Potter SI ISM Chapter 04

Chapter 4 / The Integral Forms of the Fundamental Laws
CHAPTER 4
The Integral Forms of the
Fundamental Laws
FE-type Exam Review Problems: Problems 4-1 to 4-15
4.1 (B)
p 200
4.2 (D) mɺ = ρ AV = AV = π × 0.042 × 70 = 0.837 kg/s .
RT 0.287 × 293
4.3 (A) Refer to the circle of Problem 4.27:

75.7 × 2
Q = AV = (π × 0.42 × − 0.10 × 0.40 × sin 75.5 ) × 3 = 0.516 m3 /s.
360
Wɺ P V22 − V12 p − p1 Wɺ P 1200 − 200

4.4 (D) = + 2 . = .
γQ 2g γ γ × 0.040 γ
40
∴ Wɺ P = 40 kW and energy req'd = = 47.1 kW.
0.85
V22 − V12 p2 − p1 −1202 p

4.5 (A) 0= + . 0= + 2 . ∴ p2 = 7 200 000 Pa.
2g γ 2 × 9.8 9810
V22 V22
4.6 (C) Manometer: γ H + p1 = ρ g + p2 or 9810 × 0.02 + p1 = ρ g .
2g 2g
7.962 100 000
Energy: K = . ∴ K = 3.15.
2 × 9.81 9810
Combine the equations: 9810 × 0.02 = 1.2 × ∴ = 18

V 2 ∆p Q 0.040
4.7 (B ) hL = K = . V == = 7.96 m/s.
7.96 100 000

2g γ A π × 0.042
= ∴ = 3.2
2 × 9.81 9810
61
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Wɺ P V22 − V12 ∆p
4.8 (C) = + .
γQ 2g γ
Wɺ P 16
Wɺ P = Q∆p = 0.040 × 400 = 16 kW. = = 18.0 kW.
η 0.89
−
4.9 (D) Starting with the energy equation:
− = + − + − + ℎ"
2

Removing terms which we know or can assume are zero:
− = − + ℎ"

Substituting for the loss term:
− = − +
2
# 4# 4(0.2) m
Finding V in the conductor pipe:
= = = = 4.42
$ &' &(0.240) s
kg
Finding mass flux:
= ,# = (1000)(0.2) = 200
s
4.42
Inserting the values:
− = −10 + 3.2
(200)(9.81) 2(9.81)
= 13 kW
Solving:
In the above energy equation we used

V2 Q 0.2
hL = K with V = = = 4.42 m/s.
2g A π × 0.22
Q 0.1
4.10 (A) V= = = 19.89 m/s.
A π × .042
V 22 p 2 V 22
Energy —surface to entrance: H P = + + z2 + K .
2g γ 2g
19.892 180 000 19.892
∴ HP = + + 50 + 5.6 = 201.4 m.
2 × 9.81 9810 2 × 9.81
∴Wɺ P = γ QH P /η P = 9810 × 0.1× 201.4/0.75 = 263 000 W.
4.11 (A) After the pressure is found, that pressure is multiplied by the area of the
window. The pressure is relatively constant over the area.
62
V12 p1 V22 p (6.252 − 1) × 12.732

4.12 (C) + = + 2. p1 = 9810 × = 3 085 000 Pa.
2g γ 2g γ 2 × 9.81
p1 A1 − F = ρ Q(V2 − V1 ). 3 085 000 × π × 0.052 − F = 1000 × 0.1 × 12.73(6.25 − 1)
∴ F = 17 500 N.
4.13 (D) − Fx = mɺ (V2 x − V1x ) = 1000 × 0.01 × 0.2 × 50(50 cos 60 − 50) = −2500 N.
Giving a magnitude of 2500 N.
4.14 (A) − Fx = mɺ (Vr 2 x − Vr1x ) = 1000 × π × 0.022 × 60 × (40 cos 45 − 40) = 884 N.
Power = Fx × VB = 884 × 20 = 17 700 W.
4.15 (A) Let the vehicle move to the right. The scoop then diverts the water to the
right. Then
F = mɺ (V2 x − V1x ) = 1000 × 0.05 × 2 × 60 × [60 − ( −60)] = 720 000 N.
Chapter 4 Problems: Basic Laws
4.16 a) No net force may act on the system: ΣF = 0.

b) The energy transferred to or from the system must be zero: Q − W = 0.
c) If V3n = V3 ⋅ nˆ 2 = 10î ⋅ (−ˆj) = 0 is the same for all volume elements then
D D DV
ΣF = V ∫ dm, or ΣF = ( mV ). Since mass is constant for a system ΣF = m .
Dt Dt Dt
DV
Since = a, Σ F = ma.
Dt
1
4.17 Extensive properties: Mass, m; Momentum, mV; kinetic energy, mV 2 ;
2
potential energy, mgh; enthalpy, H.
Associated intensive properties (divide by the mass): unity, 1; velocity, V; V2/2;
gh; H/m = h (specific enthalpy).
Intensive properties: Temperature, T; time, t; pressure, p; density, ρ; viscosity, µ.
4.18
System (t ) = V 1
c.v.(t ) = V 1
System (t + ∆t ) = V 1 + V 2 1 2
c.v.(t + ∆t ) = V 1
63
4.19
System (t ) = V 1 + V 2
c.v.(t ) = V 1 + V 2
2
System (t + ∆t ) = V 2 + V 3 1 3
pump
c.v.(t + ∆t ) = V 1 + V 2
4.20 a) The energy equation (the 1st law of Thermo).

b) The conservation of mass.
c) Newton’s 2nd law.
d) The energy equation.
e) The energy equation.
4.21
v v
ˆn ˆn v ˆ
n ω
v v ˆn ˆn
a) b) c) d) e)
4.22 ˆn
ˆ
n
v v ˆn
ˆ
n v
v v
n
4.23 ˆn ˆn
v
v
v ˆn
ˆn v
v
v
ˆ
n ˆn
System-to-Control Volume Transformation
1 ˆ 1 ˆ
4.24 nˆ 1 = − i− j = −0.707(î + ˆj) . nˆ 2 = 0.866î − 0.5ˆj . nˆ 3 = −ˆj .
2 2
V1n = V1 ⋅ nˆ 1 = 10î ⋅  −0.707(î + ˆj)  = −7.07 fps
V2n = V2 ⋅ nˆ 2 = 10î ⋅ (0.866î − 0.5ˆj) = 8.66 fps . V3n = V3 ⋅ nˆ 2 = 10î ⋅ (−ˆj) = 0
ηρ  −0.707(î + ˆj)  ⋅10îA

4.25 flux = ηρ nˆ ⋅ VA flux1 = = −10ηρ A
0.707
ηρ (0.866î − 0.5ˆj) ⋅10îA
flux2 = = 10ηρ A flux3 = ηρ (−ˆj) ⋅10îA3 = 0
0.866
64
4.26 (B ⋅ nˆ ) A = 15(0.5î + 0.866ˆj) ⋅ ˆj (10 × 12) = 15 × 0.866 ×120 = 1559 cm3

Volume = 15 sin 60 ×10 ×12 = 1559 cm3
4.27 The control volume must be independent of time. Since all space coordinates are
integrated out on the left, only time remains; thus, we use an ordinary derivative to
differentiate a function of time. But, on the right, we note that ρ and η may be functions of
(x, y, z, t); hence, the partial derivative is used.
4.28
c.v. (0) = c.v. (∆t)

= volume 1
1
system (∆t) is in 1
volumes 1 and 2
4.29 2
system (∆t) = V1 + V2 + V3
3
c.v. (∆t) = V1 + V2
1
4.30
system boundary
at (t + ∆t)
Conservation of Mass
4.31 If fluid crosses the control surface only on areas A1 and A2,
∫ ρ nˆ ⋅ VdA = ∫ ρ nˆ ⋅ VdA + ∫ ρ nˆ ⋅ VdA = 0
c.s. A1 A2
For uniform flow all quantities are constant over each area:
ρ1nˆ 1 ⋅ V1 ∫ dA + ρ 2nˆ 2 ⋅ V2 ∫ dA = 0
A1 A2
Let A 1 be the inlet so nˆ 1 ⋅ V1 = −V1 and A2 be the outlet so nˆ 2 ⋅ V2 = V2 . Then
− ρ 1V1 A 1 + ρ 2 V 2 A 2 = 0
or
ρ 2 A2V2 = ρ1 A1V1
65
4.32 Use Eq. 4.4.2 with m V representing the mass in the volume:
dmV dmV
0= + ∫ ρ nˆ ⋅ VdA = + ρ A2V2 − ρ A1V1
dt c.s.
dt
dmV
= + ρQ−m
ɺ.
dt
Finally,
dmV
ɺ − ρ Q.
=m
dt
4.33 Use Eq. 4.4.2 with m S representing the mass in the sponge:
dmS dm S dm S
0= + ∫ ρ nˆ ⋅ VdA = + ρ A 2 V 2 + ρ A 3 V 3 − ρ A 1V 1 = + mɺ 2 + ρA 3 V 3 − ρQ 1 .
dt dt dt
dm S
Finally, = ρQ 1 − mɺ 2 − ρA 3 V 3 .
dt
32 62
4.34 A1V1 = A2V2. π × 4 ×18 = π × 4 × V2 . ∴V2 = 4.5 m/s.
10 10
mɺ = ρ AV = 1000 × π (0.03) 2 ×18 = 51 kg/s. Q = AV = π × (0.03) 2 ×18 = 0.051 m3 /s .
4.35 A1V1 = A2V2. π × .0252 × 10 = (2π × 0.6 × 0.003)V2. ∴V2 = 1.736 m/s.
ɺ = ρ AV = 1000π × 0.0252 ×10 = 19.63 kg/s. Q = AV=π × 0.0252 × 10 = 0.1509 m3 /s.
m
4.36 mɺ in = ρA1V1 + ρA2V2. 200 = 1000 π × 0.0252 × 25 + 1000 Q2. ∴Q2 = 0.1509 m3 /s.
p1 276 ×103 48 ×103

4.37 ρ1 = = = 3.33 kg/m3 . ρ 2 = = 0.495 kg/m3 .
RT1 287 × 289 287 × 338
mɺ 3
ɺ = ρ AV . ∴ V1 =
m = ∴V1 = 115 m/s.
ρ1A1 3.33 × π (0.05)2
ɺ 2 = 3.0 = 0.495 × (0.05 × 0.075)V2 .
m ∴V2 = 1616 m/s.
p1 500 kg 1246 kg
4.38 ρ1 A1V1 = ρ 2 A2V2 . ρ1 = = = 4.433 3 . ρ 2 = = 8.317 3
RT 0.287 × 393 m 0.287 × 522 m
4.433 π × 0.052 × 600 = 8.317 π × 0.052 V2. ∴V2 = 320 m/s.
mɺ = ρ 1 A1V1 = 20.9 kg/s. Q 1 = A1V1 = 4.712 m3 /s. Q2 = 2.512 m3 /s.
p1 p
4.39 ρ1 A1V1 = ρ 2 A2V2 . A1V1 = 2 A2V2
RT1 RT2
66
200 120
π × 0.052 × 40 = π × 0.032 ×120. ∴ T2 = 189.9 K or −83 C.
293 T2
d 22
4.40 a) A 1V 1 = A 2 V 2 . (2 × 1.5 + 1.5 × 1.5) 3 = π × 2. ∴d2 = 3.167 m
4
d 22 2
b) (2 × 1.5 + 1.5 × 1.5) 3 = π × . ∴d2 = 4.478 m cosθ = 1/2
4 2
θ = 60o
c) (2 × 1.5 + 1.5 × 1.5) 3 =  πR 2 − ×.866 R × 2.
1 R
3 2  θ R
∴R = 3.581 m. and d2 = 7.162 m
r0 r0 r0
 r  r  r2 
4.41 a) v = 10 1 −  . π r02V = ∫ vdA = ∫ 10 1 − 2π rdr = 20π ∫  r − dr.
 r0 
 r0  0 0  r0  0
20  r02 r02  10
∴V = 2  −  = = 3.333 m/s.
r0  2 3 3
ɺ = ρ AV = 1000 × π × 0.042 × 3.33 = 16.75kg / s.
m Q = AV = 0.01675 m3 /s.
r0
 r2   r2   r02 r02 
b) v = 10  1 − 2  . π r02V = ∫ 10 1 −  2π rdr = 20π  −  . ∴V = 5 m/s
 r   r02 
 0  0   2 4
ɺ = ρ AV = 1000 × π × 0.042 × 5 = 25.13 kg/s.
m Q = AV = 0.02513 m 3 /s.
r0
 r  r
c) v = 20 1 −  .
 r0 
π r02V = ∫ 20 1 − 2π rdr + 10π r02 /4.
 r0 
∴V = 5.833 m/s
r0 / 2
ɺ = ρ AV = 1000 × π × 0.042 × 5.833 = 29.32 kg/s.

m Q = 0.02932 m 3 /s.
4.42 a) Since the area is rectangular, V = 5 m/s.

