20 ta murakkab grammatik tuzilma
1. Future Perfect Continuous
Kelajakda ma’lum vaqtda davom etib kelayotgan va yakunlanayotgan harakatni ifodalaydi: “will have
been + V-ing”.
By December, I will have been teaching English here for five years.
2. Future in the Past
O‘tgan zamonda aytilgan kelajakdagi harakatni ifodalaydi: “would + V”.
She said she would have submitted the paper by Monday.
3. Causative “have/get something done”
Boshqa odamga ishni bajarishni ta’minlash yoki majbur qilinishini ifodalaydi.
I had my article edited by a professional last week.
4. Dynamic vs Stative Passive
“Dynamic” passiv — harakatni (jarayonni) bildiradi; “Stative” passiv — natija yoki holatni.
Dynamic: The committee was formed in 2000. Stative: The committee is formed of seven members.
5. Inversion after Negative Adverbials
“Never”, “Little”, “Hardly”, “Not only” kabilardan keyin yordamchi fe’l sub’yekt oldiga chiqadi.
Rarely have I encountered such dedication.
6. Inversion in Conditionals (no “if”)
“If” o‘rniga auxiliary fe’l boshiga olib kelinadi.
Had I known about the traffic, I would have left earlier.
7. Ellipsis and Substitution
Takrorni oldini olish uchun gap qismlarini yashirish yoki almashtirish.
She can speak French, and I can (speak French) too. He didn’t pass the test, and neither did she.
8. Nominalization
Fe’l yoki sifatni otga aylantirib, rasmiy va akademik uslub hosil qilish.
The implementation of this policy will take months.
9. Complex Noun Phrases
Determiners, sifatlar, participle, prepositional frazalarning birgalikda uzun ot frazasini hosil qilishi.
The three newly appointed senior managers in our department were promoted yesterday.
10. Participle Clauses
qo‘shimcha ma’lumot yoki sababni qisqa tuzilishda ifodalash uchun — present, past yoki perfect
participle.
Waiting for a reply, she checked her emails again. Having finished the project, he relaxed.
11. Non-finite Clauses (Advanced)
Sabab, maqsad, natija va boshqa munosabatni to-infinitive, bare-infinitive yoki gerund bilan ifodalash.
She persuaded him to attend the conference.
12. Mixed Conditionals
O‘tgan sabab + hozirgi natija yoki aksincha aralashmasi.
If I had learned French at school, I would be fluent now.
13. Pseudo-cleft Sentences
Ma’lum qismga e’tibor qaratish uchun “What… is/was…” yoki “All… was/are…” tuzilmasi.
What I need most right now is a good night’s sleep.
14. Fronting and Topicalization
Gap qismini odatiy o‘rindan olib chiqib, boshida qo‘yish orqali urg‘u berish.
On no account must you reveal this secret.
15. Heavy NP Shift
Juda uzun ot frazasini gap oxiriga ko‘chirish orqali oqilona joylashuv.
I gave to the students all the books that I had promised.
16. Result Clauses with so…that / such…that
Sabab va natija munosabatini kuchaytirib ifodalash.
The film was so captivating that I watched it twice. It was such an inspiring speech that everyone stood
up.
17. Only… Structures
“Only after/when”, “Only by” kabilar keyin inversion yoki maxsus tartib.
Only when she apologized did he forgive her.
18. Reported Questions/Commands with Subjunctive
Buyruq, talab, tavsiya paytida subjunctive mood: base form ishlatiladi.
The judge ordered that the evidence be presented immediately.
19. Advanced Modal Perfects
O‘tgan paytdagi ehtimol, majburiyat yoki regretni ifodalash: “must/might/should have + V3”.
You should have been studying instead of chatting.
20. Discourse Connectors
Rasmiy yoki akademik matnda murakkab bog‘lovchilar: nevertheless, notwithstanding, thereby,
ensuing.
Notwithstanding the budget cuts, the department achieved its targets.
