COMMUNICATION 3.

RECEIVER
-integral part of our daily lives -individual/group who receives and interprets the message
-enables us to connect, share, exchange thoughts, ideas, and -effectiveness of communication relies heavily on receiver's ability to
information comprehend and interpret message accurately

-process of exchanging ideas between individuals or group through 4. CHANNEL

various channels -mean by which message is conveyed from sender to receiver
-face2face, phone conversation, written correspondence
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
5. FEEDBACK
1. VERBAL -essential component
-most common -enables the sender to gauge the receiver understanding and
-use of spoken words & active listening response to the message

2. NON-VERBAL 6. NOISE
-involve expressing through body language, gestures, facial -any interference
expressions -disruption or barrier that blocks smooth transmission & reception of a
-can complement, reinforce or contradict verbal messages message

3. WRITTEN
-conveying messages, information, ideas, through written words

4. VISUAL
-utilizes images, graphics, etc.
-presenting complex data in a visually appealing and easy to
understand manner

ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION

1. SENDER
-individual who initiates communication process
-formulate and transmit a message
-intention to convey information to receiver

2. MESSAGE
-core content consisting of information
 FACTORS AFFECTING COMMUNICATION FUNCTION OF COMMUNICATION

1. NOISE 1. CONTROL OR REGULATION

-any distraction that disrupt smooth transmission -control behavior
-every organization has its regulations, and are communicated to all
2. CONTEXT members
-specific circumstances surrounding the communication process
EX; House rules
-physical setting, relationship, cultural/social factors
2. SOCIAL INTERACTION
3. CULTURE & LANGUAGE -allows interaction
-can significantly influence how messages are perceived & -because of needs to interact daily
understood
-different cultures may have unique communication norms that affect EX; Student talking to his parents regarding his allowance & school reqs
interpretation of message
3. MOTIVATION
COMMUNICATION PROCESS MODEL -motivates/encourages to live better
-internal/external
-emphasizes dynamic & interactive nature participating in exchange of
information ● INTERNAL MOTIVATION
-something personal, from within
STEPS:
EX; student motivated to study because of his desires to graduate with honors
1. ENCODING
● EXTERNAL MOTIVATION
-sender formulates message by transmitting thoughts -emanates from outside/people surrounding him
-involves choosing appropriate words
EX; student motivated to study hard because gusto daw ni crush ng matalino
2. TRANSMITTING
-once message is encoded, sender transmits through channel 4. EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION
-channel may vary -facilitates people's expresion of feelings & emotions
-does not involve ideas only, includes emotions
-as an individual communicates, he emotes
3. DECODING
-receiver interprets and assigns meaning to message
EX; An supertyphoon is coming, someone may inform his loved ones with
-based on understanding knowledge, personal experiences fear, love, or joy and excitement dahil walang pasok

4. FEEDBACK 5. INFORMATION DISSEMINATION

-receiver provides response or reaction to sender -convey information
-indicating their understanding of message -many events/incidents happen everyday, occurrences affect people so they
have to be informed
 IMPORTANCE OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION 2. ARISTOTLE MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
● Foster mutual understanding & build strong relationships -speaker centered model, only one active
● Enhance teamwork, problem solving, decision making -how audiences get influenced by speech
● Facilitate success in personal academic/professional endeavor -focus on convincing ability around his audience
-first model, proposed 300 B.C
VARIOUS MODELS OF COMMUNICATION -linear model
-5 primary elements
1. BERLO'S MODEL
-takes into account emotional aspect of message ● 3 ELEMENTS
-operates on SMCR model
-includes verbal/non-verbal A. ETHOS
-first most important quality
● DAVID KENNETH BERLO -credibility of his words and speech
-wrote book "Process of Communication" -use testimonials, reviews, display credentials, avoid errors,
-about process & objective of communication acknowledge counterarguments
-developed form Claude Shannon & Warren Weaver's model
B. PATHOS
● SOURCE/SENDER -feeling connected
-transfers information to receiver -way of appealing to emotion and values
-after putting his thoughts into words -can be done through stories/anecdotes, rhetorical devices, figure of
speech
● MESSAGE
-encoding process creating of message C. LOGOS
-means logic
● CHANNEL -"proper reasonable way of thinking about something"
-medium how information flows -use reasoning and facts
-5 senses -through data, statistics, research, studies, etc.