m
ɺ
ɺ = ρ AV = 1000 × 0.08 × 0.8 × 5 = 320 kg/s.
m Q= = 0.32 m3 /s.
ρ
 y y2 
b) v = 40  − 2  with y = 0 at the lower wall.
h h 
 
h  y y2  h
∴ Vhw = ∫ 40  − 2 wdy = 40 × w. ∴V = 6.667 m/s.
h h  6
0  
ɺ = ρ AV = 1000 × 0.08 × 0.8 × 6.667 = 426.7 kg/s.
m Q = 0.4267 m3 /s.
c) V × 0.08 = 10 × 0.04 + 5 × 0.02 + 5 × 0.02. ∴V = 7.5 m/s.
67
mɺ
ɺ = ρ AV = 1000 × 0.08 × 0.8 × 7.5 = 480 kg/s.
m Qɺ = = 0.48 m3 /s.
ρ
r0
 r2  r02
4.43 a) A1V1 = ∫ v2 dA. π r02 v1 = ∫ vmax 1 − 2
2π rdr = 2π v .
 r  max
4
0  0 
 r2 
vmax = 3.6 m/s ∴ v(r ) = 3.6 1 − 2 
= 3.6(1 − 1600r 2 )m/s .
 (0.025) 
 y2  d
4h
b) A1V1 = ∫ v2 dA. (2h × w ) × 1.8 = ∫ vmax  1 − 2  wdy = vmax w .
 d  3
−d  
 y2 
∴ vmax = 2.7 m/s. ∴ v( y ) = 2.7 1 − 2 
=2.7(1 − 1600y 2 ).
 (0.025) 
r0
 r2  r02
c) A1V1 = ∫ v2 dA. π × 0.01 × 2 = ∫ vmax 1 −
2
 2π rdr = 2π v .
 r02 
max
4
0 
With r0 = 0.01 m, vmax = 4 m/s. ∴ v(r ) = 4(1 − 10 000r 2 ) m/s.
h  y2  4h
d) n̂ 0.02 × w × 2 = ∫ max 1 − h2 wdy = vmax w 3 .
v
−h  
With h = 0.01 m, vmax = 3 m/s. ∴ v( y) = 3(1 − 10 000 y 2 ) m/s.
4.44 If dm / dt = 0 , then ρ 1 A 1V1 = ρ 2 A 2 V 2 + ρ 3 A 3 V 3 . In terms of mɺ 2 and Q 3 this

becomes, letting ρ 1 = ρ 2 = ρ 3 ,
1000 × π × 0.022 ×12 = mɺ 2 + 1000 × 0.01. ∴m
ɺ 2 = 5.08 kg/s.
r1
r1
 r2 
∫ v1dA = A2V2 . ∫ max 1 − r 2  2π rdr = π × 0.0025 × 2.
2
4.45 v
0 0  1 
0.0052  r2 
∴ 2π vmax = π × 0.00252 × 2. ∴ vmax = 1 m/s. ∴ v( r ) =  1 −
 0.0052 
m/s.
4  
 0.1 
4.46 mɺ in = m ɺ . ρ × 0.2 × 2 ×10 =  ρ ∫ 10(20 y − 100 y 2 )2dy + ρ × 0.1× 2 ×10  + m
ɺ out + m ɺ.
 0 
Note: We see that at y = 0.1 m the velocity u(0.1) = 10 m/s. Thus, we integrate to y = 0.1,
and between y = 0.1 and 0.2 the velocity u = 10:
4 
4 ρ =  ρ + 2 ρ  + mɺ . ∴ mɺ = 0.6667 ρ = 0.82 kg/s.
3 
68
h h
4.47 V 1 h1 = ∫ u( y )dy . 10×.05 = ∫ 10( 20 y − 100 y 2 )dy

0 0
 100 3 
= 10 10 h 2 − h .
 3 
∴666.7 h3 − 200 h2 = −1. This can be solved by trial-and-error:
h = 0.06: −0.576 ? −1 h = 0.07: −0.751 ? −1
h = 0.08: −0.939 ? −1 h = 0.083: −0.997 ? −1
h = 0.084: −1.016 ? −1 ∴h = 0.0832 m: or 8.32 cm.
Note: Fluid does not cross a streamline so all the flow that enters on the left leaves on the
right. The streamline simply moves further from the wall.
0.1
4.48 mɺ = ∫ ρVdA = ∫ 1165(1 − 1.42 y )12( y − 5 y 2 ) ×1.5 dy

0
0.1
= 20970 ∫ ( y − 6.42 y 2 + 7.1y 3 )dy
0
= 63.7 kg/s.
2 2
V = umax = × 0.6 = 0.4 m/s. (See Prob. 4.43b).
3 3
1165 + 1000
ρ= = 1082 kg/m3 . ∴ ρVA = 1082 × 0.4 × 1.5 × 0.1 = 64.9 kg/s.
2
Thus, ρV A ≠ mɺ since ρ = ρ(y) and V = V(y) so that ρV ≠ ρV .
4.49 A 1V 1 = A 2 V 2 . π × 0.012 × 8 = (2π × 0.2 × 0.04)V2cos 30 . ∴V2 = 0.05774 m/s.
4 m3 of H 2O m3 of air
4.50 2000 × π × 0.00153 3 × 9000 × 5 = 1.5 × (1.5h). ∴h = 0.565 m.
3 m of air s
∂ρ
4.51 Use Eq. 4.4.3: 0=∫
d V + ρ1V1 ⋅ nˆ A1 V1 ⋅ nˆ 1 = −V1.
∂t
∂ρ (255 + 100) ×103 π ∂p
∴ ρ1A1V1 = V tire × (0.00625) 2 × 54 = × 0.47.
∂t 287 × 289 4 ∂t
∂ρ
= 0.015 kg/m3 -sec.
∂t
4.52 ɺ in = m
m ɺ2 +m
ɺ 3. V1 = 20 m/s (see Prob. 4.43c).
20 ×1000π × 0.022 = 10 + 1000π × 0.022 × V3 . ∴ V3 = 12.04 m/s.
69
d d
4.53 0= mc .v. + m
ɺ net = m c .v . + m ɺ2 +m ɺ3 −mɺ1
dt dt
d
∴ mc.v. = m ɺ1 −m
ɺ2 −m ɺ 3 = 1000 × π × 0.022 × 20 − 10 − 1000π × 0.022 × 10
dt
= 2.57 kg/s.
4.54 The control surface is close to the

interface at the instant shown. Ve n̂
Vi
∴Vi = interface velocity. n̂
ρ e A eV e = ρ i A i V i .
8000
1.5 × π × 0.152 × 300 = π × 12 × Vi .
0.287 × 673
∴Vi = 0.244 m/s.
4.55 Assume an incompressible flow:

40
4Q 1 = A 2 V 2 . 4× = 0.6 × 1.2 × V2 . ∴V2 = 3.7 m/s.
60
4.56 For an incompressible flow (low speed air flow)

0. 2
∫ udA = A ∫ 20 y × 0.8dy = π × 0.15 2 V 2 .

1/ 5
2 V2 .
A1 0
5
20 × 0.8 0.2 6/ 5 = π × 0.15 2 V 2 . ∴ V2 = 27.3 m/s
6
4.57 A1V1 + ∫ v2 dA = Ae Ve
 r2 
0. 025
π (0.1 − 0.025 ) × 4 + ∫ 200 1 − 2πrdr = π × 0.12 V e

2 2
2
0
 0.025 
0.1178 + 0.1963 = 0.0314V e . Ve = 10.0 m/s
4.58 Draw a control volume around the entire set-up:

dm tissue
0= + ρV 2 A 2 − ρV 1 A 1
dt
 d2 − d2  ɺ
= mɺ tissue + ρπ  2  h2 − ρπ ( h1 tan φ ) hɺ1
2
 4 
or
 d 2 − d 22 ɺ 
ɺ tissue = ρπ 
m h 2 + h 12 hɺ 1 tan 2 φ .
 4 
70
4.59 The width w of the channel is constant throughout the flow. Then
dm d
0= + ρ A 2 V 2 − ρ A 1V 1 . 0 = ( ρwhL) + ρA 2 V 2 − ρA 1V 1
dt dt
dh
0 = ρ w × 100 + ρ 0.2 w × 8 − ρ 4 w × 0.2. hɺ = 0.008 m/s
dt
dm
4.60 0= + ρ A 2 V 2 − ρ A 1V 1
dt
ɺ + 1000(π × 0.003 2 × 0.02 − 10 × 10 −6 / 60).
=m ɺ = 3.99 ×10−4 kg/s
m
4.61 ρ 1 A 1V1 = ρ 2 A 2 V 2 . mɺ 1 = ρ 2 A 2 V 2 .
400 e −10/ 100 × 10 −6 × 900 = 0.2 × π × 0.05 2 V e . Ve = 207 m/s
dm
4.62 0= + ρ 3 Q 3 − ρ 1 A 1V 1 − mɺ 2 where m = ρA h.
dt
a) 0 = 1000π × 0.62 hɺ + 1000 × 0.6 / 60 − 1000π × 0.022 ×10 − 10.
∴ hɺ = 0.0111 m/s or 11.1 mm/s
b) 0 = 1000π × 0.6 2 hɺ + 1000 × 0.01 − 0 − 20.

∴ hɺ = 0.00884 m/s or 8.84 mm/s.
c) 0 = 1000π × 0.62 hɺ + 1000 × 1.0 / 60 − 1000π × 0.022 × 5 − 10.

∴ hɺ = 0.000339 m/s or 0.339 mm/s.
4.63 Choose the control volume to consist of the volume of the liquid in the tank. So the
control surface will move with the liquid surface. Apply the conservation of mass:
d
0= ∫ ρ dV + c.s.∫ ρ V ⋅ ndA
dt c.v.
Since the density of the fluid is constant and there is no flow into the tank, the above
equation becomes
dV
0=ρ + ρVe Ae
dt
where Ve and Ae are the velocity and area at the exit. From Bernoulli’s equation we
determine Ve = 2 gh where h is the height of liquid at any time. Note that h will vary as
the fluid flows out of the tank.
The volume of liquid in the tank is given by V = hA , where A is the cross-sectional area
of the tank. Substituting in the conservation of mass we get
71
dh
A = − Ae 2 gh
dt
where we divided by the constant density. Rearranging, we write
A h−1/ 2 dh
dt = −
Ae 2 g
tf
h−1/ 2 dh
0
A
Integrating: ∫0 dt = − Ae ∫
hf 2g
. Then, where hf = 1.5 m,
π × 0.52
tf = −
Ae
At
2g
( )
−2h1f 2 = 2
π × 0.012
1.5
2 × 9.81
= 1383 s
4.64 Choose the control volume to consist of the air volume inside the tank. The conservation
of mass equation is
d
0= ∫ ρ dV + CS∫ ρ V ⋅ n dA
dt CV
Since the volume of the tank is constant, and for no flow into the tank, the equation is
dρ
0=V + ρeVe Ae
dt
p dρ 1 dp
Assuming air behaves as an ideal gas, ρ = . At the instant of interest, = .
RT dt RT dt
Substituting in the conservation of mass equation, we get
dp
=−
ρeVe Ae
( RT ) = −
(1.8 kg/m3 ) ( 200 m/s ) π ( 0.015 m ) 
0.287
kJ
2

× 298 K 
dt V 1.5 m3  kg ⋅ K
 
dp
∴ = −14.5 kPa/s
dt
4.65 A 1V1 = A 2 V 2 where A 2 is an area just under the top surface.

dh
a) π × 0.02 2 × 10 e − t / 10 = π × ( h tan 60 ) 2
dt
− t / 10
∴ h dh = 0.001333 e
2
dt . ∴ h 3 = −0.04 e − t / 10 + 0.04.
Finally,
h(t ) = 0.342(1 − e − t / 10 ) 1/ 3 .
b) 0.04 × 10 × 10 e − t / 10 = ( h tan 60 ) × 10 hɺ
∴ hdh = 0.2309 e − t / 10 dt . ∴ h 2 = −4.62 e − t / 10 + 4.62.
72
Finally,
h(t ) = 2.15(1 − e −t /10 )1/ 2 .
Energy Equation
4.66 ɺ = Tω + pAV + µ du A
W belt
dy
= 20 × 500 × 2π /60 + 400 × 0.4 × 0.5 × 10 + 1.81× 10−5 × 100 × 0.5 × 0.8
= 1047 + 800 + 0.000724 = 1847 W
4.67 If the temperature is essentially constant, the internal energy of the c.v. does not change
and the flux of internal energy into the pipe is the same as that leaving the pipe. Hence, the
two integral terms are zero. The losses are equal to the heat transfer exiting the pipe.
4.68 80% of the power is used to increase the pressure while 20% increases the internal energy
(Qɺ = 0 because of the insulation). Hence,
m ɺ
ɺ ∆uɶ = 0.2W
1000 × 0.02 × 4.18∆T = 0.2 × 500. ∴∆T = 0.836°C
4000 = # = 0.0177
Qγ H P 0×123×3 5
3.24
4.69 Wɺ P = .
ηp
a) 6 = 40 × 0.89 × 200 × 9.81 = 69 7

Wɺ T
4.70 − = −40 × 0.89.
b) 6 = 40 × 0.89 × 8 : × 9.81 = 524 7

mg
ɺ
13 333
93
c) 6 = 40 × 0.89 × 8 : × 9.81 = 776 7
2×3 <
=933
Wɺ 10 000 000
4.71 − T = η ∆z. = 0.89 × 50. ∴ V = 1.273 m/s
T
ρ AVg 100 × 3 × 60 × V × 9.8
4.72
V 12 p 1 V2 p
+ + z1 = 2 + 2 + z 2 .
2g γ 2g γ
42 42
+2= + h2 .
2 × 9.81 19.62h22
0.82
2.82 = 2 + h2 . Continuity: 1 × 4 = h2 V2.
h2
73
This can be solved by trial-and-error.

h2 = 2.7 m : 2.82 ? 2.81; h2 = 2.72 m : 2.82 ? 2.83 ⇒ h2 = 2.71 m.
and h2 = 0.6 m : 2.82 ? 2.87; h2 = 0.62 m : 2.82 ? 2.75 ⇒ h2 = 0.61 m.
V 12 V2 42 16
4.73 + z 1 = 2 + z 2 + hL . ∴ +2= + h2 + 0.2.
2g 2g 2 × 9.81 2 × 9.81h22
∴ 2.615 = 0.815 / h22 + h2 . Trial-and-error provides the following:
h2 = 2.5: 2.615 =? 2.63 h2 = 2.45: 2.615 =? 2.59. ∴ h2 = 2.47 m
h2 = 0.65: 2.615 =? 2.58 h2 = 0.64: 2.615 =? 2.63. ∴ h2 = 0.646 m
4.74 Manometer: Position the datum at the top of the right mercury level.
V 22
9810 ×.4 + 9810 z 2 + p 2 + × 1000 = (9810 × 13.6)×.4 + 9810 × 2 + p1
2
p2 V 22 p
Divide by γ = 9810: .4 + z 2 + + = 13.6 ×.4 + 2 + 1 . (1)
γ 2g γ
V 12 p 1 V2 p
Energy: + + z1 = 2 + 2 + z 2 . (2)
2g γ 2g γ
V 12
Subtract (1) from (2): With z1 = 2 m, = 12.6 ×.4. ∴V1 = 9.94 m/s
2g
4.75 The manometer equation (see Prob. 4.74) is
p2 V 22 p
0.4 + z 2 + + = 13.6 ×.4 + 2 + 1 . (1)
γ 2g γ
V 12 p 1 V 22 p 2 V 22
Energy: + + z1 = + + z 2 + 0.05 . (2)
2g γ 2g γ 2g
Subtract (1) from (2): With z1 = 2 m, and with V2 = 4V1 (continuity)
1.8V 12
= 12.6 × 0.4. ∴V1 = 7.41 m/s.
2g
m= m
4.76 Finding the entering velocity:
# = 0.007 = &(0.0254 m) ∴ = 3.45
s s
74
m
&(0.0254 m) = &(0.0375 m) ∴ = 1.58
Continuity:

Energy:
+ = + + 0.37
2 2 2
= + 8 − 0.37 − :

> > >
− 0.37 −
Simplifying:
= + , ? @
2
(3.45) − 0.37(3.45) − (1.58)
= 414 000 + 1000 ? @ ∴ = 416.5 kPa
2
∴ = 416.5 kPa
4.77 Q = 600 × 10-3/60 = π × 0.022 V1. ∴V1 = 7.958 m/s.

