Lecture 2: Advanced OWST
Systems
Wangai Ndirangu , Jomo Kenyatta University
Jomo Kenyatta University 2504: Public Health Engineering III
Conventional Septic Tank
Systems
Can be Problematic, particularly
in Areas exhibiting:
D High Ground Water Table
D Poor Soils
0 Increasing Population Density
Jomo Kenyatta University 2504: Public Health Engineering III
Secondary Treatment
Systems are used...
DTO Protect Public Health
To Protect the environment
D When soils cannot provide
adequate treatment or disposal
Jomo Kenyatta University 2504: Public Health Engineering III
Aerobic treatment to lower BOD
and suspended solids
Overcomes soil and site limitations
D Should extend life of system
D Reduced solids to clog soil pore
D Additional maintenance required
Q Additional expense
Jomo Kenyatta University 2504: Public Health Engineering III
Secondary Treatment Syste
Attached -Growth Treatment Systems
Example - media filters or packed-bed filters
Sand Filters
Peat Bio-Filters
0 Geo-textile Filters
Rotating Biological Contractors
Moving bed reactors
0 Suspended -Growth Treatment Systems
Extended Aerated Units
0 Sequencing Batch Reactors, etc .
Jomo Kenyatta University 2504: Public Health Engineering III
Jomo Kenyatta University 2504: Public Health Engineering III
Jomo Kenyatta University 2504: Public Health Engineering III
*
% k
- .
Aerobic Systems
D Used to treat septic tank effluent where
subsurface disposal is not possible
H Bubbling air through effluent supports
aerobic bacteria for further digestion
H Exposure to oxygen kills most pathogens
H Chlorination allows surface land
application of wastewater through
sprinklers
Jomo Kenyatta University 2504: Public Health Engineering III
Onsite Aerobic Treatment Syst
Onsite aerobic treatment systems treat septic tank effluent
further by aerobic digestion, chlorination to kill
pathogens, and disposal (surface or sub-surface
application)
Aerator Spray heads
Disinfectant
—
m
I
Aerobic 9
Equalization Treatment Unit
tank Pump tank
(Septic Tank )
Aerobic and Anaerobic Reactor
Configurations
Jomo Kenyatta University 2504: Public Health Engineering III
AIR COMPRESSOR
l
AERATION CHAMBER SETTLING CHAMBER
EFFLUENT /
FROM SEPTIC
TANK
/ C
WASTEWATER
TO
CHLORINATOR i
l SPRINKLERS
4
( S
•as
DIFFUSER
Typical Aeration Chamber of Aerobic Treatment System
Jomo Kenyatta University 2504: Public Health Engineering III
Temperature
Samplrngport
Floated filter
media
Influent
Effluent
Timer
chamber
Jomo Kenyatta University 2504: Public Health Engineering III
Biochemical Environm
Aerobic Conditions: Oxygen is used as
electron acceptor
Anoxic Conditions: Nitrate is the electron
acceptor
D Anaerobic Conditions: absence of
5-1 Anoxic systems
Anoxic processes are typically used for the removal of nitrogen from wastewater. The process of I
biological nitrogen removal is known as denitrification. Denitrification requires that nitrogen be
first converted to nitrate, which typically occurs in an aerobic treatment process such as a tricklingI
filter or aerated suspended growth system. The nitrified water is then exposed to an environment I
without free oxygen. Organisms in this anoxic system use the nitrate as an electron acceptor andI
release nitrogen in the form of nitrogen gas or nitrogen oxides. A readily biodegradable carbon
.
source is also needed for efficient denitrification processes to occur It should be noted that
sulfate can also be used as an electron acceptor, resulting in the formation of hydrogen sulfide.
Jomo Kenyatta University 2504: Public Health Engineering III
Why anaerobic Treatmen
Process stability
0 Produced Methane can be used to produce enen
Produced amount of excess sludge is about 10 % of
aerobic treatment. Hence, reduction of waste
disposal cost
Low nutrient requirement ( BOD/N/P is 100/ 5 /1 for
aerobic ; 700 /5 /1 for anaerobic mo. s
No air supplementation, so lower operational cost
D No off -gas air pollution
Biodegradation of aerobic non-biodegradable
Seasonal treatment is appropriate
Jomo Kenyatta University 2504: Public Health Engineering III
Possible disadvantages of
anaerobic Treatment
Z7 long startup
Z7 Alkalinity should be sufficient
Z7 Under mesophilic conditions, optimum temperature
is 35 °C
Z7 Nitrification not possible
D Low kinetic rates at low temperature
D If COD < 1000 mg/L anaerobic treatment is not
practical economically
D Effluent from anaerobic treatment is generally not
acceptable for direct discharge and aerobic
polishing step is needed.
Jomo Kenyatta University 2504: Public Health Engineering III
wastewater
Waste ?
V
Aerobic
Bioreactor
Equilization
Anaerobic
basin Bioreactor
Jomo Kenyatta University 2504: Public Health Engineering III
Aerobic Treatment Syste
Activated sludge Process (CSTR
with/ wo cell recycle)
Contact Stabilization
Oxidation Ditch
' Sequencing batch reactor ( SBR)
Extended Aeration
D Step feed
Jomo Kenyatta University 2504: Public Health Engineering III
Contact stabilization
wastewater
Contact Basin Secondary
clarifier
I Stabilization Tank
Sludge waste
Air
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SBR
No settling tank, no sludge pumping
React
Aerobic/anoxic/anaerobic cycles for
nutrient removal
Settle
process flexibility for bulking
Tolerant to shock loading
Draw
No washout
Jomo Kenyatta University 2504: Public Health Engineering III
Oxidation Ditch
Nitrification and denitrification is also possible
Typically operate in an extended aeration mode
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Rotating Biological
Contactor ( RBC )
Jomo Kenyatta University 2504: Public Health Engineering III
( MBBR )
Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor
Activated Sludge
Jomo Kenyatta University 2504: Public Health Engineering III
Moving Bed Bioreactors
(MBBR )
Jomo Kenyatta University 2504: Public Health Engineering III
