2025
Solar PV Integration with Grid: Designing Buck, Boost
Converter and Inverter
Noor M Ansari Atharv G Bartakke Vaibhav S Mule
Department of Electrical Department of Electrical Engneering Department of Electrical
Engneering , . Engneering .
Trinity College of Trinity College of Trinity College of
Engineering & Engineering & Engineering &
Research, Research, Research,
Pune,India Pune,India Pune,India
nooransari76@gmail.com atharvbartakke6877@gmail.com mulevaibhav448@gmail.com
Karan Marathe
Department of Electrical
Engneering .
Trinity College of
Engineering &
Research,
Pune,India
karanmarathe45@gmail.com
Abstract— This research proposes a novel approach to the converters, and inverters—in enabling seamless and efficient
The integration of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems into the grid integration of solar PV systems. These components not
electrical grid is an important step in advancing sustainable only ensure that solar energy is efficiently converted and
energy solutions. Solar power generation, while abundant transferred, but also that the entire system is safe, stable, and
and renewable, generates direct current (DC) electricity meets grid criteria.
that must be converted to alternating current (AC) to meet
the power grid's voltage and frequency needs. To efficiently Solar PV systems generate direct current (DC) electricity,
integrate solar PV systems with the grid, important power which must be converted into alternating current (AC) to
electronics components such as buck converters, boost match the grid's requirements. This conversion process
converters, and inverters need to be designed and
involves multiple stages, including voltage regulation,
optimized.This study investigates the design concepts and
operational features of these critical components, which maximum power point tracking (MPPT), and
play an important role in solar energy optimization, synchronization with the grid. DC-DC converters (buck and
regulation, and conversion. A buck converter steps down boost) and inverters are essential components that ensure
the voltage from the solar panels, ensuring that it is suitable optimal energy harvest, stable operation, and compliance
for charging batteries or flowing into the grid. In contrast, with grid standards.
a boost converter is used to increase the voltage, assuring
compliance with higher voltage levels required for grid Buck Converter is a dc-to-dc converter that performs step-
integration, especially when the solar panel output is less down conversion of applied dc input. In a buck converter, the
than what is required for grid connection. Inverters, the applied fixed dc input is lowered to a set dc output voltage,
heart of PV integration, convert solar panels' DC output hence the buck converter's output voltage is always lower
into AC power appropriate for grid synchronization. than the input voltage. The Buck converter is also known as
the step-down converter or step-up chopper. Bulk converters'
Keywords— Solar PV system, Buck and Boost converter, effective power conversion lowers heat production and
Inverter, Battery, prolongs battery life. Therefore, it is primarily chosen for the
manufacturing of tiny devices. There are many interesting
INTRODUCTION uses for it. It is frequently utilized in switched-mode power
supplies (SMPS) when the desired output DC voltage is
The fast development of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems as lower than the input DC voltage.
a clean and sustainable energy source has considerably aided
the global transition to renewable energy. However, Buck converter circuits use a variety of semiconductor
integrating solar PV systems with the electrical grid brings devices as switches, including power MOSFETs, power
unique issues due to solar energy's intrinsic fluctuation and BJTs, IGBTs, and GTOs. Since thyristors require an
the necessity for efficient power conversion and control. This additional external communication circuit, they are typically
review study is focused on the crucial function of power not utilized in dc-dc converters. However, by keeping the
electronic components—specifically buck converters, boost voltage between the gate and the IGBT's collector terminal
or the gate and the power MOSFET's source terminal at zero, literature. describes challenges in analysing and simulating
either device can be switched off. power electronics. The simulation package (pspice)
calculates the circuit's waveforms, dynamic and steady-state
A boost converter is a DC-DC converter that steps up the performance for the designed system.
input voltage to produce a greater output voltage. It is
extensively utilized in applications where a higher voltage is C. Inverter:
required than that provided by the power source. These
converters are essential in a variety of applications, including An inverter converts a direct current voltage (DC) to an
solar power systems, battery-powered electronics, power alternating current voltage (AC). In most circumstances,
supplies, and electric vehicles. the input DC voltage is lower, while the output AC voltage
is equivalent to the grid supply voltage, which is either 120
An inverter is a vital component of a solar photovoltaic (PV)
volts or 240 volts depending on the country. The inverter
system that converts the direct current (DC) electricity
can be built as standalone equipment for uses such as solar
produced by solar panels into alternating current (AC), which
power or as a backup power source using batteries that are
is utilized by most domestic appliances and the power grid.
charged separately .The opposite arrangement occurs when
A battery in a solar photovoltaic (PV) system stores excess
it is part of a larger circuit, such as a power supply unit or a
electricity produced by solar panels. It allows for energy use
UPS. In this situation, the inverter input DC comes from the
when solar generation is minimal or unavailable, such as at
rectified mains AC in the PSU, or from the rectified AC in
night or on cloudy days. Batteries are critical components of
the UPS while there is power, and from the batteries when
off-grid, hybrid, and backup power systems, increasing
there is a power outage. Inverters are classified into distinct
energy independence and system resilience.
categories based on the shape of the switching waveform.