3
1 1
0.02  y2 
α= ∫V ∫
3 3
dA = 10 1 −
 0.022 
wdy
AV 3 0.02 × w × 6.673 0  
2
A1V1 0.04 × 7.958
V2 = = = 3.537 m/s.
A2 0.062
V 12 p1 V 22 p 2
Energy: + = + + hL .
2g γ 2g γ
7.958 2 − 3.537 2 690 000 − 700 000
∴ hL = + = 1.571 m
2 × 9.81 9810
0.08
4.78 V1 = Q / A1 = = 28.29 m/s. ∴V2 = 9V1 = 254.6 m/s.
π ×.03 2
V12 p1 V22 p2 V12
Energy: + = + +.2 .
2g γ 2g γ 2g
 254.6 2 28.29 2 
∴ p1 = 9810  − 0.8  = 32.1 × 10 Pa .
6
 2 × 9.81 2 × 9.81 
4.79 a) Across the nozzle: π × 0.07 2 × V1 = π × 0.0252 × V2 . ∴V2 = 7.84 V1.

V12 p1 V22 p2 7.842 − 1 2
Energy: + = + . ∴ p1 = 9810 V1 .
2g γ 2g γ 2 × 9.81
For the contraction: π × 0.07 2 × V1 = π × 0.052 × V3 . ∴V3 = 1.96 V1.
75
V12 p1 V32 p3
Energy: + = + .
2g γ 2g γ
p1 p3
Manometer: γ × 0.15 + p1 = 13.6γ × 0.15 + p3 . ∴ = 12.6 ×.15 + .
γ γ
V12 V2 V2
Subtract the above 2 eqns: + 12.6 × 0.15 = 3 = 1.962 1 .
2g 2g 2g
∴ (1.962 − 1)V12 = 12.6 × 0.15 × 2 g. ∴V1 = 3.612 m/s. ∴p1 = 394 400 Pa.
From the reservoir surface to section 1:

V02 p0 V12 p1
+ + z0 = + + z1
2g γ 2g γ
3.612 2 394 400
H= + = 40.0 m.
19.62 9810
p1 p3
b) Manometer: γ × 0.2 + p1 = 13.6γ × 0.2 + p3 . ∴ = 12.6 × 0.2 + .
γ γ
V12 p1 V32 p3
Energy: + = + . Also, V3 = 1.96 V1.
2g γ 2g γ
V2 1.96 2 V12
∴ 1 + 12.6×.2 = . ∴V1 = 4.171 m/s.
2g 2g
The nozzle is the same as in part (a): ∴p1 = 534 700 Pa.
From the reservoir surface to the nozzle exit:

V02 p0 V22 p2 V22 32.7 2
+ + z0 = + + z2 . ∴H = = = 54.5 m.
2g γ 2g γ 2 g 2 × 9.81
V 02 p 0 V2 p
4.80 a) Energy: + + z 0 = 2 + 2 + z 2 . ∴ V 2 = 2 gz 0 = 2 × 9.81 × 2.4 = 6.862 m/s.
2g γ 2g γ
Q = AV = 0.8 × 1 × 6.862 = 5.49 m3 /s.
For the second geometry the pressure on the surface is zero but it increases
with depth. The elevation of the surface is 0.8 m:
V22
∴ z0 = + h. ∴ V2 = 2 g( z 0 − h) = 2 × 9.81 × 2 = 6.264 m/s.
2g
∴Q = 0.8 × 6.264 = 5.01 m3 /s.
Note: z0 is measured from the channel bottom in the 2nd geometry.
∴z0 = H + h.
76
V02 p0 V22 p2  2
b) + + z0 = + + z2 . ∴ V2 = 2 gz0 = 2 × 32.2 ×  6 +  = 21.23 fps.
2g γ 2g γ  2
∴Q = AV = (2 × 1) × 21.23 = 42.5 cfs.
For the second geometry, the bottom is used as the datum:
V2 V2
∴ z 0 = 2 + 0 + h. ∴ 2 = ( H + h) − h.
2g 2g
∴ V2 = 2 gH = 2 × 32.2 × 6 = 19.66 fps. ∴Q = 39.3 cfs.
0.032
4.81 From the reservoir surface to the exit: Continuity: V1 = V2 = 0.1406 V2 .
0.082
V02 p0 V22 p2 V12
+ + z0 = + + z2 + K .
2g γ 2g γ 2g
V22 0.14062 V22
10 = + 5×
2g 2g
∴V2 = 13.36 m/s. ∴Q = 13.36 × π × .0152 = 0.00944 m 3 /s.
The velocity in the pipe is V1 = 1.878 m/s.
1.8782 p 1.8782
Energy 0 → A: 10 = + A + 0.8 + 3. ∴pA = 65 500 Pa.
2 × 9.81 9810 2 × 9.81
1.878 2 p 1.878 2
Energy 0 → B: 10 = + B + 2.0 + 10. ∴pB = −5290 Pa.
2 × 9.81 9810 2 × 9.81
1.878 2 p 1.878 2
Energy 0 → C: 10 = + C + 12 + 2.8 . ∴pC = −26 300 Pa.
2 × 9.81 9810 2 × 9.81
1.878 2 p 1.878 2
Energy 0 → D: 10 = + D +0+5 . ∴pD = 87 500 Pa.
2 × 9.81 9810 2 × 9.81
V 02 p 0 V 22 p 2 80 000 V22
4.82 + + z0 = + + z2. +4= . ∴V2 = 19.04 m/s.
2g γ 2g γ 9810 2 × 9.81
a) Q = A2V2 = π × 0.0252 × 19.04 = 0.0374 m 3 /s.
b) Q = A2V2 = π × 0.092 ×19.04 = 0.485 m3 /s.
c) Q = A2V2 = π × 0.052 × 19.04 = 0.1495 m3 /s.
p0 V 22 V2 80 000 16V 12 V2
4.83 a) + z0 = + 1.54 1 . +4= + 1.54 1 . ∴V1 = 3.687 m/s.
γ 2g 2g 9810 2g 2g
Q = A1V1 = π × 0.052 × 3.687 = 0.0290 m 3 /s.
0.092
b) A 1V1 = A 2 V 2 . V1 = × V2 = 3.24V2 .
0.052
77
80 000 V 22 3.24 2 V 22
+4= + 2.3 . ∴V2 = 3.08 m/s. ∴ Q = A 2 V 2 = 0.0784 m 3 /s.
9810 2g 2g
80 000 V 22 V 22
c) +4= + 1.5 . ∴V2 = 9.77 m/s. ∴ Q = A 2 V 2 = 0.0767 m3 /s.
9810 2g 2g
p1 p2
4.84 Manometer: γ H + γ z + p1 = 13.6γ H + γ z + p2 . ∴ = 12.6 H + .
γ γ
p1 V 12 p 2 V 22
Energy: + = + .
γ 2g γ 2g
V 22 − V 12
Combine energy and manometer: 12.6 H = .
2g
d12  d4 
Continuity: V2 = V1 . ∴ V12 = 12.6 H × 2 g  14 − 1 .
d 22 d 
 2 
1/2 1/2
d2 π  12.6H × 2 g   H 
∴ Q = V1π 1 =  4 4  d12 = 12.35d12 d22  4 4 
4 4  d1 / d2 − 1   d −d
 1 2 
4.85 Use the result of Problem 4.84:
1/2
2 2
 0.2
a) Q = 12.35 × 0.16 × 0.08  4 4
= 0.0365 m 3 / s .
 0.16 − 0.08 
1/2
 0.4 
b) Q = 12.35 × 0.242 × 0.082  4 4
= 0.0503 m 3 / s .
 0.24 − 0.08 
E
c) # = 12.35 × 0.150 × 0.075 8 : = 0.0359
3.C3 5
3.C D3.34C
E
d) # = 12.35 × 0.300 × 0.100 8 : = 0.0776
3.=23 5
3.=33 D3.33
V 22
4.86 Energy from surface to outlet: = H. ∴ V 22 = 2 gH .
2g
p1 V 12 p 2 V 22
Energy from constriction to outlet: + = + .
γ 2g γ 2g
Continuity: V1 = 4V 2 . With p1 = pv = 2450 Pa and p2 = 100 000 Pa,
2450 16 100 000 1

+ × 2 gH = + × 2 gH . ∴H = 0.663 m.
9810 2 × 9.81 9810 2 × 9.81
V 22
4.87 Continuity: V1 = 4V 2 . Energy: surface to exit: = H.
2g
78
pv V12 p2 V22
Energy: constriction to exit: + = + .
γ 2g γ 2g
V22 − 16V22
∴ pv = p2 + γ = p2 − 15Hγ = 100 000 − 15 × 0.65 × 9810 = 4350 Pa.
2g
From Table B.1, T = 30°C.
V 22
4.88 Energy: surface to surface: z 0 = z 2 + hL . ∴ 30 = 20 + 2 .
2g
Continuity: ∴V 12 = 160 g.
V1 = 4V2. ∴V 22 = 10 g.
160 g ( −94 000)
Energy: surface to constriction: 30 = + + z1
2g 9810
∴z1 = −40.4 m. ∴H = 40.4 + 20 = 60.4 m.
10 2
4.89 Continuity: V2 = V 1 = 2.778 V1.
62
V 12 p 1 V 22 p 2 V 12 200 000 2.778 2 V 12 2450
Energy: + = + . + = + .
2g γ 2g γ 2g 9810 2g 9810
∴V1 = 7.67 m/s. ∴Q = π × 0.052 × 7.67 = 0.0602 m 3 /s.
4.90 Velocity at exit = V e . Velocity in constriction = V1 . Velocity in pipe = V 2 .

V e2
Energy: surface to exit: = H. ∴ V e2 = 2 gH .
2g
D2
Continuity across nozzle: V 2 = 2 V e . Also, V1 = 4V 2 .
d
V12 pv
Energy: surface to constriction: H = + .
2g γ
1  D4  −97 550
5=  16 × 4 × 2 g × 5 + . ∴ D = 0.131 m
2g  .2  9810
V 22 V2
4.91 Energy: surface to exit: 3= +4 2 . ∴ V 22 = 11.77.
2g 2g
11.77 1176 − 100 000 11.77 2
Energy: surface to “A”: 3= + + ( H + 3) + 1.5 .
2 × 9.81 9810 2 × 9.81
∴ H = 8.57 m .
4.92 mɺ = ρ AV = 1000 × π × (0.025) 2 × 36 = 70.65 kg/s .
79
ɺ = 70.65 × 9.81  9 − 36 + 830 ×1000  / 0.85 = 18500 W = 18.5 kW = 24.8 hp.

2 2
W  19.62 9810 
P

4.93 mɺ = ρA V = 1000 × π ×.02 2 × 40 = 50.27 kg / s.
 10 2 − 40 2 ∆p 
20 000 = 50.27 × 9.81 + / 0.82. ∴ ∆p = 1.088 × 10 6 Pa .
 2 × 9.81 9810 
 0 − 10.2 2 −600 000 

4.94 −Wɺ T = 2 × 1000 × 9.81 + × 0.87. ∴Wɺ T = 1.304 × 10 6 W .
 2 × 9.81 9810 
Q 2
We used V2 = = = 10.2 m/s
A2 π × 0.252
12.4 12.4
4.95 V1 = = 4.87 m/s. V2 = = 3.12 m/s.
π × 0.9 2 π × 1.1252
 3.122 − 4.87 2 124 − 830 
−10, 000 ×103 = 12.4 × 1000 × 9.81  +  ηT .
 19.62 1 
∴ηT = 0.884
 V22 − V12 p2 p1 c 
4.96 ɺ ɺ
a) Q − WS = mg
ɺ  + − + z2 − z1 + v (T2 − T1 )  .
 2 g γ 2 γ1 g 
The above is Eq. 4.5.17 with Eq. 4.5.18 and Eq. 1.7.13.
p1g 85 × 9.81 600 × 9.81 20 500

γ1 = = = 9.92 N/m3 . γ2 = = .
RT1 0.287 × 293 0.287 T2 T2
 200 2 600 000T2 85 000 716.5 

∴ −( −1 500 000) = 5 × 9.81 + − + (T2 − 293).
 2 × 9.81 20 500 9.92 9.81 
∴ T2 = 572 K or 299 C .
Be careful of units. p2 = 600 000 Pa, cv = 716.5 J/kg ⋅ K
b) −60 000 + 1 500 000 = same as above. ∴ T2 = 560 K or 287 C.
100 × 9.81×103 420 × 9.81×103

4.97 γ1 = = 11.4 N/m3 . γ 2 = = 33.94 N/m3 .
287 × 300 287 × 423
80
ɺ = ρ AVg = γ AV = 33.94 × π × (0.025) 2 × 200 = 13.32 kg/s.

mg
Use Eq. 4.5.17 with Eqs. 4.5.18 and 1.7.13:
 V22 − V12 p2 p1 cv 
Qɺ + W
ɺ = mg
C ɺ  + − + (T2 − T1 ) + z2 − z1  .
 2 g γ 2 γ1 g 
 2 3 3 
ɺ = 13.32  200 + 420 × 10 − 100 × 10 + 778 (150 − 27) 
−24 × 103 × 1.36 + WC
19.62 33.94 11.4 9.81 
ɺ = 237.6 kW.
∴WC
ɺ η = mg V22 V22 
4.98 Energy: surface to exit: −W T T
ɺ  − 20 + 4 .5 .
 2g 2g 
15
V2 = = 13.26 m / s. ɺ = Qγ = 15 × 9810 = 147 150 N / s.
mg
π ×.6 2
 13.26 2 13.26 2 
− WT × 0.8 = 147 150
ɺ − 20 + 4.5 ∴ WɺT = 5390 kW.
2 × 9.81
.
 2 × 9.81
4.99 Energy: surface to “C”:

 10 2 200 000 10 2 
WP ×.8 + mg
ɺ ɺ × 10 =  + + 7.7
2 × 9.81
770.5.
 2 × 9.81 9810
ɺ = ρ AVg = 1000 × π × 0.052 × 10 × 9.81 = 770.5 N/s.)

