© Copyright INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2003. All rights reserved.

ENGINE OILS AND CLASSIFICATION

• Dynamic
• Global
• Complex
 OUTLINE
• Evolution of engine oil quality levels
• Industry associations
• Timeline
• API engine oil classification system
• American Chemistry Council (ACC) Code of Practice
• API Engine Oil Licensing and Certification System (EOLCS)
• Current engine test requirements and future trends
• Worldwide engine oil classification
HOW AN ENGINE OIL IS DEVELOPED

• An engine problem is found in the field

• An oil quality improvement is postulated as a solution
• The oil and additive industries are requested to work on
the problem
• A formulation is found which solves the problem
• Laboratory engine tests to screen suitable oils are
developed
• The engine manufacturer or an industry body issues a
new oil specification
 HOW DO YOU MEASURE
ENGINE OIL PERFORMANCE?

Oil Related Engine Deposits Engine Wear

• Oxidation Carbon and Varnish: • Valve train wear and pitting
• Thickening • Piston grooves and • Bearing wear
• Bearing corrosion lands • Ring Wear
• Viscosity • Ring sides and rear • Liner wear
• Seal degradation Sludge: • Bore polishing
• Rocker cover
• Sump Rust and Corrosion
• Timing case • Valve lifters
• Oil ring clogging • Bearings
• Oil pump screen
clogging
INDUSTRY TECHNICAL SOCIETIES

The Tripartite SAE

• Determines
need
• Publishes
specifications

ASTM API
• Defines test • Develops user
procedures language
• Defines • Educates consumer
performance • Gives lubricant
targets licenses
• Monitors test • Monitors aftermarket
performance
 TIMELINE
• 1911 SAE viscosity classification system
• Early 1950’s API introduces ML,MM,MS (gasoline) and DG, DM, DS (diesel)
classification system
• Mid 1960’s Introduction of the Sequence Tests
• ~1960-1980 Mil-L-46152 and Mil-L 2104 (US military specs) are a major
influence to oil quality worldwide
• 1970 Tripartite introduces the present engine oil classification system
• 1983 API Service Symbol introduced and API begins issuing licenses
• 1990 CMA (ACC) panel develops Code of Practice
• 1992 ACC (American Chemistry Council) Code of Practice implemented
• 1993 EOLCS (Engine Oil Licensing and Certification System)
• 2001 ILSAC GF-3
• 2002 API CI-4
 API ENGINE OIL
CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

OBSOLETE CI-4
CURRENT CH-4

Heavy Duty CF-4

CG-4

CD/CF-2
SL ???
CD CD-II/CE SJ
CC SH
CB SG
CA SF
SE
SD
SC
SA/SB Passenger Car

1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Model Year
 ACC CODE OF PRACTICE
• Voluntary minimum standard
• Developed for the API Engine Oil Licensing and
Certification System
• Helps ensure that a particular engine lubricant
meets its performance specifications
– Specified tests, procedures and record
keeping
• ACC contract with Registration Systems, Inc.
monitoring agency
 ACC CODE OF PRACTICE
MAIN FEATURES
• Testing equipment is current, calibrated and monitored with ASTM
Test Monitoring Center (TMC)
• Engine Tests are registered with an independent monitoring agency
(RSI) prior to running; Tests can only be run in referenced stands
which meet statistical acceptance criteria
• Test Labs can be selected, but test stands are randomly assigned
• Test results are severity adjusted and then judged against MTEP
(multiple test evaluation procedures) for pass or fail
• Minor formulation modifications and program guidelines are defined
• All results are communicated to customer via a Candidate Data
Package
• Annual audits
 MTEP
• Multiple Test Evaluation Procedure
• Any data based approach to
evaluate the quality and
performance of an oil where one or
more tests were conducted
• All operationally valid tests are considered
• MTEP test parameters are defined in
Appendix N of API 1509
 ACC CODE GUIDELINES
• Minor Formulation Modifications
• Program Guidelines
– Based on criteria set by work group of
industry formulators
– Based on knowledge of performance of
engine oils in each test type
– Verified by industry data
 EOLCS - KEY ELEMENTS
• Voluntary licensing and certification program- API 1509
publication
• Define, certify and monitor engine oil performance
• All engine tests must be run according to the CMA Code
of Practice
• Two types of marks help consumer identify products
– API Service Symbol (Donut)
• Based on API categories
– API Certification Mark (Starburst)
• Based on ILSAC minimum performance standards
• Aftermarket conformance audits
• Enforcement procedures
 COMPARISON OF SYMBOLS
API
Service Symbol Certification Mark