These have varied circuit layouts, efficiency, benefits, and
I. RELATED WORK
downsides. An inverter converts dc power sources into ac
A. Solar PV System 5: An Overview voltage, which is helpful for powering electronics and
electrical equipment rated at the ac mains voltage.
A solar photovoltaic (PV) system uses photovoltaic cells to Furthermore, they are commonly utilized as inverting
directly convert sunlight into electricity. As a clean, stages in switched mode power supply. The circuits are
sustainable, and eco-friendly substitute for fossil fuels, these classed based on the switching technology and switch type,
systems are an essential part of renewable energy solutions. the waveform, the frequency, and the output waveform.
Large-scale solar farms and commercial, industrial, and
residential settings all make extensive use of solar D. Battery:
photovoltaic systems. They play a significant role in
decreasing greenhouse gas emissions and addressing climate A solar battery is a device that you may install in your solar
change. key Components of Solar PV Systems Solar panels power system to store surplus electricity generated by your
(PV modules) convert sunlight into direct current electricity. solar panels.You can utilize the stored energy to power your
Inverters convert direct current (DC) electricity into home when your solar panels are not producing enough
alternating current (AC) for usage in homes and businesses. electricity, such as at night, on cloudy days, or during
Mounting Structure - Supports and places the solar panels for power outages.A solar battery's purpose is to allow you to
maximum sunshine exposure. Battery (optional): Stores make better use of the solar energy you generate. If you
surplus energy for use at night or during power shortages. don't have battery storage, any excess electricity from solar
Charge Controller (For Off-Grid Systems) - Regulates power power flows to the grid, which means you're creating power
to batteries to prevent overcharging. Metering and and distributing it to other people without fully utilizing the
Monitoring System - Monitors system performance and electricity your panels generate first.
energy generation. .
B. Buck and Boost converter:
The dc-dc converter is a tiny, lightweight, and highly
efficient power supply that utilizes a semiconductor
switching element. It responds fast and appropriately to I. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
variations in input voltage within normal operating
conditions, returning to the typical operational state. The
system consists of two components: (i) a switching power
supply unit that operates at high frequency to convert a dc
input voltage VIN to a dc output voltage VOUT, and (ii) a
control unit that regulates the switching operation of the
power supply unit. The dc input voltage to the converters is
considered to have zero internal impedance. The output stage
includes a tiny filter as an integrated part of the dc-to-dc
converter. The output is supposed to supply a load with
similar resistance. For years, power-electronics circuits have
been analysed and simulated using computer techniques. The
and reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by meeting
III. LITURATURE REVIEW growing energy demand for the last couple of decades. Their efforts
accelerate the need for large-scale renewable energy resources
(RER) integration into existing electricity grids. The intermittent
KALYANI R. LOKHANDE, P. LOKHANDE (2024) nature of the dominant RER, e.g., solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind
[1] This paper presents the integration of solar panels into systems, poses operational and technical challenges in their
standalone applications using a high-gain DC-DC converter effective integration by hampering network reliability and stability.
coupled with an MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) This article reviews and discusses the challenges reported due to
controller. Specifically, a Non-isolated Interleaved Quadratic the grid integration of solar PV systems and relevant proposed
Boost Converter topology serves as the DC-DC converter for the solutions. Among various technical challenges, it reviews the non-
charge controller implementation. The Perturb and Observe dispatch-ability, power quality, angular and voltage stability,
reactive power support, and fault ride-through capability related to
method is the MPPT algorithm used, and it tracks the solar panel’
solar PV systems grid integration. Also, it addresses relevant
s maximum power. An interleaved quadratic boost converter socioeconomic, environmental, and electricity market challenges.
raises the voltage while the photovoltaic array collects solar Finally, it highlights the proposed solution methodologies,
radiation and produces electricity. The performance of a high-gain including grid codes, advanced control strategies, energy storage
converter, designed with specifications for 600W, 16/400V, and a systems, and renewable energy policies to combat the discussed
40KHz switching frequency, is validated through simulation using challenges. The findings of this article assist the power system
MATLAB SIMULINK, achieving an efficiency of 94.53% scholars and researchers in conducting further research in this field.