(mg ɺ = 52 700 W.
∴WP
10 2 p 10 2
Energy: surface to “A”: 30 = + A + 1.5 . ∴ p A = 169 300 Pa .
2 × 9.81 9810 2 × 9.81
V 2 − VO2 pB − pO V2 
Energy: surface to “B”: Wɺ PηP = mg
ɺ  B + + z B − zO + K B 
 2 g γ 2 g 
 10 2 p 10 2 
52 700×.8 = 770.5 + B − 30 + 15 ∴ p B = 706 100 Pa.
2 × 9.81
. .
 2 × 9.81 9810
4.100 Choose a control volume that consists of the entire system and apply conservation of
energy:
V12
p1 p2 V22
HP + + + z = HT + + +z +h
γ 2g 1 γ 2g 2 L
81
Carburetor
0.5 m
Section (1)
Section (2)
Pump
We recognize that HT = 0, V1 is negligible and hL = 210 V 2/2g where V = Q/Aand

V2 = Q / A2 . Rearranging we get:
p2 − p1 V22
HP = + + z2 − z1 + hL
γ 2g
Q
V= =
(
6.3 ×10−6 m3 /s )
= 0.321 m/s ⇒ hL = 210
(0.321)2
= 1.1 m
(
A π 2.5 ×10−3 m 2
) 2 × 9.81
Q 6.3 ×10−6 m3 /s
V2 = = = 12.53 m/s
A2 π 4 ×10−4 m 2
( )
Substituting the given values we get:
( 95 − 100 ) kN/m2 (12.53 m/s )

2
HP = + 0.5m + + 1.1 m = 8.85 m

6.660 kN/m3 (
2 9.81 m/s2 )
The power input to the pump is:
ɺ = γ QH P =
W
( 6660N/m3 )( 6.3 ×10−6 m3 /s ) (8.85m ) = 0.5 W
P
ηP 0.75
V22
4.101 Manometer: γ × 0.5 + γ z1 + p1 = 13.6γ × 0.5 + γ z2 + p2 + ρ.
2
p1 p2 V22
∴ 0.5 + z1 + = 13.6 × 0.5 + z2 + + .
γ γ 2g
2 2
V p p V
Energy: 1
+ z1 + 1 = H T + z2 + 2 + . 2

2g γ γ 2g
0.5 = 13.6 × 0.5 + − F6

2
82
0.5 m
=
= 15.45
&(0.1015) s
15.45
F6 = 13.6 × 0.5 + − 0.5 = 18.47 m
2(9.81)
6 = #G6 F6 = 9810 × 0.5 × 0.90 × 18.47 = 81 500 W = 81.5 kW
p1 V12 p2 V22 52
4.102 Energy: across the nozzle: + = + . V2 = V1 = 6.25V1 .
γ 2g γ 2g 22
400 000 V12 6.252 V12
∴ + = . ∴V1 = 4.58 m/s , VA = 7.16 m/s , V2 = 28.6 m/s.
9810 2 × 9.81 2 × 9.81
Energy: surface to exit:
28.62 4.582 7.162
H P + 15 = + 1.5 + 3.2 . ∴ H P = 36.8 m.
2 × 9.81 2 × 9.81 2 × 9.81
ɺ = γ QH P = 9810 × (π × 0.01 ) × 28.6 × 36.8 = 3820 W.

2
∴W P
ηP 0.85
Energy: surface to “A”:
7.16 2 p 7.162
15 = + A + 3.2 . ∴ p A = 39 400 Pa
2 × 9.81 9810 2 × 9.81
Energy: surface to “B”:
4.582 p 7.162
36.0 + 15 = + B + 3.2 . ∴ pB = 416 000 Pa
2 × 9.81 9810 2 × 9.81
V 22 p 2 V2
4.103 Energy: surface to exit: 10 = + + z 2 + 2.2 2 .
2g γ 2g
∴ V2 = 7.83 m/s. Q = 0.02 = 7.83 × π d22 / 4. ∴ d2 = 0.0570 m.
4.104 Depth on raised section = y 2 . Continuity: 3 × 3 = V 2 y 2 .

32 V2
Energy (see Eq. 4.5.21): + 3 = 2 + (0.4 + y 2 ).
2g 2g
92
∴ 3.059 = 2
+ y2 , or y23 − 3.059 y22 + 4.128 = 0
2g y2
y2 = 2.0 : − 0.11 ? 0 
Trial-and-error:  ∴ y2 = 1.85 m.
y2 = 1.8 : + 0.05 ? 0 
y2 = 2.1: − 0.1 ? 0 
 ∴ y2 = 2.22 m.
y2 = 2.3 : + 0.1 ? 0
83
The depth that actually occurs depends on the downstream conditions. We cannot select a
“correct” answer between the two.
.
m3
4.105 Mass flux occurs as shown. The velocity . .

m1 m
of all fluid elements leaving the top and 2
bottom is approximately 32 m/s. The

distance where u = 32 m / s is y = ± 2 m.
.
m3
To find mɺ 3 use continuity:

2
mɺ 1 = mɺ 2 + 2mɺ 3 . ρ 4 × 10 × 32 = ρ 2 ∫ (28 + y 2 )10dy + 2mɺ 3 .

0
 8
∴ mɺ 3 = 640 ρ − 10 ρ 28 × 2 +  = 53.3 ρ.
 3
2
V 12 V2 u3
Rate of K.E. loss = mɺ 1 − 2mɺ 3 1 − ρ 2 ∫ 10dy
2 2 0
2
2
32 2
= 1280 ρ − 53.3 ρ 32 2 − 10 ρ ∫ (28 + y 2 ) 3 dy
2 0
= 1.23 × [655 360 − 54 579 − 507 320] = 115 000 W.
4.106 The average velocity at section 2 is also 8 m/s. The kinetic-energy-correction factor for a
parabola is 2 (see Example 4.9). The energy equation is:
V 12 p 1 V2 p
+ = α 2 2 + 2 + hL .
2g γ 2g γ
82 150 000 82 110 000
+ =2 + + hL .
2 × 9.81 9810 2 × 9.81 9810
∴ hL = 0.815 m .
1 23 
2
1 1
4.107 V = ∫ VdA = ∫ (28 + y 2 )dy =  28 × 2 +  = 29.33 m/s
A 20 2  3 
2
1 1
α= ∫ V dA = 2 × 29.33 3 ∫0 (28 + y ) dy
3 2 3
3
AV
1  3 2 2
3
25 2 7 
=  28 × 2 + 3 × 28 × + 3 × 28 × +  = 1.005
2 × 29.333  3 5 7 
84
1 1
0.01
 r2  20  0.012 0.014 
a) V = ∫ VdA = ∫ 10 1 − 2π rdr = −  = 5 m/s
 0.012  
4.108
A π × 0.012 0   0.012  2 4 × 0.012 
3
3 r2 
0.01
1 1
α= ∫V ∫ 2π rdr
3
dA = 10 1 −
AV 3 π × 0.012 × 53  0.012 
0  
2000  0.01 3 × 0.01 3 × 0.016
2
0.018  4
=  − + −  = 2.00
0.012 × 5 3  2 4 × 0.012 6 × 0.014 8 × 0.016 
1 1
0.02  y2  10  0.023 
b) V =
A ∫ VdA =
0.02w ∫ 10 1 − 
 0.022 
wdy =
0.02
 0.02 −
3 × 0.02 2

= 6.67 m/s
0    
3
1 1
0.02  y2 
α= ∫V ∫
3 3
dA = 10 1 −
 0.022 
wdy
AV 3 0.02 × w × 6.673 0  
1000  3 × 0.02 3 3 × 0.02 5 0.02 7 
=  0.02 − + −  = 1.541
0.02 × 6.67 3  3 × 0.02 2 5 × 0.02 4 7 × 0.02 6 
R 1/ n
1 1  r  n n 
4.109 V = ∫ VdA = ∫ umax 1 −  2π rdr = −2umax  − 
A πR 0
2
 R  2n + 1 n + 1 
V2  R
ρ 3  r
3/ n
 2 n n 
K.E. = ρ ∫ V   dA = ∫ umax  1 −  2π rdr = ρπ umax
3
 −R  − 
 2  20  R   3 + 2n 3 + n  
 
 5 5
a) V = −2umax  −  = 0.758 umax
 11 6 
5 5 
K.E. = ρπ R2umax
3
 −  = 0.24 ρπ R umax
2 3
 8 13 
K.E. 0.24 ρπ R2umax
3
α= 1
= 1
= 1.102
2
ρ AV 3 2
ρπ R 2 × 0.7583 umax
3
 7 7
b) V = −2umax  −  = 0.817 umax
 15 8 
 7 7 
K.E. = ρπ umax
3
R2  −  = 0.288 ρπ R2umax
3
 10 17 
K.E. 0.288 ρπ R2umax
3
α= = = 1.056
V2   0.817 2 umax
2 
ρ AV   ρπ R × 0.817umax 
2

 2   2 
85
 9 9
c) V = −2umax  −  = 0.853 umax
 19 10 
 9 9 
K.E. = ρπ R2umax
3
 −  = 0.321 ρπ R umax
2 3
 12 21 
K.E. 0.321ρπ R2umax
3
α= 1
= 1
= 1.034
2
ρ AV 3 2
ρπ R 2 × 0.8533 umax
3
 V 2 − V12 
4.110 Engine power = FD × V∞ + m
ɺ 2 + uɶ 2 − uɶ1 
 2 
 
 V 2 − V12 
ɺ f q f = FD V∞ + m
m ɺ 2 + cv (T2 − T1 ) 
 2 
4.111 Wɺ η = FD × V
10 −3  m 3   kg   kJ  100  km  1340 100 000

  × 930 3  × q f   ×   × 0.15 = ×
5  km  m   kg  3600  s  1000 3600
∴ q f = 48 030 kJ/kg
V22 p2 V2 p ν LV
4.112 0 = α 2 + + z2 − 1 − 1 − z1 + 32
2g γ 2g γ gD 2
V2 10−6 ×180V
0=2 − 0.35 + 32 × .
2 × 9.81 9.81× 0.022
V 2 + 14.4V − 3.434 = 0. ∴ V = 0.235 m/s and Q = 7.37 ×10−5 m3 /s
4.113 Choose a control volume that consists of the entire system and apply conservation of
energy as follows:
p1 V12 p V2
HP + + + z1 = HT + 2 + 2 + z2 + hL
γ 2g γ 2g
Note that sections 1 and 2 in this case are on the water surface. Hence, p2 = p1 , V2 = V1 ,
and z2 = z1 . The energy equation simplifies to
V2
H P = hL = 51
2g
86
Since V = Q A , the equation is re-written as
Q2 51Q 2
H P = 51 = = 2634Q 2
2 gA 2
2 × 9.81× (π × 0.1) 2
Since the pump characteristic curve is given, the operating point is at the intersection
between the pump curve and system curve.
HP
Operating
HPD Point
Pump
System Curve
Curve
Q
QD
We determine the operating point and the flow rate by setting the system curve equation
equal to the pump curve equation as follows:
2634Q2 = 15 + 11Q − 150Q2
Rearranging, we get the quadratic equation: 2784Q 2 − 11Q − 15 = 0. The roots of this
equation are determined using the binomial theorem:
( −11) − 4 ( 2784 )( −15 )

2
11 ± 11 ± 409
Q= =
2 × 2784 5568
We choose the positive root Q = 0.075 m3/s and we calculate
H P = 2634 × ( 0.075) = 14.8 m.
2
Hence, the power input to the pump is

ɺ = γ QH = 9.81 kN/m3 × 0.075 m3 /s × 14.8 m = 10.9 kW
WP P
V22 p 2 V2 p V2
4.114 Energy from surface to surface: HP = + + z2 − 1 − 1 − z1 + K .
2g γ 2g γ 2g
Q2
a) H P = 40 + 5 = 40 + 50.7 Q 2
π × 0.04 × 2 × 9.81
2
Try Q = 0.25: H P = 43.2 (energy). H P = 58 (curve)

Solution: Q = 0.32 m3 /s
87
20 Q 2
b) H P = 40 + = 40 + 203 Q 2
π × 0.04 × 2 × 9.81
2
Solution: Q = 0.27 m3 /s
Note: The curve does not allow for significant accuracy.
4.115 Continuity: A1V1 = A2V2 + A3V3

π × 0.06 2 × 5 = π × 0.022 × 20 + π × 0.032 V3 . ∴ V3 = 11.11 m/s
Energy: energy in + pump energy = energy out
 V12 p1   V22 p2   V32 p3 
m1 
ɺ +  + WP ×η P = m2 
ɺ ɺ +  + m3  ɺ + 
 2 ρ   2 ρ   2 ρ 
  
