DOE Targets for Onboard Hydrogen Storage Systems for Light-Duty Vehicles Table 2 Technical Targets: Onboard Hydrogen

Storage Systems Storage Parameter

System Gravimetric Capacity:
Usable, specific-energy from H2 (net a useful energy/max system mass)

Units
(kg H2/kg system) (kg H2/L system)

2010
(0.045)

2017
(0.055)

Ultimate
(0.075)

kWh/kg

1.5

1.8

2.5

System Volumetric Capacity:

b

Usable energy density from H2 (net useful energy/max system volume)

kWh/L

(0.028)

0.9

(0.040)

1.3

(0.070)

2.3

Storage System Cost :

Fuel cost

c

$/gge at pump
C C Cycles bar (abs) bar (abs) % % min (kg H2/min) (g/s)/kW s s s

$/kWh net ($/kg H2)

TBD (TBD)
3-7

TBD (TBD)
2-4
-40/60 (sun) -40/85 1500 5 FC/35 ICE 12 FC/100 ICE 90 60 3.3 (1.5) 0.02 5 15 0.75

TBD (TBD)
2-4
-40/60 (sun) -40/85 1500 3 FC/35 ICE 12 FC/100 ICE 90 60 2.5 (2.0) 0.02 5 15 0.75

Durability/Operability:

Operating ambient temperature d Min/max delivery temperature Operational cycle life (1/4 tank to full) e Min delivery pressure from storage system; FC= fuel cell, ICE= internal combustion engine Max delivery pressure from storage systemf

-30/50 (sun) -40/85 1000 5 FC/35 ICE 12 FC/100 ICE 90 60 4.2 (1.2) 0.02 5 15 0.75

Onboard Efficiency Well to Powerplant Efficiency

Charging / Discharging Rates:

System fill time (5 kg) Minimum full flow rate Start time to full flow (20C) g Start time to full flow (-20C) g Transient response 10%-90% and 90% 0% h
i

Fuel Purity (H2 from storage) : Environmental Health & Safety:

Permeation & leakage j Toxicity Safety Loss of useable H2 k

% H2
Scc/h (g/h)kg H2 stored

SAE J2719 and ISO/PDTS 14687-2 (99.97% dry basis)

Meets or exceeds applicable standards 0.1 0.05 0.05

Useful constants: 0.2778 kWh/MJ; 33.3 kWh/kg H2; 1 kg H2 1 gal gasoline equivalent.

Note: The above targets are based on the lower heating value of hydrogen. Targets are for a complete system, including tank, material, valves, regulators, piping, mounting brackets, insulation, added cooling capacity, and/or other balance-of-plant components. All capacities are defined as useable capacities that could be delivered to the powerplant (i.e. fuel cell or internal combustion engine). All targets must be met at the end of service life (approximately 1,500 cycles or 5,000 operation hours, equivalent of 150,000 miles). Unless otherwise indicated, all targets are for both hydrogen internal combustion engine and for hydrogen fuel cell use, based on the low likelihood of power plant specific fuel being commercially viable. Commercial systems must meet manufacturing specifications for cycle life variation; see note [e] to cycle life below.

Revision 4.0

Page 9 of 22

Footnotes to Table 2
a

b c

g h

Generally the full mass (including hydrogen) is used; for systems that gain weight, the highest mass during discharge is used. All capacities are net useable capacity able to be delivered to the powerplant. Capacities must be met at end of service life. Note: Storage system costs targets are currently under review and may be changed at a future date. 2005 US$; includes off-board costs such as liquefaction, compression, fuel regeneration, etc; ultimate target based on H2 production cost of $2 to $3/gasoline gallon equivalent untaxed, independent of production pathway. Stated ambient temperature plus full solar load. No allowable performance degradation from 20 C to 40 C. Allowable degradation outside these limits is to be determined. Equivalent to 200,000; 300,000; and 300,000 miles respectively (current gasoline tank spec). Manufactured items have item-to-item variation. The variation as it affects the customer is covered by the cycle life target of number of cycles. Testing variation is addressed by testing variation metrics. It is expected that only one or two systems will be fabricated to test life of early concepts. The data generated has great uncertainty associated with it due to the low number of samples. Thus a factor is required to account for this uncertainty. The effect is to increase the required cycle life based on normal statistics using the number of samples tested. The value is given in the form XX/YY where XX is the acceptable percentage of the target life (90 means 90%), and YY is the percent confidence that the true mean will be inside the xx% of the target life (99 indicates 99% confidence or an alpha value of 0.01). For demonstration fleets this is less critical and no target is specified to functionally enable single specimen testing. Variation testing needs to be included for general sales. By the time full fleet production is reached, testing levels will also need to tighten, but availability of multiple samples will no longer be a problem. This entire sequence is standard practice in the mass production of automobiles and their components. Units are in minimum percent of the mean and a percentage confidence level. The technology readiness goals are: minimum percentage of the mean of 90% at a 99% confidence level. For delivery to the storage system, in the near-term, the forecourt should be capable of delivering 10,000 psi (700 bar) compressed hydrogen, liquid hydrogen, or chilled hydrogen (77K) at 5,000 psi (350 bar). In the long term, it is anticipated that delivery pressures will be reduced to between 50 and 150 bar for materials-based storage systems, based on todays knowledge of sodium alanate (Ti-catalyzed NaAlH4). Flow must initiate within 25% of target time. At operating temperature.

The storage system is not expected to provide any purification for the incoming hydrogen, and will receive hydrogen at the purity levels required for the fuel cell. The hydrogen purity specifications are currently in both SAE J2719: Technical Information Report on the Development of a Hydrogen Quality Guideline in Fuel Cell Vehicles (harmonized with ISO/PDTS 14687-2) and ISO/PDTS 14687-2: Hydrogen Fuel Product Specification Part 2: PEM fuel cell applications for road vehicles. Examples include: total non-particulates, 300 ppm; H2O, 5 ppm; total hydrocarbons (C1 basis), 2 ppm; O2, 5 ppm; He, 300 ppm; N2 + Ar combined, 100 ppm; CO2, 2 ppm; CO, 0.2 ppm; total S, 0.004 ppm; formaldehyde (HCHO), 0.01 ppm; formic acid (HCOOH), 0.2 ppm; NH3, 0.1 ppm; total halogenates, 0.05 ppm; maximum particle size, <10 m; and particulate concentration, <1 g/L H2. These are subject to change. See Appendix on Hydrogen Quality in the DOE EERE Hydrogen Fuel Cells and Infrastructure Technologies Program Multiyear Research, Development and Demonstration Plan (www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/mypp/ ) to be updated as fuel purity analyses progress. Note that some storage technologies may produce contaminants for which effects are unknown; these will be addressed by system engineering design on a case by case basis as more information becomes available. Total hydrogen lost into the environment as H2; relates to hydrogen accumulation in enclosed spaces. Storage system must comply with CSA/HGV2 standards for vehicular tanks. This includes any coating or enclosure that incorporates the envelope of the storage system. Total hydrogen lost from the storage system, including leaked or vented hydrogen; relates to loss of range.

Revision 4.0

Page 10 of 22