AAU Klagenfurt Physics Formula Sheet for Exam Winter term 2024

Formula Sheet Supplementary Exam Physics V2

Mechanics

Uniform translation: 𝑎(𝑡) = 0 ⇒ 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑣0 = const ⇒ 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑥0 + 𝑣0 𝑡, 𝑠(𝑡) = 𝑥(𝑡) − 𝑥0 = 𝑣0 𝑡

More simple: 𝑠 = 𝑣 ⋅ 𝑡
𝑎0 2
Uniform accelerated translation: 𝑎(𝑡) = 𝑎0 = const ⇒ 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑣0 + 𝑎0 𝑡 ⇒ 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑥0 + 𝑣0 𝑡 + 2
𝑡
𝑎
More simple: 𝑣 = 𝑎 ⋅ 𝑡, 𝑠 = 2 𝑡 2

1 2⋅ℎ0
Free Fall: ℎ(𝑡) = ℎ0 − 𝑔 ⋅ 𝑡 2 , 𝑣(𝑡) = −𝑔 ⋅ 𝑡, 𝑡F = √ , 𝑣(𝑡F ) = −𝑔 ⋅ 𝑡F = −√2 ⋅ 𝑔 ⋅ ℎ0
2 𝑔

1 𝑣 𝑡 𝑣2
Vertical throw: ℎ(𝑡) = 𝑣0 ⋅ 𝑡 − 2 𝑔 ⋅ 𝑡 2 , 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑣0 − 𝑔 ⋅ 𝑡, : 𝑡d = 2 ⋅ 𝑔0 , 𝐻 = ℎ ( 2d ) = 2𝑔0

2⋅ℎ0 2⋅ℎ0
Horizontal throw: 𝑡d = 𝑡f = √ 𝑔
, 𝑥R = 𝑥(𝑡d ) = 𝑣0 ⋅ 𝑡d = 𝑣0 ⋅ √ 𝑔

Rotation/Torque: 𝜔=2𝜋𝑓, 𝑓=𝑛/60, 𝑇=1/𝑓, 𝜏 = 𝐹𝑅⊥ = 𝐹⊥ 𝑅 = 𝐹𝑅 sin 𝜃

Uniform rotation: 𝜑 = 𝜔 ⋅ 𝑡
𝛼
Uniform accelerated rotation: : 𝜔 = 𝛼 ⋅ 𝑡, 𝜃 = 2 𝑡 2

The three Laws from Newton have to be known by heart.

Gravitational force: 𝐹G = 𝑚 ⋅ 𝑔, on earth g=9.81 𝑚/𝑠²

Hooke‘s law for linear springs: 𝐹 = 𝑘 ⋅ 𝑥

Friction: 𝐹R = 𝜇 ⋅ 𝐹N
𝑣2
Centrifugal force: 𝐹CF = 𝑚 ⋅ 𝑟
𝑊
Work 𝑊 = 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑠, Power 𝑃 = =𝐹⋅𝑣 =𝜏⋅𝜔
𝑡

𝑚𝑣 2 𝑘𝑥 2
Energies: 𝐸pot = U = 𝑚𝑔h, 𝐸kin = 𝐾 = 2
, 𝐸𝑒𝑙 =𝑈= 2

Units: 1J=1Nm=1Ws (Joule=Newtonmeter=Wattsecond)

Thermodynamics:

Kelvin and Celsius : 𝑇(𝐾) = 𝑇(°𝐶) + 273, 𝑇(°𝐶) = 𝑇(𝐾) − 273

Specific heat: 𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐Δ𝑇,

Work of a Gas: 𝑊 = −𝑝𝛥𝑉

First Law of thermodynamics: ∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 𝑄 − 𝑊

𝐽
Ideal gas law: 𝑝𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇, 𝑅 = 8.314 𝑚𝑜𝑙⋅𝐾 , 1bar = 100000 Pa = 105 Pa, 1mbar = 1 hPa
AAU Klagenfurt Physics Formula Sheet for Exam Winter term 2024

𝑊 𝑄H −𝑄L 𝑄L
Heat engine efficiency: e = = =1−
𝑄H 𝑄H 𝑄H

𝑊 𝑇
Ideal Carnot: 𝑒𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 = 𝑄 = 1 − 𝑇 L
H H

Optics:

Reflection law: 𝜃𝑖 = 𝜃𝑟
𝑐 sin 𝜃 𝑣 𝑛 𝜆
Snell’s Law for refraction: 𝑛 = 𝑣, sin 𝜃1 ⋅ 𝑛1 = sin 𝜃2 ⋅ 𝑛2 or sin 𝜃1 = 𝑣1 = 𝑛2 = 𝜆1
2 2 1 2

1 1 1 ℎ 𝑑
Thin lens equation: 𝑓 = 𝑑 + 𝑑 and 𝑚 = ℎ 𝑖 = 𝑑 𝑖 or ℎ𝑖 : 𝑑𝑖 = ℎ𝑜 : 𝑑𝑜
𝑖 𝑜 𝑜 𝑜

Oscillations and Waves:

𝑘 𝑘 𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥 1 1
Spring-mass-problem: 𝜔 = √𝑚, 𝑣max = 𝜔𝐴, 𝑎max = 𝜔2 𝐴 = 𝑚 𝐴 = 𝑚
, 𝐸tot = 2 𝑘𝐴2 = 2 𝑚𝑣max
2

2𝜋 2𝜋 𝜔
Harmonic wave in one dimension: D(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐴 ⋅ sin(𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘𝑥), 𝑘 = , 𝜔= = 2𝜋𝑓, 𝑣 = 𝜆𝑓 =
𝜆 𝑇 𝑘

𝑃̅ 𝐼 𝑟2
Spherical waves intensity: 𝐼 = 4𝜋𝑟2, 𝐼2 = 𝑟12
1 2

Doppler effect:
𝑣𝑜𝑏𝑠 𝑣𝑜𝑏𝑠
moving observer towards source: 𝑓 ′ = 𝑓 ⋅ (1 + 𝑣 ), away from source: 𝑓 ′ = 𝑓 ⋅ (1 − 𝑣 )
𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑

𝑓 𝑓
moving source towards observer: 𝑓 ′ = 𝑣 , away from observer: 𝑓 ′ = 𝑣
1− 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 1+ 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑣𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑

Electromagnetism and Structure of Matter:

𝑈 𝑙
Ohm’s Law: 𝑅 = 𝐼
or 𝑈 = 𝑅 ⋅ 𝐼 and 𝑅 = 𝜌 ⋅ 𝐴

𝑈2
Electric power and work: 𝑃 = 𝐼 2 ⋅ 𝑅 = 𝑅
,𝑊 = 𝑃𝑡 = 𝑈𝐼𝑡 = 𝑈 ⋅ (𝐼𝑡) = 𝑈𝑄

Resistors in Series: 𝑅eq = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + ⋯ +𝑅N,

𝑅1 ⋅𝑅2
Two resistors parallel: 𝑅eq = 𝑅1 +𝑅2

𝐼
Ampers‘ law for a long wire: 𝐻 = 2𝑟𝜋

Radioactive Decay:

Alpha: 𝐴𝑍𝑋 → 𝐴−4

𝑍−2𝑌 + 42𝐻𝑒 , Beta-: 𝐴𝑍𝑋 → 𝐴
𝑍+1𝑌 + 𝐞− , Beta+: 𝐴𝑍𝑋 → 𝐴
𝑍−1𝑌 + 𝐞+