 52 120 000   202 300 000 
1000π × 0.062 × 5  +  + 0.85Wɺ = 1000 π × 0.02 2
× 20  + 
 2 1000
P
2 1000 
  
 11.112 500 000 
+1000π × 0.03 2 × 11.11 +  ∴Wɺ P = 26 700 W
 2 1000 
Momentum Equation
V 12 p 1 V 22 p 2 d2
4.116 + = + . V2 = V1 = 4 V1.
2g γ 2g γ (d / 2)2
V12 200 000 16 V12
a) + = . ∴ V1 = 5.164 m/s.
2 × 9.81 9810 2 × 9.81
p1 A 1 − F = mɺ (V 2 − V1 ).
200 000π ×.03 2 − F = 1000π ×.03 2 × 5.164( 4 × 5.164 − 5.164). ∴ F = 339 N .
V12 400 000 16 V12
b) + = . ∴ V1 = 7.303 m/s.
2 × 9.81 9810 2 × 9.81
400 000π ×.03 2 − F = 1000π ×.03 2 × 7.303( 4 × 7.303 − 7.303). ∴ F = 679 N .
V12 200 000 16 V12

c) + = . ∴V1 = 5.164 m/s.
2 × 9.81 9810 2 × 9.81
200 000π × .062 − F = 1000π × .062 × 5.164(4 × 5.164 − 5.164). ∴ F = 1356 N.
V 12 p 1 V 22 p 2 92
4.117 + = + . V 2 = 2 V 1 = 9V 1 .
2g γ 2g γ 3
V 12 2 000 000 81 V12
+ = . ∴ V12 = 50.
2 × 9.81 9810 2 × 9.81
88
p1A1 − F = m
ɺ (V2 − V1 ) = m
ɺ × 8V1
= ρ A1V1 × 8V1
2 000 000π × 0.0452 − F = 1000(π × 0.0452 ) × 8 × 50

∴ F = 10 180 N .
V12 p1 V22 p2
4.118 + = + . V0π × 0.012 = Ve × 0.006 × 0.15. ∴ Ve = 11.1 m/s.
2g γ 2g γ
ΣFx = m
ɺ (V2 x − V1x )
10 2 V 12 400 000 2.441 V 12

a) V 2 = 2 V 1 = 1.562 V 1 . + = . ∴ V1 = 23.56 m/s.
8 2 × 9.81 9810 2 × 9.81
∴ p1 A 1 − F = mɺ (V 2 − V1 ).
400 000π × 0.052 − F = 1000π × 0.052 × 23.56(0.562 × 23.56) . ∴ F = 692 N .

10 2 V 12 400 000 7.716 V 12
b) V 2 = V 1 = 2.778 V 1 . + = . ∴ V1 = 10.91 m/s.
62 2g 9810 2g
400 000π × 0.052 − F = 1000π × 0.052 ×10.91(1.778 ×10.91). ∴ F = 1479 N .
10 2 V 12 400 000 39.06 V 12

c) V 2 = 2 V 1 = 6.25 V 1 . + = . ∴ V1 = 4.585 m / s.
4 2g 9810 2g
400 000π × 0.052 − F = 1000π × 0.052 × 4.585(5.25 × 4.585). ∴ F = 2275 N .
10 2 V 12 400 000 625 V 12

d) V 2 = V 1 = 25 V 1 . + = . ∴ V1 = 1132
. m / s.
22 2g 9810 2g
400 000π × 0.052 − F = 1000π × 0.052 ×1.132(24 ×1.132). ∴ F = 2900 N .
V 2 − V12   362 − 92 
4.119 V2 = 4V1 = 36 m/s. p1 = γ  2  = 9810   = 607.5 kPa.
 2g   19.62 
(0.038) 2 × 9( −36 − 9)
F = p1 A1 − mɺ (V2 x − V1x ) = 607.5π (0.038) 2 − 1000π = 4.59 kN.
1000
V 12 p1 V 22 p 2 15 V 12 p 1
4.120 V 2 = 4 V 1 . + = + . ∴ = .
2g γ 2g γ 2g γ
2 × 9.81
a) V12 = × 200 000 = 26.67. ∴ V1 = 5.16 m / s, V 2 = 20.7 m / s.
15 × 9810
p1 A 1 − Fx = mɺ (V 2 x − V1x ). ∴ Fx = 200 000π × 0.042 + 1000π × 0.042 × 5.162 = 1139 N.
Fy = mɺ (V 2 y − V 1y ). ∴ Fy = 1000π × 0.042 × 5.16(20.7) = 537 N.
89
2 × 9.81
b) V 12 = × 400 000 = 53.33. ∴ V1 = 7.30 m/s, V2 = 29.2 m/s.
15 × 9810
p1 A 1 − Fx = mɺ (V 2 x − V1x ). ∴ Fx = 400 000π ×.04 2 + 1000π ×.04 2 × 7.3 2 = 2280 N .
Fy = mɺ (V 2 y − V 1y ) = 1000π ×.04 2 × 7.3 × (29.2) = 1071 N .
2 × 9.81
c) V 12 = × 800 000 = 106.7. ∴ V1 = 10.33 m/s, V2 = 41.3 m/s.
15 × 9810
Fx = p1A1 + ρ A1V12 = 800 000π × 0.042 + 1000π × 0.042 × 10.332 = 4560 N.
Fy = mɺ (V 2 y ) = 1000π × 0.042 ×10.33(41.3) = 2140 N.
402 V 12 p1 V 22 p 2 F
4.121 V2 = V1 = 80 m/s. + = + p1A1
10 2 2g γ 2g γ
V2
 80 2 52 
∴ p 1 = 9810  −  = 3.19 × 10 Pa.
6
 2 × 9.81 2 × 9.81 
p1 A1 − F = m
ɺ (V2 x − V1x ).
∴ F = 3.19 ×106 π × 0.22 − 1000π × 0.22 × 5(80 − 5) = 353 000 N.

4.122 A 1V1 = A 2 V 2 . π × 0.0252 × 4 = π (0.0252 − 0.022 )V2 .
p1 V 12 p 2 V 22
∴ V2 = 11.11 m/s. + = + .
γ 2g γ 2g p 1A 1
F
 11.11 − 4 2 2 
p1 = 9810   = 53 700 Pa.
 2 × 9.81
 
p1 A1 − F = mɺ (V2 − V1 ).
∴ F = 53 700π × 0.0252 − 1000π × 0.0252 × 4(11.11 − 4)

= 49.6 N.
4.123 Continuity:
0.7 V1 = 0.1 V2 . ∴ V2 = 7 V1. F1
2 2 F2
V p V p
Energy: + 1 + z1 =
1
+ 2 + z2 2 Rx
2g γ 2g γ
V12 49V12
+ 0.7 = + 0.1. ∴ V1 = 0.495, V2 = 3.467 m/s.
2 × 9.81 2 × 9.81
Momentum: F1 − F2 − Rx = m
ɺ (V2 − V1 )
90
9810 × 0.35(0.7 × 1.5) − 9810 × 0.05(0.1× 1.5) − Rx

= 1000 × (0.1× 1.5) × 3.467(3.467 − 0.495)
∴ R x = 1986 N.
Rx acts to the left on the water, and to the right on the obstruction.
4.124 Continuity:
6 V1 = 0.2 V2 . ∴ V2 = 30 V1.
F
Energy (along bottom streamline): F1
V 12 p1 V2 p F2
+ + z1 = 2 + 2 + z 2
2g γ 2g γ
V22 / 900 V22

+6= + 0.2.
2 × 9.81 2 × 9.81
∴ V2 = 10.67, V1 = 0.36 m/s.
Momentum: F1 − F2 − F = mɺ (V 2 − V1 )
9810 × 3(6 × 4) − 9810 × 0.1(0.2 × 4) − F = 1000 × ( o.2 × 4) × 10.67(10.67 − 0.36)
∴ F = 618 000 N . (F acts to the right on the gate.)
4.125 a) 8 × 0.6 = V2 y2 . F1 − F2 = m
ɺ (V2 − V1 ).
y2  8 × 0.6 
γ × 0.3 × 0.6w − γ y2 w = ρ × 0.6w × 8  − 8.
2  y2 
γ 0.6 − y2 4.8 × 8 × 2
(0.36 − y22 ) = 4.8ρ × 8 . ∴ (0.6 + y2 ) y2 = .
2 y2 9.81
y22 + 0.6 y2 − 7.829 = 0. ∴ y2 = 2.51 m. (See Example 4.12.)
1 2 8 2 1 2 8 
b) y2 =  − y1 + y1 + y1V1  =  −0.4 + 0.4 + × 0.4 × 122  = 3.23 m.
2  g  2  9.81 
4.126 Continuity: V2 y2 = V1y1 = 4V2 y1. ∴ y2 = 4 y1.
1
1/2 
 8 
Use the result of Example 4.12: y2 =  − y1 +  y12 + y1V12  
2  g  
 
a) y2 = 4 × 0.8 = 3.2 m.
91
1
1/2 
 8 
3.2 =  −0.8 +  0.82 + × 0.8 × V12  . ∴ V1 = 8.86 m/s.
2   9.81  
1
1/ 2 
 8 
b) y2 = 4 × 0.5 = 2m. 2 =  −0.5 +  0.52 + × 0.5 × V12  . ∴ V1 = 7 m/s.
2   9.81  
9 12 V12
4.127 V = = 1 m/s. +3= + y1. V1y1 = 1× 3.
3× 3 2 × 9.81 2 × 9.81

3.05 ? 2.93  V 1 = 7:
V12
3 =  V1 = 7.19 m/s.
∴ 3.05 = + . Trial-and-error: 
19.62 V1 y = 0.417 m.
V 1 = 7.2: 3.05 =? 3.06 1

1
1/2 
 8 
y2 =  −0.417 +  0.417 2 + × 0.417 × 7.192   = 1.90 m.
2   9.81  
V2 ×1.9 = 7.19 × 0.417. V2 = 1.58 m/s.
4.128 Refer to Example 4.12:

y  6
γ 1 y1w − γ ×1× 2w = ρ × 6w  3 −  . (V1y1 = 2 × 3).
2  y1 
γ  2 36 1
∴ ( y12 − 4) = 18ρ 1 −  or, ( y1 + 2) = because y1 = 2 is technical solution.
2  y1  9.81 y1
or, y1 ( y1 + 2) = 3.67 ∴ y1 = 0.77 m. V1 = 7.8 m/s.
4.129 Continuity:
p2A2
20 × π × 0.0152 = V2 × π × 0.032. p1A1
∴ V2 = 5 m/s.
Momentum:
p1A1 − p2 A2 = m
ɺ (V2 − V1 ).
60 000π × 0.032 − p2π × 0.032 = 1000π × 0.0152 × 20(5 − 20). ∴ p 2 = 135 kPa.
π × 0.052
4.130 V1 A1 = 2V2 A2 . V2 = 15 = 30 m/s.
2π × 0.0252
p1 V12 p2 V22 302 − 152
+ = + . ∴ p1 = 9810 = 337 500 Pa.
γ 2g γ 2g 2 × 9.81
ɺ ( V2 x − V1x ) .
ΣFx = m p1 A1 − F = m
ɺ (−V1 ).
92
∴ F = p1 A1 + mV
ɺ 1
= 337 500π × 0.052 + 1000π × 0.052 ×152 = 4420 N.
4.131 By choosing a control volume around the elbow and drawing a free-body-diagram as
shown we have:
P2A2
Rx
x
P1A1
Ry
P3A3
First, applying conservation of momentum in the x-direction we write:

p1 A1 − p3 A3 cos 40 − Rx = m
ɺ 3V3 cos 40 − m
ɺ 1V1
ɺ 1V1 − p3 A3 cos 40 − m
Rx = p1 A1 + m ɺ 3V3 cos 40
Next we calculate the mass flow rates.
ɺ 1 = ρ V1 A1 = 1000 kg/m3 × 15 m/s × π ( 0.1 m ) = 471 kg/s
2
m
ɺ 2 = ρ V2 A2 = 1000 kg/m3 × 5 m/s × π ( 0.225 m )2 = 795 kg/s
m
ɺ3 = m
m ɺ1 + m
ɺ 2 = 471 + 795 = 1266 kg/s
ɺ 3 /ρ A3 = 1266 / 1000 × π ( 0.125 ) 2  = 25.8 m/s
V3 = m
 
Substitute in the conservation of momentum equation:
Rx = 250 000 × π × ( 0.1) + 471×15 − 170 000 × π × ( 0.125 ) + 1266 × 25.8 × cos 40 = −16500 N
2 2
 
Now, apply conservation of momentum in the y-direction to write:
Ry − p2 A2 + p3 A3 sin 40 = m (ɺ 2 ( −V2 )
ɺ 3 −V3 sin 40 − m )
Substituting the given values we get:
Ry = 30 000 × π × ( 0.225 ) + 159 × 5 − 170 000 × π × ( 0.125) + 1266 × 25.8 sin 40 = −20150 N
2 2
 
The minus signs indicate that the direction of Rx is to the right and Ry is downwards.
93
4.132 a) ∑ Fx = m
ɺ (V2 x − V1x ), − F = − mV
ɺ 1. V2
mɺ 300
V1 = = = 38.2 m/s
ρ A1 1000 × π × 0.052 F
V1
∴ F = 300 × 38.2 = 11 460 N .
b) − F = mɺ r (V1 − V B )(cos α − 1).

