the starting piece will be knocked down by a wooden sphere, radius 2 cm,
rolling from a wooden ramp with a length of 15 cm. however, there is one
thing that i found challenging, which is to decide the maximum height of the
ramp, or should i say, the inclined angle. that is to say, if the angle is too
small, the ball may not gain enough momentum to collide with the first piece
of domino, and that may directly affect the speed of the process, and the
smoothness. but if the angle is too large, the sphere may roll with sliding,
and that doesn't look beautiful. that prompts me to rethink about the
question: what will be the acceleration, or the force exerted by the ball when
it is rolling from the ramp with different inclined angles?
i searched for information over the internet, and found that there is one
determining factor that finally decided the rotation, which is the static
friction- it determines the rotation without slipping, and may produce the
rotational energy that decreases the final translational kinetic energy, and
therefore affect the acceleration. that involves concepts including the torque,
which has been learnt in my physics HL classes and rotational inertia, which
is a brand new concept to me. it is finally found that the finall acceleration at
the bottom of the ramp (which is theoretically constant during the entire
rotation) is proportional to the inclined angle of the ramp, and is irrelevant to
other factors like the material or the length of the ramp (but the length and
the mass do affect the final momentum and therefore affect the collision on
the domino).
however, when the angle exceed a certain value, since, the component of
gravity along the ramp decrease and that decreases the static friction, where
the normal component increases and that lead to a large kinetic friction. that
makes the ball rotate with slipping.
this IA report focus on this question, and i will investigate the concept of
rotational inertia by exploring what it means, and how it is calculated in
terms of the shape, and mass distribution in different rigid
bodies, as well as how rotation affects the acceleration of the ball. i also
performed the entire experiment to find out whether
the acceleration fits with the theoretical frame, and will evaluate what
determines the bias of the
experimented results away from the theory.
IA 意义——跟自己相关
when rotating, a rigid body will experience a centripetal force due to the
tangential velocity, but also
a tangential force that induces a torque on the body.
the starting piece will be knocked down by a wooden sphere, radius 2 cm,
rolling from a wooden
ramp with a length of 15 cm. however, there is one thing that i found
challenging, which is to
decide the maximum height of the ramp, or should i say, the inclined angle.
that is to say, if the angle
is too small, the ball may not gain enough momentum to collide with the first
piece of domino, and
that may directly affect the speed of the process, and the smoothness. but if
the angle is too large,
the sphere may roll with sliding, and that doesn't look beautiful. that prompts
me to rethink about the
question: what will be the acceleration, or the force exerted by the ball when
it is rolling from the ramp
with different inclined angles?
i searched for information over the internet, and found that there is one
determining factor that finally
decided the rotation, which is the static friction- it determines the rotation
without slipping, and may
produce the rotational energy that decreases the final translational kinetic
energy, and therefore affect
the acceleration. that involves concepts including the torque, which has been
learnt in my physics HL
classes and rotational inertia, which is a brand new concept to me. it is
finally found that the
finall acceleration at the bottom of the ramp (which is theoretically constant
during the entire rotation)
is proportional to the inclined angle of the ramp, and is irrelevant to other
factors like the material or
the length of the ramp (but the length and the mass do affect the final
momentum and therefore
affect the collision on the domino).
however, when the angle exceed a certain value, since, the component of
gravity along the ramp decrease
and that decreases the static friction, where the normal component increases
and that lead to a large
kinetic friction. that makes the ball rotate with slipping.
this IA report focus on this question, and i will investigate the concept of
rotational inertia by exploring
what it means, and how it is calculated in terms of the shape, and mass
distribution in different rigid
bodies, as well as how rotation affects the acceleration of the ball. i also
performed the entire experiment to find out whether
the acceleration fits with the theoretical frame, and will evaluate what
determines the bias of the
experimented results away from the theory.
IA 意义——跟自己相关
when rotating, a rigid body will experience a centripetal force due to the
tangential velocity, but also
a tangential force that induces a torque on the body.
the picture above shows how a force perpendicular to the rotational radius
produces a torque,
which is equal to Force x perpendicular displacement from the force to the
pivot.
and that also induces a linear acceleration along the rotation direction.
and that means
F*R=T=maR
but that raises the problem: how to find a constant variable independent to
the position of exerting
the force?
rigid body, wherever the force is, the immediate angular velocity, as well as
the angular acceleration
is the same everywhere.
from the centripetal force concept we learn that the immediate linear
rotational
velocity at a certain place of the rigid body is always equal to angular
velocity times radius, which is
wi*R=V
by differentiating the both sides, we find
dw/dt *R= dv/dt
which means angular acceration *R=a
we denote the former as α
T=mαR^2
alpha doesnt changes along the position and mass
the toque at any point =α*I----here I refers to a variable determined by
positional mass and rotational
radius, which is called rotational inertia.
it is obvious that the radius affects the magnitude of I, but what about the
mass?