“Donut” “Starburst”
 EOLCS - LICENSING PROCEDURE
• Marketer responsible for product performance
• Certification that product meets requirements
– Each brand
– Each viscosity grade
• API base oil interchangeability guidelines
• API engine oil viscosity grade read-across guidelines
• Bench/chemical/physical property disclosure
• Agreement to audit
• Fees
 ILSAC
• International Lubricant Standardization and Approval
Committee
• Led by AAMA in conjunction with JAMA
– Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers
– Japanese Automobile Manufacturers Association
• Members include:
General Motors Ford DaimlerChrysler Honda
Isuzu Toyota Nissan Mazda
Mitsubishi Subaru
• Develop and issue passenger car engine oil performance
standards
– GF-1, GF-2, GF-3
• ILSAC Certification Marks are licensed by API
 CURRENT PASSENGER CAR ENGINE
OIL QUALITY- ILSAC GF-3

• Minimum performance standard for

gasoline-fueled passenger car engine oils
• Must meet engine test requirements same
as API SL plus fuel economy requirements
as defined by the Sequence VI-B test
• GF-3 licensing effective July 1, 2001
 DYNAMOMETER ENGINE TESTS
TO MEASURE ILSAC GF-3 QUALITY

Lubricant Engine
Property Test Description
Rust inhibition BRT Bench Test
Oxidation control IIIF GM 3.8L V-6
Sludge and VG Ford 4.6L 8 cylinder
varnish control
Wear control IVA/IIIF As above + Nissan KA 24
2.4L SOHC
Bearing corrosion VIII Single cylinder CLR 4.6L
resistance V-8 gasoline engine
Fuel economy VIB Ford 4.6L V-8 SOHC
Reasons for Developing API SL and ILSAC GF-3

Specifications suffered changes along the years

1995 1997 2001

Fuel Economy and
Fuel Economy Fuel Economy
Retention
Protect Emissions Protect Emissions
Reduce Deposits
System System
Oxidation Control
Increase Oil Drain Global
Interval Improvements
Volatility
Parts Availability Parts Availability
Parts Availability
 WHAT’S NEXT- U.S. PASSENGER CAR
OIL QUALITY

• In 2001, US OEMs proposed a new category of

performance requirements, (ILSAC) GF-4
• Main driving force was emission system protection
• Initial request included 3 new test procedures
• Timing delayed and now earliest possible
implementation for 2005 model vehicles (API first use
2004)
• GF-4 oils will have a strong appetite for high quality
Group II basestocks
ILSAC GF-3 to GF-4 : Technical Challenges
GF-3 GF-4
2X IIIF Oxidation
Sequence IIIF Improved Deposits Sequence IIIG
Used Oil Low Temp

Sequence VIB Improved FEI Sequence VIB

Improved Emissions
P < 0.1 Lower ZDDP P < 0.08

45 mg to 25-35 mg
TEOST MHT Improved Deposits TEOST MHT

Improved Emissions May

No S Limit limit Base Oil Selection S < 0.5

Other Tests No Change Other Tests

CURRENT HEAVY DUTY DIESEL ENGINE OIL
QUALITY - API CI-4

• Developed in response to the need for EGR engines to

control NOx emissions
• EGR leads to increased soot loadings and increased
acid. API CI-4 oils therefore require
– Improved dispersancy
– Greater protection against soot induced wear
– More effective use of TBN to neutralise extra acid
– Increased anti-oxidancy capability

• Category timing moved forward from 2004 to 2002 as a

result of EMA settlement with EPA
• Final specification for this performance category
approved with first licensing September 2, 2002
 DYNAMOMETER ENGINE TESTS TO
MEASURE API CI-4 QUALITY

Lubricant Multi-Engine
Property Test Description

Ring and liner wear Mack T-10 Multicylinder turbocharged EGR diesel
Valvetrain wear
Sludge/Filter Pressure M-11 EGR Multicylinder turbocharged EGR diesel
Piston deposit CAT 1R Single cylinder diesel without EGR