28.2
∴ F = 300 × ( 38.2 − 10) = 6250 N .
38.2
48.2
ɺ r (V1 − Vb )(cos α − 1)
c) − F = m ∴ F = 300 × ( 38.2 − ( −10)) = 18 250 N .
38.2
4.133 a) − F = mɺ (V 2 x − V1x ). 900 = 1000 × π (0.03) 2 × V12 . ∴V1 = 17.85 m/s.

b) − F = mɺ r (V1 − V B )(cos α − 1). 900 = 1000 × π (0.03)2 (v1 − 9) 2 . ∴ V1 = 26.65 m/s.
c) − F = mɺ r (V1 − V B )(cos α − 1). 900 = 1000 × π (0.03)2 (v1 + 9)2 . ∴ V1 = 8.85 m/s.
4.134 a) − F = mɺ (V 2 x − V1x ). −700 = 1000π ×.04 2 V 1 (V 1 × cos 30 − V 1 ). V1 = 32.24 m/s

∴ mɺ = ρA 1V 1 = 1000π ×.04 2 × 32.24 = 162.1 kg / s.
b) − F = mɺ r (V1 − V B )(cos α − 1). −700 = 1000π ×.04 2 (V 1 − 8) 2 (.866 − 1). V1 = 40.24 m/s
∴ mɺ = ρA 1V 1 = 1000π ×.04 2 × 40.24 = 202 kg / s.
c) − F = mɺ r (V1 − V B )(cos α − 1). −700 = 1000π ×.04 2 (V 1 + 8) 2 (.866 − 1). V1 = 24.24 m/s
∴ mɺ = ρA 1V 1 = 1000π ×.04 2 × 24.24 = 121.8 kg / s.
4.135 a) − Rx − m(V2 x − V1x ) = 1000π (0.025)2 × 36(36cos 60° − 36). ∴ Rx = 1272 N.

Ry = mɺ (V2 y − V1 y ) = 1000π (0.025) 2 × 36 × (36 × 0.866). ∴ Ry = 2203 N.
b) − Rx = mɺ r (V1 − VB )(cos α − 1) = 1000π (0.025) 2 × 18 × 18(0.5 − 1). ∴ Rx = 318 N.
Ry = mɺ r (V1 − VB ) sin α = 1000π (0.025) 2 ×18 × (18 × 0.866). ∴ Ry = 551 N.
c) − Rx = mɺ r (V1 − VB )(cos α − 1) = 1000 × π (0.025)2 × 54 × 54(0.5 − 1). ∴ Rx = 2861 N.

R y = mɺ r (V1 − VB ) sin α = 1000π (0.025) 2 × 54 × (54 × 0.866). ∴ Ry = 4956 N.
4.136 V B = R ω = 0.5 × 30 = 15 m / s.
− R x = mɺ (V 1 − V B )(cos α − 1) = 1000π ×.025 2 × 40 × 25(.5 − 1). ∴ R x = 982 N.
∴Wɺ = 10 R V = 10 × 982 × 15 = 147 300 W .
x B
4.137 a) − R x = mɺ (V 2 x − V 1x ) = 4π .02 2 × 400( −400 cos 60 − 400). ∴ R x = 1206 N.

R y = mɺ (V 2 y − V1y ) = 4π ×.02 × 400( 400 sin 60 ).
2
∴ R y = 696 N .
94
ɺ r (V1 − VB )(cos120 − 1) = 4π × 0.022 × 3002 (−0.5 − 1). ∴ R x = 679 N.

b) − Rx = m
R y = mɺ r (V1 − V B )sin α = 4π ×.02 2 × 300 2 ×.866. ∴ R y = 392 N .
ɺ r (V1 − VB )(cos120 − 1) = 4π × 0.022 × 5002 (−0.5 − 1). ∴ R x = 1885 N.
c) − Rx = m
R y = mɺ r (V1 − V B )sin α = 4π ×.02 2 × 500 2 ×.866. ∴ R y = 1088 N .
4.138 − Fx = mɺ (V 1 − V B )(cos 120 − 1) = 4π ×.02 2 × ( 400 − 180) 2 ( −.5 − 1). ∴ R x = 365 N.

V B = 1.2 × 150 = 180 m / s. Wɺ = 15 × 365 × 180 = 986 000 W .
The y-component force does no work.
225sin β1 = Vr1 sin 45  ∴ Vr1 = 152 m/s.

4.139 a) Refer to Fig. 4.16: 
225cos β1 − 90 = Vr1 cos 45  = Vr 2
Note: V2 x − V1x = −Vr 2 cos α 2 + VB − Vr1 cos α1 − VB
= −Vr1 (cos α 2 + cos α1 )
= 15HI J = 15 × 210 × 91.5 = 288 kW

ɺ r1 (cos α 2 + cos α1 ) = 7.95π (0.0125)2 × 225 ×152(cos 30 + cos 45 ) = 210 N.
∴ Rx = mV
225sin β1 = Vr1 sin 60 

b)  Vr1 = 116 m/s = Vr 2
225cos β1 − 90 = Vr1 cos 60 
= 15HI J = 15 × 199 × 91.5 = 273 kW

ɺ r1 (cos α 2 + cos α1 ) = 7.95π (0.0125) 2 × 225 × 116(cos 30 + cos 60 ) = 199 N.
∴ Rx = mV
225sin β1 = Vr1 sin 90 

c)  Vr1 = 206 m/s = Vr 2
225cos β1 − 90 = Vr1 cos 90 
= 15HI J = 15 × 156.6 × 91.5 = 215 kW

ɺ r1 (cos α 2 + cos α1 ) = 7.95π (0.0125)2 × 225 × 206(cos 30° + cos 90°) = 156.6 N.
∴ Rx = mV
100sin 30 = Vr1 sin α1 

 ∴α1 = 36.9 , Vr1 = 83.3 m/s

4.140 a) Refer to Fig. 4.16:
100 cos30 − 20 = Vr1 cos α1 

V2 sin 60 = 83.3sin α 2 

 V2 = 71.5, α 2 = 48

V2 cos 60 = 83.3cos α 2 − 20 

ɺ (V2 x − V1x ) = 1000π × 0.0152 × 100(−71.5cos 60 − 100 cos 30 ). ∴ Rx = 8650 N
− Rx = m
∴W ɺ = 12V R = 12 × 20 × 8650 = 2.08 × 106 W
B x
95
100sin 30 = Vr1 sin α1 

 ∴α1 = 47 , Vr1 = Vr 2 = 68.35 m/s

b)
100 cos 30 − 40 = Vr1 cos α1 

V2 sin 60 = 68.35sin α 2 

 V2 = 38.9 m/s, α 2 = 29.5

V2 cos 60 = 68.35cos α 2 − 40 

ɺ (V2 x − V1x ) = 1000π × 0.0152 × 100(−38.9 cos 60 − 100 cos 30 ). ∴ Rx = 7500 N.
− Rx = m
∴W ɺ = 12V R = 12 × 40 × 7500 = 3.60 × 106 W
B x
100sin 30 = Vr1 sin α1 

 ∴α1 = 53.8 , Vr1 = Vr 2 = 61.96 m/s

c)
100 cos 30 − 50 = Vr1 cos α1 

V2 sin 60 = 61.76sin α 2 

 V2 = 19.32 m/s, α 2 = 15.66

V2 cos 60 = 61.96 cos α 2 − 50

ɺ (V2 x − V1x ) = 1000π × 0.0152 × 100(−19.32 cos 60 − 100 cos 30 ). ∴ Rx = 6800 N
− Rx = m
∴W ɺ = 12 R V = 12 × 6800 × 50 = 4.08 ×106 W.
x B
50 sin 30 = V r 1 sin α 1
 ∴ V r 1 = 2500 − 86.6V B + V B
2 2
4.141 a) Refer to Fig. 4.16:
50 cos 30 − V B = V r 1 cos α 1 

30sin 60 = Vr 2 sin α 2 

 ∴Vr22 = Vr21 = 900 + 30VB + VB2 .
30 cos 60 − Vr 2 cos α 2 = VB 
Combine the above: V B = 13.72 m / s. Then, α 1 = 59.4 , α 2 = 42.1 .
− R x = mɺ (V 2 x − V 1x ) = 1000π ×.012 × 50( −30 cos 60 − 50 cos 30 ). ∴ R x = 916 N .
∴Wɺ = 15V B R x = 15 × 13.72 × 916 = 188 500 W.
50 sin 30 = V r 1 sin α 1 
 ∴ V r 1 = 2500 − 86.6V B + V B ∴ VB = 14.94 m/s.
2 2
b)
50 cos 30 − V B = V r 1 cos α 1 

30sin 70 = Vr 2 sin α 2 

 ∴Vr22 = 900 + 20.52VB + VB2 . α 1 = 41.4 , α 2 = 48.2
30 cos 70 − Vr 2 cos α 2 = VB 
ɺ (V2 x − V1x ) = 1000π × 0.012 × 50(−30 cos 70 − 50 cos 30 ).

− Rx = m ∴ Rx = 841 N.
∴Wɺ = 15V R = 15 × 14.94 × 841 = 188 500 W.
B x
96
50 sin 30 = V r 1 sin α 1 
 ∴ V r 1 = 2500 − 86.6V B + V B ∴ VB = 16.49 m/s
2 2
c)
50 cos 30 − V B = V r 1 cos α 1 

30sin 80 = Vr 2 sin α 2  2 2

 ∴Vr 2 = 900 + 10.42VB + VB . α 1 = 43 , α 2 = 53.7

30 cos80 − Vr 2 cos α 2 = VB 

− R x = mɺ (V 2 x − V 1x ) = 1000π ×.012 × 50( −30 cos 80 − 50 cos 30 ). ∴ R x = 762 N .

∴Wɺ = 15V R = 15 × 16.49 × 762 = 188 500 W.
B x
4.142 To find F, sum forces normal to the plate: ΣFn = mɺ  (Vout )n − V1n  .
 
[ ]
∴ F = 1000 ×.02 ×.4 × 40 −( −40 sin 60 ) = 11 080 N . (We have neglected friction)
ΣFt = 0 = mɺ 2V2 + mɺ 3 (−V3 ) − mɺ 1 × 40sin 30. Bernoulli: V1 = V 2 = V 3 .
∴ 0=m ɺ2 −m ɺ 1 ∴m
ɺ 3 − 0.5m ɺ 2 = .75m
ɺ 1 = 0.75 × 320 = 240 kg/s.

ɺ1 = m
Continuity: m ɺ2 +m ɺ3 mɺ 3 = 80 kg/s.
ɺ r (V1r )n = 1000 × 0.02 × 0.4 × (40 + 20) 2 sin 60 = 24 940 N.

4.143 F = m
F = 24 940 cos 30 = 21 600 N. ∴ W ɺ = 21 600 × 20 = 432 000 W.
x
ɺ r (V1r )n = 1000 × 0.02 × 0.4(40 − VB )2 sin 60. Fx = 8(40 − VB2 ) sin 2 60.
4.144 F = m
Wɺ = V F = 8V (40 − V ) 2 × 0.75 = 6(1600V − 80V 2 + V 3 ).
B x B B B B B
dWɺ
= 6(1600 − 160VB + 3VB2 ) = 0. ∴ VB = 13.33 m/s.
dVB
4.145
V2
F = mɺ r ( V1 − VB )(cos α − 1) = 1000 × .1 × .6VB (−VB )(−2) = 120VB2 . F
2
 120 × 1000 
At t = 0 : F = 120 ×   = 133 300 N. V1 = 0
 3600 
133 300
ao = = 1.33 m/s 2
100 000
− F dVB − 120VB2
16.67 t
dVB
= = . ∴ ∫ − 2 =.0012 ∫ dt .
m dt 100 000 33.33
VB 0
 1 1 
∴ − =.0012 t. ∴ t = 26.6 sec.
 16.67 33.33 
97
4.146 F = mɺ r (V1 − VB )(cos α − 1) = 90 × .8 × 2.5 × 13.89 × (−13.89)(−1) = 34 700 N.
50 × 1000 m
KJ = = 13.89 L
3600 s
= 34 700 × 13.89 = 482 kW
4.147 See the figure in Solution 4.145.

ɺ r (V1 − VB )(cos α − 1) = 1000 × 0.06 × 0.2 × VB (−VB )( −2) = 24VB2 .
F=m
dV B dV B 100 × 1000
− F = mV B . ∴ −24V B2 = 5000V B . = 27.78 m/s
dx dx 3600
x 27.78
24 dx dVB 24
−∫ = ∫ . − x = ln 27.78 − ln 250. ∴ x = 458 m
0
5000 250
VB 5000
4.148 To solve this problem, choose a control volume attached to the reverse thruster vanes, as
shown below. The momentum equation is applied to a free body diagram:
Momentum: Vr2
ɺ [ (Vr 2 ) x + (Vr 3 ) x ] − m
− Rx = 0.5m ɺ × ( Vr1 )
x
Assume the pressure in the gases equals

the atmospheric pressure and that Vr1 = Vr2
= Vr3. Hence, Vr1 Rx
(Vr1 ) x = Vr1 = 800 m/s , and
(Vr 2 ) x = (Vr 3 ) x = −Vr1 × sin α
where α = 20° . Then, momentum is
ɺ [ −2Vr1 sin α ] − m
− Rx = 0.5m ɺ × Vr1 Vr3
ɺ r1 ( sin α + 1)
= − mV
Momentum: ɺ [ −2Vr1 sin α ] − m

