Chapter 2 (Sadiku) Basic Laws
Chapter 3 (Hayt) Voltage and Current Laws
Prof. Mamoun F. Al-Mistarihi
Prof. Mahmoud A. Khodeir
mistarihi@just.edu.jo
makhodeir@just.edu.jo
Jordan University of Science and Technology
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Introduction
In Chap. 2 we were introduced to independent voltage and
current sources, dependent sources, and resistors. We discovered
that dependent sources come in four varieties, and are controlled
by a voltage or current which exists elsewhere.
Once we know the voltage across a resistor, we know its current
(and vice versa); this is not the case for sources, however. In
general, circuits must be analyzed to determine a complete set of
voltages and currents.
Two simple laws are needed in addition to Ohm’s law. These new
laws are Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) and Kirchhoff’s voltage
law (KVL), and they are simply restatements of charge and
energy conservation, respectively.
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Nodes, Paths, Loops, and Branches
A point at which two or more elements have a common
connection is called a node.
If no node was encountered more than once, then the set of nodes
and elements that we have passed through is defined as a path.
If the node at which we started is the same as the node on which
we ended, then the path is, by definition, a closed path or a loop.
We define a branch as a single path in a network, composed of
one simple element and the node at each end of that element.
Thus, a path is a particular collection of branches.
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Nodes, Paths, Loops, and Branches
# of branches = # of elements
3 Nodes and 5 branches
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Nodes, Paths, Loops, and Branches
In series In parallel
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Nodes, Paths, Loops, and Branches
Example
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Kirchhoff’s Laws
Kirchhoff’s Current Law
The algebraic sum of the currents entering any node is zero
A compact expression for Kirchhoff’s current law is
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Kirchhoff’s Laws
Kirchhoff’s Current Law
This law represents a mathematical statement of the fact that charge
cannot accumulate at a node. A node is not a circuit element, and it
certainly cannot store, destroy, or generate charge. Hence, the
currents must sum to zero.
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Kirchhoff’s Laws
Kirchhoff’s Current Law
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Kirchhoff’s Laws
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
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Kirchhoff’s Laws
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Kirchhoff’s Laws
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
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Kirchhoff’s Laws
Example
For the circuit shown, find the voltages v1 and v2
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Example
For the circuit shown, find the voltages v1 and v2
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Example
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Example
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Example
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Example
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Example
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Remember
Then,
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Example
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Example
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Example
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Example
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Example
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Single Loop Circuit
All of the elements in a circuit that carry the same current are said
to be connected in series.
We seek the current through each element, the voltage across
each element, and the power absorbed by each element.
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Single Loop Circuit
Application of Kirchhoff’s voltage law
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Example
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Example
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Example
Thus, from simple conservation of energy, we expect that the sum of
the absorbed power for each element of a circuit should be zero.
More pragmatically, the sum of the absorbed power equals the sum
of the supplied power.
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Thus, if we take into account each element of
the circuit,
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Single-Node-Pair Circuit
The single-node-pair circuit, in which any number of simple
elements are connected between the same pair of nodes.
KVL forces us to recognize that the voltage across each branch
is the same as that across any other branch.
Elements in a circuit having a common voltage across them are
said to be connected in parallel.
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Example
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Example
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Example
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Example
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Example
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Series and Parallel Connected Sources
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Example
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Series Resistors
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Parallel Resistors
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Two Parallel Resistors
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Example
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Example
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Example
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Example
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Example
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Example
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Example
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Example
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Example
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Example
(a)A multinode circuit.
(b) The two independent
current sources are
combined into a 2 A
source, and the 15
resistor in series with
the two parallel 6
resistors are replaced
with a single 18 resistor.
(c) A simplified
equivalent circuit.
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Example
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Example
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Parallel Resistors and Current Division
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Example
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Example
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Example
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Example
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Example
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Example
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Example
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Example
For the network shown, find the current, voltage, and power
associated with the 20-kΩ resistor.
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Example
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Example
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Example
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End
Of
Chapter 3
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