Wear control RFWT GM 6.5L prechamber diesel

Soot thickening/
viscosity increase control Mack T-8E Multicylinder turbocharged diesel
Oxidation control Sequence IIIF GM 3.8L V-6
Engine oil aeration HEUI Navistar 7.3L V-8
 Latest Dispersant Technology Offers
Exceptional Soot Management Capability

60 Viscosity in Mack T-8E

50

API CH-4
40
KV 100

Dispersant
Technology
30

20

10 API CI-4
Dispersant
0 Technology
0 100 200 300 400 500

Hours

• State-of-the-art dispersant technology in Infineum D3420 series provide ample

opportunities for developing marketing claims based on soot handling
capabilities
WHAT’S NEXT – U.S. HDD OIL QUALITY?
• Tier III federal emissions for 2007 will be an order of magnitude
lower than Tier II and the use of aftermarket devices to control
emissions is highly likely
• A variety of different emissions reduction methods are possible,
but all involve the use of exhaust aftertreatment devices of some
kind
• All of these aftertreatment systems are known to be sensitive to
fuel sulphur. The impact of lubricant sulfur has not been
determined
• PC-10 request letter issued by EMA
• EMA wants PC-10 quality oils in market by June 2006 to match
timing of 15 ppm sulfur fuel
 EUROPEAN LUBE QUALITY

ATC Code of Practice

• Builds on ACC but adapts to European
environment
• Applies to CEC tests used in ACEA
sequences
ATIEL Code of Practice
• European equivalent to API EOLCS

EELQMS
• Pulls them all together
 ACEA
• Association des Constructeurs Européens
d’Automobiles
• Now includes Ford, GM, Volvo, Saab-Scania
• Issues new lubricant sequences
• No direct quality monitoring, logos or approvals
• Requires oils to be developed using European
Engine Lubricant Quality Monitoring System
(EELQMS)
• Formerly called CCMC (Committee of Common
Market Automobile Constructors)
 ACEA SEQUENCES
• Gasoline engines
– A1 Low viscosity, fuel economy
– A2 Conventional viscosity
– A3 Stable oil for high performance engines
– A4 Reserved for gasoline direct injection engines
– A5 Stable oil for high performance engines and extended drains
• Light duty diesel
– B1 Low viscosity, fuel economy
– B2 Conventional viscosity
– B3 As B2 but more severe on wear and soot control
– B4 For direct injected engine
– B5 Stable stay-in-grade oil suitable for extended drains
• Heavy duty diesel
– E2 Approximately MB p228.1 level
– E3 Approximately MB p228.3 level
– E4 Approximately MB p228.5 level
– E5 Approximately MB p228.3* / API CH-4 (less Caterpillar 1P)
• Quality system (EELQMS) requires use of ATIEL/ATC/ACC codes

*Not as severe on deposits

 KEY EUROPEAN OEMs
Passenger Cars
• Volkswagen
– VW 500.00 (obsolete) VW 501.01 (obsolete)
– VW 502.00 VW 503.00
– VW 505.00 VW 505.01
– VW 506.00 VW 506.01

• Mercedes-Benz
– p. 229.1 (for old engines with drain interval up to 15 KKm)
– p. 229.3 (new engines and interval: 15KKm)
– p. 229.5 (long drain: 20KKm)

• Peugeot, Ford and BMW have significant impact on oil quality

throughout Europe, may combine in-house tests with
ACEA/API categories
 KEY EUROPEAN OEMs
Heavy Duty Diesel
• Mercedes
– p.228.5 Bore polish, wear and deposits, 90,000 km drain interval
– p.228.3 Bore polish, wear and deposits, 45,000 km drain interval
– p.228.1(p.228.0) Bore polish, wear and deposits, 30,000 km drain interval
– p.227.1(p.227.0) Bore polish and deposits in naturally aspirated, normal drain
• MAN
– 3277 Broadly equivalent to MB 228.5
– 3275 Broadly equivalent to MB 228.3
• Volvo
– VDS, VDS2, Volvo drain specifications require field tests to assess
VDS3 bore polish and cleanliness performance in severe service
• Scania
– LDF Long drain specification requirements 2 x 120,000 km field
test
• Other OEMs tend to specify ACEA levels of performance
 OIL CLASSIFICATION - JAPAN
• JAMA
– Japanese Automobile Manufacturers Association
• JASO
– Develops test procedures
• Individual OEMs
– Do not use JASO tests for defining oil quality
• In Japan
– OEMs recommend ‘genuine oils’
– Developed DH-1 spec for newer engines
• Outside Japan
– OEMs recommend API quality
– Support for worldwide conformity
 Oil Classification - Global
• In the year 2000, the EMA, ACEA and JAMA
issued a new lubricant specification – Global
DHD-1
• This spec combines aspects of API CH-4,
ACEA E-5 and JAMA DH-1, and it is endorsed
by all three for use in 1998 and newer
emission controlled engines primarily in
applications outside of their home market
– not suitable for EGR equipped engines
 SUMMARY - WHO DOES WHAT?