− Rx = 0.5m ɺ r1 ( sin α + 1)
ɺ × Vr1 = −mV
The mass flow rate of the exhaust gases is
mɺ = mɺ air + mɺ fuel = mɺ air (1 + 1 40 ) = 100 ×1.025 = 102.5 kg/s
Substituting the given values we calculate the reverse thrust:
(
Rx = (102.5 kg/s )( 800 m/s ) 1 + sin 20 = 110 kN )
98
Note that the thrust acting on the engine is in the opposite direction to Rx, and hence it is
referred to as a reverse thrust; its purpose is to decelerate the airplane.
4.149 − F = mɺ r (V1 − VB )(cos α − 1) = 1000π (0.03)2 (V1 − VB ) 2 (−2). V2

dV F
∴ F = 5.652(V1 − VB ) 2 = 300 B .
dt
VB
dVB
At t = 0, VB = 0. Then 300 = 5.652V12 .
dt
dVB
With = 1.8, V1 = 9.8 m/s.
dt
VB 2
dVB 1 1
For t > 0, ∫ = 0.0188 ∫ dt ⇒ 0.0377 = − . ∴VB = 2.64 m/s.
0 (9.8 − VB )2 0 9.8 − VB 9.8
4.150 For this steady-state flow, we fix the boat and move the upstream air. This provides us with
the steady-state flow of Fig. 4.17. This is the same as observing the flow while standing on
the boat.
ɺ = FV . 50 × 1000
W 1 20 000 = F × . ∴ F = 1440 N. (V1 = 13.89 m/s)
3600
V2 + 13.89
F=m
ɺ (V2 − V1 ). 1440 = 1.23π ×12 × (V2 − 13.89). ∴ V2 = 30.6 m/s.
2
30.6 + 13.89
∴ Q = A3V3 = π ×12 × = 69.9 m3 /s
2
V1 13.89
ηp = = = 0.625 or 62.5%
V3 22.24
200 × 1000
4.151 Fix the reference frame to the aircraft so that V1 = = 55.56 m/s.
3600
320 × 1000 55.56 + 88.89
V2 = = 88.89 m/s. ɺ = 1.2 × π ×1.12 ×
∴m = 329.5 kg/s.
3600 2
F = 329.5(88.89 − 55.56) = 10 980 N = ∆pπ × 1.12 . ∴ ∆p = 2890 Pa .
ɺ = F × V = 10 980 × 55.56 = 610 000 W or
W 818 hp.
1
4.152 Fix the reference frame to the boat so that = = 8.33

=3×333
=933
60 × 1000 m
= = 16.67
3600 s
99
8.33 + 16.67
M = ( − ) = 1000 × &(0.25) × K L (16.67 − 8.33) = 20.4 kN
2
m
= M = (20.4 kN) 88.33 : = 170 kW
s
8.33 + 16.67 kg
= 1000 × & × (0.25) K L = 2450
2 s
4.153 Fix the reference frame to the boat: V1 = 10 m/s, V2 = 20 m/s.
∴Thrust = m
ɺ (V2 − V1 ) = 1000 × 0.2 × (20 − 10) = 2000 N.
ɺ = F × V = 2000 × 10 = 20 000 W
W or 26.8 hp.
1
4.154 Start with Equation 4.6.25:

1
,$ = =
2
kg
Look in Table B.2 for the density of air at 18 °C. We interpolate to find:
,(OP', 18 ℃, 100 kPa) = 1.213 =
m
1 kg & m =
= K1.213 = L 8 S5 mT : 88 :
Maximum power obtainable from the wind:
2 m 4 s
= 6097 W
#FU
U =
Assuming all the work is used by the pump, start from Equation 4.5.26:
GU
kg
We are given a temperature for the water, so assume atmospheric pressure for Table B.1:
,(VOWX', 10 ℃) = 999.7 =
m
,#FU
U =
Modifying 4.5.26:
GU
GU
#=
,FU
(0.30)(6097 W) m= m=
Solving:
#= = 0.010 = 895
kg m s d
K999.7 = L 89.81 : (18 m)
m s
]
1
4.155 a) Total wind energy is given by Equation 4.6.26:
Z = ,$ [ = \W
2
3
100
kg
From Table B.2, for the density of air at 18 °C. We interpolate to find:
,(OP', 18 ℃, 100 kPa) = 1.213 =
m
& &
$ = ^ = (60 m) = 2827 m
Area calculation:
4 4
]
1 kg m m W =
Final pre-integration form (t is in hours):
Z = K1.213 = L (2827 m ) [ K9 + 4.5 × sin K2& LL \W

2 m s s 24
3
Integrating and solving by mathematics software:
Z = 1.485 × 10 J = 41.25 MWh

b) Maximum obtainable power is the total wind energy multiplied by the power
de = GZ = 0.593(1.485 × 10 J)

coefficient:
de = 0.881 × 10 J = 24.46 MWh
1
c) If wind velocity is constant at 9 m/s, Equation 4.6.26 becomes:
Z = ,$ = ∆W
2
1 kg m = s
Z = K1.213 = L (2827 m ) 89 : (24 h) 83600 :
2 m s h
Z = 108 × 10 J = 30 MWh
1
E
d) Wind mean energy velocity can be found as in Example 4.19:
E =
=
Zde 24.46 × 109 Wh m
gdh =i j =k l = 8.41
1 1 kg s
,$∆W K1.213 L (2827 m )(24 h)
2 2 m=
4.156 a) First we need to find the cut in and cut out times that bracket the area of the sine curve
m m W
= 9 + 4.5 × sin K2& L
we can use. Taking the equation for the wind velocity:
s s 24
m
24 D − 9 s
We solve for t:
W= sin i m j
2& 4.5 s
W = −0.085 h
This represents the offset from t = 0 h where the velocity falls below 8.9 m/s. The actual
W = 24 h − 0.085 h = 23.915 h
time is:
W = 12 h + 0.085 h = 12.085 h
The cut-in time is the same offset from the crossing at 12 hours:
101
Note that the lowest wind speed is the mean less the amplitude, or 9 m/s minus 4.5 m/s.
This speed (4.5 m/s) is above the cut-in velocity, so we do not have to worry about the
turbine cutting out because of low wind.
]
Total wind energy is given by Equation 4.6.26:
1
Z = ,$ [ = \W
2
]
kg
From Table B.2, for the density of air at 18 °C. We interpolate to find:
,(OP', 18 ℃, 100 kPa) = 1.213 =
m
& &
$ = ^ = (60 m) = 2827 m
Area calculation:
4 4
=.1C m
1 kg m m W =
Final pre-integration form (t is in hours):
Z = K1.213 = L (2827 m ) [ K9 + 4.5 × sin K2& LL \W

2 m s s 24
.32C m
Integrating and solving by mathematics software:
Z = 0.191 × 10 J = 5.30 MWh

b) Maximum obtainable power is the total wind energy multiplied by the power
de = GZ = 0.593(0.191 × 10 J)

coefficient:
de = 0.113 × 10 J = 3.14 MWh

c) If wind velocity is constant at 9 m/s, the rotor is never engaged because this is above
Z= 0
the cutout velocity.
E
d) Wind mean energy velocity can be found as in Example 4.19.
E =
=
Zde 3.14 × 109 Wh m
gdh = i j =k l = 4.24
1 1 kg s
2 ,$∆W
(2827 m )(24 h)
2 K1.213 m= L

F o
4.157 a) Examining the equation given:
=K L
n Fn
m
= n (1)o = n = 10
We note that at the reference height:
s
1
=
Applying Equation 4.6.25:
,$ =
2
We do not have a value for the area swept by the blades, so we instead develop an
equation for power as a function of area:
102
1 kg m =
= K1.204 = L $ 810 :
2 m s
SWT = 602$Sm T
The density of air was obtained from Table B.2 in the Appendix.
b) Power density is the ratio of power obtained per area swept by the blades. Starting
1
= ,$ =
from Equation 4.6.25:
1
Rearranging:
= , =
$ 2
Here we use the given empirical relationship to determine the wind velocity at the 60
p3 3. 0.4 m 3.
meters:
O3 = K L = K L = 0.5365
Fn 9 m
m
ln n ln 10 s
O = O3 K1 − L = 0.5365 i1 − mj = 0.2428
ln 3 ln 67.1
s
F o m 60 m 3.r2 m
= n K L = 810 : K L = 15.85
Fn s 9 m s
1 kg m = W
Adding numbers to Equation 4.6.25:
= K1.204 = L 815.85 : = 2400

$ 2 m s m
8
=
c) Maximum power obtainable at these conditions is given by Equation 4.6.42:
,$ =
27
& &
$ = ^ = (50 m) = 1963 m
Density and velocity were found in part (b). Area is:
4 4
8 kg m =
=
Inserting values:
K1.204 = L (1963 m ) 815.85 :
27 m s
= 2.79 MW
kg
4.158 We look up the density of air at the conditions given:
,(OP', 20 ℃, 100 kPa) = 1.204
m=
1
Using Equation 4.6.26:
M" = s" ,n t
2
103
1
Mu = su ,n t
2
1 kg m N
All the information needed is given in the problem statement:
M" = (0.651) K1.204 = L 815 : (0.5 m) = 44.1

2 m s m
1 kg m N
Mu = (0.274) K1.204 = L 815 : (0.5 m) = 18.6
2 m s m
n = vw + (xH)
4.159 Following Example 4.21, we first calculate the relative velocity:
m m
n = y810 : + (60 rpm × 5 m) = 32.95
s s
m
10 s
Find the angle of attack, α:

| = sinD K L − } = sinD i mj − 6° = 11.7°
w
n 32.95
s
s" = s cos | + s6 sin |

Using Equation 4.6.49:
s" = 1.35 cos 11.7° + 0.03 sin 11.7° = 1.328

su = s sin | − s6 cos |
su = 1.35 sin 11.7° − 0.03 cos 11.7° = 0.2679
Before starting to calculate the coefficients of thrust and torque, it is helpful to calculate
the sum α + β = 17.7°. Now using Equation 4.6.52:
sm = s" cos(| + }) + su sin(| + })

sm = 1.328 cos(17.7°) + 0.2679 sin(17.7°) = 1.347
sg = s" sin(| + }) − su cos(| + })

sg = 1.328 sin(17.7°) − 0.2679 cos(17.7°) = 0.1485
Calculating the force per length of a blade using Equation 4.6.51:
1 1 kg m N
Mm = ,n sm t = K1.204 = L 832.95 : (1.347)(0.5 m) = 440
2 2 m s m
N
Mm = K440 L (5 m) = 2200 N
m
1 1 kg m N
Mg = ,n sg t = K1.204 = L 832.95 : (0.1485)(0.5 m) = 48.5
2 2 m s m
N
Mg = K48.5 L (5 m) = 242 N
m
(Note: Density of air from Table B.2)
104
4.160 0.2 = V1 A1 = V1 × .2 × 1.0. ∴ V1 = 1 m/s. ∴ V1 max = 2 m/s. ∴ V1 ( y ) = 20(0.1 − y ).

0.1 0.1
0.13
flux in = 2 ∫ ρ V 2 wdy = 2 ∫ 1000 × 202 (0.1 − y ) 2 dy = 800 000 = 267 N.
0 0
3
The slope at section 1 is −20. ∴ V2 ( y ) = −20 y + A.

V2 (0) = A 
Continuity: A1V1 = A2 V2 . ∴ V2 = 2V1 = 2 m/s.  ∴ V2 = A − 1/ 2.
V2 (0.05) = A − 1
1
2 = A − . ∴ A = 2.5. ∴ V2 ( y ) = 2.5 − 20 y.
2
0.05
0.05  ( y − 0.125)3  800 000
∫
2
flux out = 2 1000(2.5 − 20 y ) dy = 800 000   = [0.00153]
0  3  0 3
= 408.3 N. ∴change = 408 − 267 = 141 N.
0.1
2 ∫ 202 (0.1 − y ) 2 dy
∫V
2
dA 0.13 4
4.161 a) β = = 0
= 4000 × = .
V 2A 12 × 0.2 × 1.0 3 3
b) See Problem 4.160: V2 ( y ) = 20(0.125 − y ), 0.05 ≥ y ≥ 0. V2 = 2 m/s.

0.05
∫V
2
dA
2 ∫ 202 ( y − 0.125)2 dy
β= = 0
V A 2
22 × 0.1×1.0
0.05
( y − 0.125)3
= 2000 = 1.021
3 0
∆' \
4.162 From the c.v. shown: ( p1 − p2 )π r02 = τ w 2π r0 L. τw2πroL
∴ = =
2 \'
p1A1 p2A2
\ 207 × 0.0195 m
∴ = = 221
\' 2 × 9.15 × 0.001 s∙m
 r2 
4.163 Write the equation of the parabola: V (r ) = Vmax 1 − 2  .
 r 
 0 
0.006
 r2 
Continuity: π × 0.0062 × 8 = ∫ Vmax 1 − 2π rdr. ∴ Vmax = 16 m/s.
 0.0062 
0  
Momentum: p1 A1 − p2 A2 − FDrag = ∫ ρ V 2dA − mV
ɺ 1.
105
2
2 
0.006
r2
40 000π × 0.006 − FDrag = ∫ 2π rdr − 1000 × π × 0.0062 × 8 × 8
2
1000 × 16 1 −
 0.0062 
0  
4.524 − FDrag = 9.651 − 7.238. ∴ FDrag = 2.11 N.
ɺ top = ρ A1V1 − ρ ∫ V2 ( y )dA

4.164 m
 2 
= 1.23  2 × 10 × 32 − ∫ (28 + y 2 )10dy  = 65.6 kg/s
 0 
2
F
− = ∫ ρ V 2 dA + m ɺ 1V1 = 1.23∫ (28 + y 2 )210dy + 65.6 × 32 − 1.23 × 20 × 322
ɺ top V1 − m
2 0
∴ F = 3780 N .
 0.1 
4.165 a) m
ɺ top =m ɺ 2 = ρ A1V1 − ∫ ρ u( y)dA = 1.23 0.1× 2 × 8 − ∫ (20 y − 100 y 2 )8 × 2dy 
ɺ1 − m
 0 
= 0.656 kg/s. (Note: y = 0.1 for u( y ) = 8).
0.1
Momentum: − FDrag = ρ ∫ 64(20 y − 100 y ) 2dy + 0.656 × 8 − ρ × 0.1× 2 × 82
2 2
0
= 1.23 × 6.83 + 5.25 − 1.23 ×12.8. ∴ FDrag = 2.09 N
0.1
∫ 8(20 y − 100 y
2
b) To find h: 8h = )dy.
0
20 × 0.12 100 × 0.001
∴h = − = 0.0667 m.
2 3
0.1
Momentum: − FDrag = 1.23 ∫ 64(20 y − 100 y 2 )2 2dy − 1.23 × 0.0667 × 2 × 82
0
= 1.23 × 6.83 − 10.50. ∴ FDrag = 2.10 N
Momentum and Energy
V 12 V2
4.166 a) Energy: + z 1 = 2 + z 2 + hL . See Problem 4.125(a).
2g 2g
82 1.912 2
+ 0.6 = + 2.51 + hL . ∴ hL = 1166
. m.
2 × 9.81 2 × 9.81
∴ losses = γ A1V1hL = 9810 × (0.6 × 1) × 8 ×1.166 = 54 900 W/m of width.
106
V 12 V2
b) See Problem 4.127: + z 1 = 2 + z 2 + hL .
2g 2g
7.19 2 1.58 2
+.417 = + 1.9 + hL . ∴ hL = 1.025 m.
2 × 9.81 2 × 9.81
∴ losses = γA 1V1 hL = 9810×.417 × 3 × 7.19 × 1.025 = 90 300 W
5.17 2 32
c) See Problem 4.128: + 1.16 = + 2 + hL . ∴ hL = 0.0636 m.
2 × 9.81 2 × 9.81
∴ losses = γ A1V1hL = 9810 × 1.16 × 5.17 × 0.0636 = 3740 W/m of width.
4.167 See Problem 4.129: V1 = 20 m/s, V2 = 5 m/s, p1 = 60 kPa, p2 = 135 kPa.