. Furthermore, it helps the decisionmakers to choose the appropriate
MD SHAFIULLAH 1 , (SHAKIR D. AHMED 1 , AND FAHAD technologies to deal with the anticipated challenges associated with
A. AL-SULAIMAN1,2 (2022) [2] World leaders and scientists the grid integration of PV systems.
have been putting immense efforts into strengthening energy
security and reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by meeting M. Gupta and S. P. Phulambrikar (2014)[5], In their
growing energy demand for the last couple of decades. Their efforts work "Modified Direct Torque Control Algorithm for
accelerate the need for large-scale renewable energy resources Regeneration Capability of IM Driven Electric Vehicle by Using
(RER) integration into existing electricity grids. The intermittent Hybrid Energy Storage System," they offer a novel way to
nature of the dominant RER, e.g., solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind increase the efficiency of electric vehicles (EVs) by enhancing
systems, poses operational and technical challenges in their regenerative braking. To optimize torque and flux management in
effective integration by hampering network reliability and stability. induction motors (IM), which are commonly found in EVs, the
This article reviews and discusses the challenges reported due to authors suggest a modified direct torque control (MDTC) method.
the grid integration of solar PV systems and relevant proposed This approach lowers the error between the reference and real
solutions. Among various technical challenges, it reviews the non- voltage at the IM terminals by introducing a three-level hysteresis
dispatch-ability, power quality, angular and voltage stability, controller that controls the duty ratio of the voltage vector. This
reactive power support, and fault ride-through capability related to advancement is significant because it achieves smoother and more
solar PV systems grid integration. Also, it addresses relevant responsive control by addressing major problems with
socioeconomic, environmental, and electricity market challenges. conventional direct torque control (DTC) algorithms, including
Finally, it highlights the proposed solution methodologies, variable switching frequency, high total harmonic distortion, and
including grid codes, advanced control strategies, energy storage big torque ripple.
systems, and renewable energy policies to combat the discussed Hathila Ajaykumar V,Patel Pradipkumar S (218)[6The paper
challenges. The findings of this article assist the power system presents the application & design of DC/DC boost converter. The
scholars and researchers in conducting further research in this field. input is given by PV array and therefore
Furthermore, it helps the decisionmakers to choose the appropriate
the design and simulation in this paper covers the whole range of
technologies to deal with the anticipated challenges associated with
radiations. DC/DC boost converter is applied to
the grid integration of PV systems.
photovoltaic system for the maximum power point tracking. In the
paper we analyze the equations of a DC-DC boost
TEKAI EDDINE KHALIL ZIDANE 1 , ALI SALEH AZIZ 2 ,
converter and propose a design components and simulation of dc-
YOUNES ZAHRAOUI 3 , HOSSAM KOTB 4 , KAREEM M.
dc converter and pv array under different radiation condition.
ABORAS 4 , KITMO 5 , AND YOSEF BERHAN JEMBER
B. M. Hasaneen; Adel A. Elbaset Mohammed (2024) [7], This
(2023) [3] T Due to photovoltaic (PV) technology advantages as a
paper presents a design and simulation of DC/DC boost converter.
clean, secure, and pollution-free energy source, PV power plants
This system has a nonlinear dynamic behavior, as it work in
installation have shown an essential role in the energy sector.
switch-mode. Moreover, it is exposed to significant variations
Nevertheless, the PV power plant cost of energy must be
which may take this system away from nominal conditions, due to
competitive when compared to traditional energy sources.
changes on the load or on the line voltage at the input. The input
Therefore, numerous studies are continuously being conducted
usually is obtained by PV array and therefore the design and
aiming to optimize PV power plants, including components
simulation in this paper covers the whole range of radiations and
arrangements within the installation site, the inverter topology,
temperature. In this paper we analyze the equations of a boost
cables, PV modules and inverters numbers, PV module tilt angle
converter and propose a design components and simulation of
and shading effect. For selecting the most suitable combinations for
DC/DC boost converter. This work is applied to photovoltaic
system parameters, this study seeks to systematically analyze and
system for tracking the point of maximum power.
synthesize the design of the PV power plant optimization from the
current literature. The study also examines component sizing for
PV power plants, involving PV modules tilt angle, inverter, CONCLUSION
transformer, and cables. Moreover, it provides an overview of the
main components employed to install the PV power plant, which Solar PV integration with the grid is a critical step towards a sustainable
includes PV modules, inverter, transformer and wiring. It examines and resilient energy future. By harnessing the power of the sun and
the different inverter topologies used in PV power plants along with effectively integrating it into the electrical grid, we can significantly
a comparison between these topologies. reduce our reliance on fossil fuels, mitigate climate change, and enhance
energy security.
MD SHAFIULLAH 1 , SHAKIR D. AHMED 1 , AND FAHAD
A. AL-SULAIMAN (2022) [4] World leaders and scientists have While challenges such as intermittency and grid infrastructure
been putting immense efforts into strengthening energy security limitations exist, ongoing technological advancements and supportive
policies are driving the growth of this sector. The integration of solar
PV offers a promising pathway to a cleaner, more diversified, and
efficient energy system.
.
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