● RECEIVER CRITICISM
-decodes/understand message 1. No concept of feedback
2. Linear model
CRITICISMS 3. No factors such as noise
1. No Feedback 4. Only for public speaking
2. No barriers
3. No room for noise EX; Politician speaking to the Public
4. Linear model
5. Needs people to be on same level for communication to occur
3. SHANON & WEAVER MODEL OF COMMUNICATION -sender encodes message to receiver, like telephone & telegraph
-"mother of all models" -message sent in codes through medium
-social scientists use the term to refer to an integrated model of -receptor machine can act as decoder
concepts of information, source, message, transmitter, signal, -originally 5 components made, noise was added later
channel, noise, receiver, information destination, probability of error, -brain = sender, mouth = encoder, ear = receptor, brain =
encoding, decoding, information rate, channel capacity, etc. decoder/receiver
-related fundamental ideas were developed by Shannon ALONE
● SENDER
-model designed to develop effective communication between -originator of message
sender-receiver
-find factors that affects such as noise ● ENCODER
-first developed to improve Technical communication, now widely -transmitter converts message to signal
applied
● DECODER
CLAUDE ELWOOD SHANNON (1948) -reception place of signal
-American mathematician, electronic engineer -converts signal to message
-both of them join together to write the article in "Bell System
Technical Journal" called "A Mathematical Theory of Communication" ● RECEIVER
-destination of message
WARREN WEAVER
-article was founding work of field of information theory ● NOISE
-1949, book titled "Mathematical Theory of Communication" published -transferred from encoder-decoder through channel
as paperback in 1963 -message may distracted or affected by physical noise
-contains additional article by Warren, overview of theory for more
general audience - laid basic elements of communication CRITICISM
1. simplest model, applied in various theories
2. attract both academics of HUman communication & information
theorist to leads further research
3. more effective person-person communication
4. based on "Sender & Receiver"
5. not a one way process
6. understanding noise help solve various problems in communication
4. BARNLUND-TRANSACTIONAL MODEL TYPES
-by Dean Barnlund in 1970
-multi-layered feedback system for all parties 1. INTERPERSONAL
-recognizes anyone can be a sender and receiver at same time -people exchange information through verbal & non-verbal messages
-layers of feedback consist of verbal & non-verbal cues -face-to-face
-most systematic of the models
-dynamic, two way 2. INTRAPERSONAL
-communicator's internal use of language/thought
COMPONENTS -useful to envision occuring in mind of individual
1. CUES -commonly used or found in meetings/symposiums
-refer to signs for doing something
ADVANTAGES
A. PUBLIC CUES (CPU) ● shows shared field experience of both sender/receiver
-physical, environmental, artificial, natural or man-made ● simultaneous message sending noise & feedback
● most systematic model of communication
B. PRIVATE CUES (CPR)
-private objects of orientation, senses of a person DISADVANTAGES
● very complex
C. BEHAVIORAL CUES ● both sender & receiver must understand codes sent by each
-verbal/non-verbal other

2. JAGGED LINES
-show availability of cues can be unlimited
-donated as VVVV

3. VALENCE SIGNS
-+ 0 and - are attached to types of cues

4. SPEECH ACT
-particular instance of communication

5. FILTERS
-realities of people engaged in communication

6. NOISE
-problem arises in communication and disturbs flow
BARRIERS WEAKNESS
-noise, common barriers can be environmental, emotional, ● not systematic or formalized mode of representation. too few
sociocultural, difference in perspective, physical disabilities variables (Mortensen)
● include events we consider meaningless, generates questions,
USE & FUNCTION leaves much unanswered (Mortensen)
-2 people communicate w/ multiple messages
-multiple channels w/ parallel messages
-messages may be distorted, resulting in misunderstanding that fuels
and hinders model

5. HELICAL MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

-emphasized difficulties of communication
-based on simple helix gets bigger as it grows
-main characteristic is non-linear & evolutionary

-helix gives geometrical testimony to concept that communication

while moving forward is at the same time coming back upon itself and
being affected by past behavior
-flexible communication process

FRANK E.X. DANCE

-November 9, 1929 Brooklyn New York ● process of communication evolves from birth till existing
moment
HELIX ● all living entities start communicating from first day of their
-object 3D shape like that of a wire wound uniformly around a cylinder origin
or cone
DIFFERENCE WITH OTHER MODELS
Communication = Forever moving forward -no literal features/elements
-abstract model
STRENGTH
● important to approach models in spirit of speculation &
intellectual play (Mortensen)
● communication is continuous, unrepeatable, additive,
accumalitive, all experience contributes to shape of unfolding
moment; there is no break in action, no fixed begging, no pure
redundancy, no closure (Chapanis 1961)