V12 p1 V22 p2 202 60 000 52 135 000
Then, + = + + hL . + = + + hL .
2g γ 2g γ 2 × 9.81 9810 2 × 9.81 9810
∴ hL = 11.47 m = K × V12 /2g = K × 202 /2 × 9.81. ∴ K = 0.562.
d2
4.168 Continuity: V1D 2 = Vd2 . ∴ V1 = V.
D2
V12 V2
Energy: + H (t ) = . ∴ V = 2 gH (t ).
2g 2g

d  d2s 
dt c∫.v .
Momentum: ΣFx − ( FI ) x = ρ V x d −
V + ɺ
m (V 2x − V 1x ).  2  = ax .
 dt  x
t
π d2 π d2
∴−ax m(t ) = ρ V (V ). m(t ) = mo − ρ ∫ V (t )dt.
4 0
4
dH dH d 2 dH d2 2 gd 2
But, V1 = − . − = 2 2 gH . − 1/2 = 2 2 gdt. ∴ H1/2 = t + Ho
dt dt D H D 2D2
2
ρπd 2  2 gd 2   πd 2 t
 2 gd 2  
∴ ax =
4
2 g 
 2D
2
t + H o 

ρ
 4
∫
0
2 g 
 2D
2
t + H 
o

dt − m o

4.169 This is a very difficult design problem. There is an optimum initial mass of water for a
maximum height attained by the rocket. It will take a team of students many hours to find
a solution to this problem. It involves continuity, energy, and momentum, resulting in a set
of non-linear differential equations.
107
Moment of Momentum
mɺ 4
4.170 Ve = = = 19.89 m/s. Velocity in arm = V .
ρ Ae 1000 × (4 × π × 0.0042 )
0.3
MI = ∫ r × (2Ω × V ) ρ d V = 4 ∫ rî × ( −2Ωkˆ × V î ) ρ Adr
c.v. 0
0.3
= 8 ρ AV Ωkˆ ∫ rdr = −0.36ρ AV Ωkˆ
0
d
∑M = 0 and ∫ (r × V ) ρ d V = 0
dt c.v.
∫ (r × V)V ⋅ nˆ ρ dA = 0.3î × ( 0.707Ve ˆj + 0.707Vekˆ ) Ve ρ Ae

c.s.
∫ r × V (V ⋅ nˆ ) ρ dA = 0.3 × 0.707Ve Ae ρ
2
The z-component of
c.s.
Finally, −( M I ) z = 0.36 ρ AV Ω = 4 × 0.3 × 0.707Ve2 Ae ρ . Using AV = Ae Ve ,
0.36Ω = 4 × 0.3 × 0.707 ×19.89. ∴ Ω = 46.9 rad / s.
y r
V x
4.171 A moment M resists the motion thereby
producing power. One of the arms is shown. Ω
Ve
3.C 3.C
× ̂ ,$\' = −8,$
= [ 4'̂ × −2 [ '\' = −2,$

3 3
d
∑ M = Mkˆ and ∫ (r × V ) ρ d V = 0 and ∫ (r × V)V ⋅ nˆ ρ dA = 0.25 × Ve ρ Ae (4kˆ )
2
Thus, + 2(1000)&(0.019) (6.08)(30) = 0.25(61) (1000)&(0.00635) (4)

dt c.v. c.s.
∴ = 57.6 N ∙ m

= Ω = 57.6 × 30 = 1730 W
ɺ = 10 = ρ AV = 1000π × 0.012 V0 .
4.172 m ∴ V0 = 31.8 m/s. `1
Continuity: V0π × 0.012 = V π × 0.012 + Ve × 0.006(r − 0.05).
V0π × 0.012 = Ve × 0.006 × .15. ∴ Ve = 11.1 m/s.
108
∴ V = V0 − 19.1(r − 0.05)Ve = 42.4 − 212r.

0.05 0.2
MI = ∫ 2rî × ( +2Ωkˆ × V0î ) ρ Adr + ∫ 2rî × [ +2Ωkˆ × (42.4 − 212r )î ]ρ Adr
0 0.05
0.05 0.2
= 4ΩV0 ρ Akˆ ∫ rdr + 4Ωρ Akˆ ∫ (42.4r − 212r 2 )dr
0 0.05
 42.4 212 
=  (0.22 − 0.052 ) − (0.23 − 0.053 )  kˆ
 2 3 
= (0.05Ω + 0.3Ω)kˆ = 0.35Ωkˆ .
0.2 0.2
∫ rî × ( −Ve ˆj)Ve ρ × 0.006dr = −11.12 × 1000 × 0.006 ∫ rdr kˆ = −13.86 kˆ

0.05 0.05
∴ −0.35 Ω = −13.86. ∴Ω = 39.6 rad/s.
1000
4.173 1000 = MΩ. ∴M = = 2 N ⋅ m.
500
M I = ∫ rî r × ( −2Ωkˆ × V (r )î r ) ρ 2π r × 0.02dr
R
= 0.08πΩ ∫ r 2V (r )drkˆ
0
Vr
Continuity: V (r )2π r × 0.02 = Vr cos 30 2π R × 0.02. ∴ V (r ) = 0.866 R
r
∫ r × V (V ⋅ nˆ ) ρ dA = − R( RΩ + Vr sin 30 )Vr cos 30 ρ 2π R × 0.02kˆ = −0.00301Vr (35 + 0.5Vr )kˆ

c.s.
∫ r × V (V ⋅ nˆ ) ρ dA = −R( RΩ + Vr sin 30 )Vr cos 30 ρ 2π R × 0.02 kˆ = −0.00301Vr (35 + 0.5Vr )kˆ

c.s.
.15
∴ −2 − 16.32V r ∫0
r dr = −.00301V r (35 +.5V r ). ∴ V r2 − 52.1V r − 1333 = 0.
1
∴ Vr = ( 52.1 ± 52.12 + 4 × 1333 ) = 70.9 m / s.
2
The flow rate is Q = Ae Vr cos 30 = 2π × 0.15 × 0.02 × 70.9 × 0.866 = 1.16 m3 /s
0.0082
4.174 See Problem 4.171. Ve = 19.89 m/s. V= × 19.89 = 3.18 m/s.
0.022
0.3
  dΩ ˆ  ˆ 
M I = 4 ∫ rî × ( −2Ωkˆ × V î ) +  − k  × r i ρ Adr. A = π × 0.012 , Ae = π × 0.0042
0   dt  
109
0.3 0.3
dΩ ˆ
= −8ρ AV Ωkˆ ∫ rdr − 4 ρ A ∫r
2
k dr
0
dt 0
dΩ ˆ
= −360 AV Ωkˆ − 36 A k
dt
∫ (r × V) z (V ⋅ nˆ ) ρ dA = 212Ve Aekˆ
2
c.s.
dΩ dΩ
Thus, 360 AV Ω + 36 A = 212Ve2 Ae or + 31.8Ω = 373.
dt dt
The solution is Ω = Ce −31.8t + 11.73. The initial condition is Ω( 0) = 0. ∴ C = −11.73.
Finally, Ω = 11.73(1 − e −31.8t ) rad/s.
4.175 This design problem would be good for a team of students to do as a project. How large a
Horsepower blower could be handled by an average person?
110

Potter SI ISM Chapter 04

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Chapter 4 / The Integral Forms of the Fundamental Laws

4.3 (A) Refer to the circle of Problem 4.27:

Wɺ P V22 − V12 p − p1 Wɺ P 1200 − 200

V22 − V12 p2 − p1 −1202 p

Combine the equations: 9810 × 0.02 = 1.2 × ∴  = 18

7.96 100 000

In the above energy equation we used

V12 p1 V22 p (6.252 − 1) × 12.732

Chapter 4 Problems: Basic Laws

4.16 a) No net force may act on the system: ΣF = 0.

4.20 a) The energy equation (the 1st law of Thermo).

System-to-Control Volume Transformation

ηρ  −0.707(ˆi + ˆj)  ⋅10ˆiA

4.26 (B ⋅ nˆ ) A = 15(0.5ˆi + 0.866ˆj) ⋅ ˆj (10 × 12) = 15 × 0.866 ×120 = 1559 cm3

c.v. (0) = c.v. (∆t)

p1 276 ×103 48 ×103

ɺ = ρ AV = 1000 × π × 0.042 × 5.833 = 29.32 kg/s.

4.42 a) Since the area is rectangular, V = 5 m/s.

c) V × 0.08 = 10 × 0.04 + 5 × 0.02 + 5 × 0.02. ∴V = 7.5 m/s.

4.44 If dm / dt = 0 , then ρ 1 A 1V1 = ρ 2 A 2 V 2 + ρ 3 A 3 V 3 . In terms of mɺ 2 and Q 3 this

4.47 V 1 h1 = ∫ u( y )dy . 10×.05 = ∫ 10( 20 y − 100 y 2 )dy

4.48 mɺ = ∫ ρVdA = ∫ 1165(1 − 1.42 y )12( y − 5 y 2 ) ×1.5 dy

4.49 A 1V 1 = A 2 V 2 . π × 0.012 × 8 = (2π × 0.2 × 0.04)V2cos 30 . ∴V2 = 0.05774 m/s.

4.54 The control surface is close to the

4.55 Assume an incompressible flow:

4.56 For an incompressible flow (low speed air flow)

∫ udA = A ∫ 20 y × 0.8dy = π × 0.15 2 V 2 .

π (0.1 − 0.025 ) × 4 + ∫ 200 1 − 2πrdr = π × 0.12 V e

4.58 Draw a control volume around the entire set-up:

b) 0 = 1000π × 0.6 2 hɺ + 1000 × 0.01 − 0 − 20.

c) 0 = 1000π × 0.62 hɺ + 1000 × 1.0 / 60 − 1000π × 0.022 × 5 − 10.

4.65 A 1V1 = A 2 V 2 where A 2 is an area just under the top surface.

a) 6 = 40 × 0.89 × 200 × 9.81 = 69 7

b) 6 = 40 × 0.89 × 8 : × 9.81 = 524 7

This can be solved by trial-and-error.

h2 = 2.5: 2.615 =? 2.63 h2 = 2.45: 2.615 =? 2.59. ∴ h2 = 2.47 m

h2 = 0.65: 2.615 =? 2.58 h2 = 0.64: 2.615 =? 2.63. ∴ h2 = 0.646 m

4.75 The manometer equation (see Prob. 4.74) is

Subtract (1) from (2): With z1 = 2 m, and with V2 = 4V1 (continuity)

4.77 Q = 600 × 10-3/60 = π × 0.022 V1. ∴V1 = 7.958 m/s.

4.79 a) Across the nozzle: π × 0.07 2 × V1 = π × 0.0252 × V2 . ∴V2 = 7.84 V1.

From the reservoir surface to section 1:

From the reservoir surface to the nozzle exit:

Continuity: V1 = 4V 2 . With p1 = pv = 2450 Pa and p2 = 100 000 Pa,

2450 16 100 000 1

∴V1 = 7.67 m/s. ∴Q = π × 0.052 × 7.67 = 0.0602 m 3 /s.

4.90 Velocity at exit = V e . Velocity in constriction = V1 . Velocity in pipe = V 2 .

4.92 mɺ = ρ AV = 1000 × π × (0.025) 2 × 36 = 70.65 kg/s .

ɺ = 70.65 × 9.81  9 − 36 + 830 ×1000  / 0.85 = 18500 W = 18.5 kW = 24.8 hp.

4.93 mɺ = ρA V = 1000 × π ×.02 2 × 40 = 50.27 kg / s.

 0 − 10.2 2 −600 000 

p1g 85 × 9.81 600 × 9.81 20 500

 200 2 600 000T2 85 000 716.5 

Be careful of units. p2 = 600 000 Pa, cv = 716.5 J/kg ⋅ K

b) −60 000 + 1 500 000 = same as above. ∴ T2 = 560 K or 287 C.

100 × 9.81×103 420 × 9.81×103

ɺ = ρ AVg = γ AV = 33.94 × π × (0.025) 2 × 200 = 13.32 kg/s.

4.99 Energy: surface to “C”:

ɺ = ρ AVg = 1000 × π × 0.052 × 10 × 9.81 = 770.5 N/s.)

We recognize that HT = 0, V1 is negligible and hL = 210 V 2/2g where V = Q/Aand

( 95 − 100 ) kN/m2 (12.53 m/s )

HP = + 0.5m + + 1.1 m = 8.85 m

0.5 = 13.6 × 0.5 + − F6

ɺ = γ QH P = 9810 × (π × 0.01 ) × 28.6 × 36.8 = 3820 W.

Combine the equations: 9810 × 0.02 = 1.2 × ∴ = 18

a) 6 = 40 × 0.89 × 200 × 9.81 = 69 7

b) 6 = 40 × 0.89 × 8 : × 9.81 = 524 7

= 15HI J = 15 × 210 × 91.5 = 288 kW

= 15HI J = 15 × 199 × 91.5 = 273 kW

= 15HI J = 15 × 156.6 × 91.5 = 215 kW

= 34 700 × 13.89 = 482 kW