U.S. Europe Japan

Test rules (additive companies) ACC ATC -
Base stock rules API ATIEL (API)
(petroleum companies)
Engine builders
EMA/AAM ACEA JAMA
Specifications
API ACEA (JASO)
Approvals
API - -
Test Procedures
ASTM CEC JASO
 SUMMARY

• OEMs continue to challenge the oil and

additive industry with ever increasing quality
levels
• Marketers must have oils that meet both
industry and OEM specifications
• Category life is becoming crucial for marketers
and OEMs so they can appropriately ensure an
adequate return on investment
• Market tiering in NA is likely as costs for new
quality levels continue to grow
 APPENDIX

• Industry Links
• Worldwide Testing Organizations
• European Governing Bodies
• European and Japanese Engine Tests
 INDUSTRY LINKS
• ACC: http://www.americanchemistry.com
• ACC Code: www.americanchemistry.com/affiliate
• API: http://API-ep.API.org
• ASTM: www.astm.org
• SAE: www.sae.org
• ATC: http://www.atc-erc.com
• ATC Code: http://www.atc-erc.com/2002code/e-Code.htm
• ATIEL: www.atiel.org
• ATIEL Code: http://www.atiel.org/codes_of_practice.asp
• ACEA: www.acea.be
• ACEA Sequences:
http://www.acea.be/acea/20020618PublicationsOilSequences.pdf
• JASO: www.jalos.or.ip
 TESTING ORGANIZATIONS
• US
– ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
• Europe
– CEC Coordinating European Council for the
Development of Performance Tests for
Transportation Fuels, Lubricants and other
Fluids
– IP Institute of Petroleum, UK
• Standards organizations
– ISO International Standards Organisation
– CEN Centre Européen De Normalisation
– BSI British Standards Institute
– DIN Deutsches Institut Für Normung
– ANSI Amercial National Standards Institute
– AFNOR Association Français De Normalisation
– JASO Japanese Standards Organisation
 ATC

• Technical Committee of Petroleum

Additive Manufacturers in Europe
– Activities include lobbying, health
and safety, performance testing
– Actively promoting quality
philosophy in Europe
 ATIEL

• Association Techinque de L’ Industrie

Européene des Lubrifiants
• Companies with HQ outside Europe had not
been represented but have now joined
• Member companies discuss technical issues
relating to lubricant industry in Europe
 CEC
• The coordinating council for the development of
performance tests for transportation fuels, lubricants
and other fluids
• Senior committees are appointed by national
organizations (14 countries)
• Working groups are formed by representatives from
individual oil companies, OEMs, laboratories, additive
companies
• Major challenge to combine speed with quality
• Unlike the US tripartite, CEC covers only test methods
and not classifications
EUROPEAN GASOLINE ENGINE TESTS

• Valve train scuffing and wear PSA TU3M (TU3MS)

• Low-temperature black sludge MB M111 (M111SL)
and wear
• High-temperature deposits PSA TU3M (hot) (TU3MH)
• Fuel economy MB M111 FE (M111FE)
• High-temperature performance VWT4
and TBN rentention
 EUROPEAN DIESEL ENGINE TESTS

• Piston deposits and ring stick VW ICTD

VW DI
MB OM 602A
• Cam and cylinder wear
PSA XUD11 BTE

• Medium temperature dispersivity MB OM 364A/

MB OM 364LA
MB OM 441LA
• Piston cleanliness/bore polishing
 JAPANESE ENGINE TESTS

Gasoline
• Valve train wear Nissan KA24E

Diesel
Mitsubishi 4D34T4
• Valve train wear
Nissan Diesel TD25
• High temperature piston deposit
© Copyright INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2003. All rights reserved.