the picture above shows how the object with a mass of m is rotating along a
point linked
with a massless wire.
the toque produced equals Iα， where I=mR^2, here toque only happens on
the mass.
but what about the uniform rod?
here the torque is not only happening on the end of the rod, but everywhere
on it. so
I should be the sum of all mass point on the rod, which means
Itotal=ΣIi，where Ii refers to the inertia on a specific point.
that means, for a continuous rigid body where the mass is correlated to the
shape or length of
the body, integration applies.
here we introduce a variable, linear density, μ, means the mass per unit
length of the rod
and that means for a uniform rod, dm=μ*dl， where μ=m/l
here we have
then we have for a uniform rod, if the pivot is on one end, I=mR2/3
but how is I changing with the mass and R?
first we change the position of the pivot, it is easy to see that doesn't affect
the function
of the integration, but changes the upper and lower bound.
for example, if the pivot is at 1/3 of the length to the left, then the
integration becomes:
here we always consider the pivot as the original point.
here we always consider the pivot as the original point.
but what if the mass is not uniform?
suppose the mass follows a function in terms of the length, like
m=kl, where k is a constant.
that means
I is related to l^3
but what if the shape changes?
the experiment is about the rigid ball, rather than a rod, which means the
strategy of
integration changes largely.
the objective is to find the inertia for a uniform wooden ball, with density ρ,
rotating about
its center.
here we consider it as infinite layers, with each a small cylinder, with radius
of the base r
and is at a vertical distance of z away from the center.
then the mass of each piece is
here for any r=
then when a sphere is rolling without slipping from an incline down to the
bottom,
the acceleration is theoretically unchanged due to the component of gravity
down the ramp
is constant, and the static friction of the ball is also constant because of the
constant torque.
fs*R=T=Iα
where α=a/R
fs=2/5ma
Fdriving=mg*sinθ
。。。。
here fs has a maximum value depending on the coefficient of static friction
(determined
by the roughness of the surface of the ramp and the ball), as well as the
normal force.
when the angle is small, the normal force(denonted Wy) is much larger than
the component along the ramp
(denoted as Wx), and that means static friction will not exceed its maximum,
and at this time
the ball rolls without slipping.
but when.....
here we define the angle beyond which slipping happens as the critical
angle.
R
∫ ❑ f ( x ) ly
−R
here we have a conclusion:
when the angle is below the critical angle, a changes proportionally with
sinθ, regardless of
the material of ramp and the ball.
when the angle is larger than the critial angle, slipping happens, and the
critical angle
is determined by the material of the ramp and the ball.
here we always consider the pivot as the original point.
but what if the mass is not uniform?
suppose the mass follows a function in terms of the length, like
m=kl, where k is a constant.
that means
I is related to l^3
but what if the shape changes?
the experiment is about the rigid ball, rather than a rod, which means the
strategy of
integration changes largely.
the objective is to find the inertia for a uniform wooden ball, with density ρ,
rotating about
its center.
here we consider it as infinite layers, with each a small cylinder, with radius
of the base r
and is at a vertical distance of z away from the center.
then the mass of each piece is
here for any r=
then when a sphere is rolling without slipping from an incline down to the
bottom,
the acceleration is theoretically unchanged due to the component of gravity
down the ramp
is constant, and the static friction of the ball is also constant because of the
constant torque.
fs*R=T=Iα
where α=a/R
fs=2/5ma
Fdriving=mg*sinθ
。。。。
here fs has a maximum value depending on the coefficient of static friction
(determined
by the roughness of the surface of the ramp and the ball), as well as the
normal force.
when the angle is small, the normal force(denonted Wy) is much larger than
the component along the ramp
(denoted as Wx), and that means static friction will not exceed its maximum,
and at this time
the ball rolls without slipping.
but when.....
here we define the angle beyond which slipping happens as the critical
angle.
here we have a conclusion:
when the angle is below the critical angle, a changes proportionally with
sinθ, regardless of
the material of ramp and the ball.
when the angle is larger than the critial angle, slipping happens, and the
critical angle
is determined by the material of the ramp and the ball.
since my domino system only involves one type of wooden ball, and only one
adjustable ramp, my
experiment only concerns with this. and
and it is easy to determine μs by conducting a simple experiment.
the diagram shows the flat surface with the same material of the ramp, and
the same wooden ball
placed onto it. the force meter is linked with the ball. we increase the force
and at the very moment of the
ball starts slipping, the result will be recorded, and that is the maximum of
the static friction.
here in terms of fmax=μs*N=μs*mg
we have μs=fmax/mg
i collected the data shown below：
0.23, 0.19, 0.22, 0.18-----
0.207-------
0.2
critical angle----35.0
here we find θcritical=tan-1.。。。
control variable：
mass is irrelevant——不要太轻——空气阻力
shape——uniform——正球形
材料/材质统一——μs——critical angle
长度不会影响/
