuring out how many more chores you need to do before playtime.

3. Multiplication
Concept:
• Multiplication is repeated addition. It means adding the same number again and again.

Formula:
• a×b=c
• ("a" and "b" are the numbers being multiplied, and "c" is the product.)
Examples:
• You have 4 boxes, and each box contains 3 chocolates. How many chocolates do you have in
total? (4 × 3 = 12)
• There are 6 students in a class, and each student has 8 crayons. How many crayons are there in
total? (6 × 8 = 48)
MATHS GRADE 4TH

Daily Life Application:

• Determining the total number of legs on a certain number of animals.

• Finding out the total number of fruits in multiple baskets.

4. Division
Concept:
• Division is splitting a number into equal parts or groups.

Formula:
• a÷b=c
• ("a" is the total number, "b" is the number of groups, and "c" is the number in each group.)
MATHS GRADE 4TH

Examples:
• You have 12 candies, and you want to share them equally among 4 friends. How many candies
will each friend get? (12 ÷ 4 = 3)
• There are 24 cookies, and you want to pack them into 6 boxes. How many cookies will be in
each box? (24 ÷ 6 = 4)

Daily Life Application:

• Sharing snacks equally among friends or family.

• Dividing a pizza into slices to share with family.

Conclusion
Remember, these operations are not just numbers and symbols; they are tools that help us solve
problems and understand the world around us.
Keep practicing and exploring, and you’ll continue to unlock the secrets of mathematics!
MATHS GRADE 4TH

The Four Operations

Introduction
Time is an essential aspect of our lives. It helps us understand the sequence of events, manage our
activities efficiently, and plan for the future. Let’s explore the concept of time with simple
explanations and real-life examples.

What is Time?
Time is a measure of the duration between events. It helps us understand when things happen.

Units of Time
• Seconds: The smallest unit of time. Example: A stopwatch measures time in seconds.
• Minutes: Consist of 60 seconds. Example: A classroom period typically lasts for 30 minutes.
• Hours: Consist of 60 minutes. Example: A school day usually lasts for 6-8 hours.
• Days: Consist of 24 hours. Example: A calendar day starts at midnight and ends at midnight the
next day.
• Weeks: Consist of 7 days. Example: A week has seven days, including Sunday, Monday,
Tuesday, etc.
• Months: Different months have different numbers of days. Example: January has 31 days, while
February has 28 or 29 days.
• Years: Consist of 12 months. Example: A year has 365 days, except for a leap year which has
366 days.
MATHS GRADE 4TH

Clocks and Calendars

• Clocks: Help us measure time in hours, minutes, and seconds.
o Example: Wall clocks, wristwatches.
• Calendars: Help us keep track of days, weeks, months, and years.
o Example: A monthly calendar hanging on the wall.

Some Examples

Question Solution Answer

If Sarah wakes up at 7:30 AM and Sarah wakes up at 7:30 AM. Time spent
Sarah finishes
brushes her teeth for 15 minutes, then brushing teeth: 7:30 AM + 15 minutes =
breakfast at
eats breakfast for 20 minutes, what 7:45 AM. Time spent eating breakfast: 7:45
8:05 AM.
time does she finish breakfast? AM + 20 minutes = 8:05 AM.

The soccer game starts at 3:45 PM.

If a soccer game starts at 3:45 PM and The soccer
Duration: 1 hour 30 minutes. 3:45 PM + 1
lasts for 1 hour and 30 minutes, what game ends at
hour = 4:45 PM. 4:45 PM + 30 minutes =
time does the game end? 5:15 PM.
5:15 PM.

If Lisa goes to bed at 8:00 PM and Lisa finishes

Lisa goes to bed at 8:00 PM. Time spent
reads a book for 45 minutes, what reading at 8:45
reading: 8:00 PM + 45 minutes = 8:45 PM.
time does she finish reading? PM.

If a movie starts at 6:45 PM and lasts The movie starts at 6:45 PM. Duration: 2 The movie
for 2 hours and 15 minutes, what time hours 15 minutes. 6:45 PM + 2 hours = 8:45 ends at 9:00
does the movie end? PM. 8:45 PM + 15 minutes = 9:00 PM. PM.

There are 60 minutes in 1 hour. To find There are 1440

If there are 24 hours in a day, how
minutes in a day: 24 hours/day * 60 minutes in a
many minutes are there in a day?
minutes/hour = 1440 minutes. day.
MATHS GRADE 4TH

Daily Life Applications

• Getting Ready for School: You wake up at 7:00 AM, brush your teeth for 2 minutes, have
breakfast for 15 minutes, and leave for school at 8:00 AM.

• Cooking: Your mom starts cooking dinner at 6:00 PM and finishes by 7:00 PM.

• Sports Practice: Your soccer practice is from 4:00 PM to 5:30 PM every Monday and
Wednesday.
MATHS GRADE 4TH

• Bedtime Routine: You go to bed at 9:00 PM and sleep for 8 hours, waking up at 5:00 AM.

Importance of Time
• Time Management: Helps us complete tasks on time and be more productive.
• Punctuality: Being on time for appointments and events.
• Planning: Helps us set goals and achieve them effectively.