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Motion in Our Lives
➢ When you’re in motion, the basic questions to ask are:
Where are you? Where are you going? How fast are you
getting there?
➢ The answers to these questions require that you specify your
position, your displacement, and your average velocity—the
terms we define in this section.
kinematics the study of motion
➢ motion_a change in an object’s location as measured by a particular observer
➢ distance (d)_ the total length of the path travelled by an object in motion
➢ Direction_ the line an object moves along from a particular starting point
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Describing Motion
❖ Distance and Displacement
❖ Speed
❖ Velocity
❖ Acceleration
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(b)
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What is speed?
Speed is the quantity that tells us
how fast something is moving.
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Speed
The speed of a body is the distance that it has travelled in unit time.
When the distance travelled is s over a short
time period t, the speed v is given by ,
V = d/t
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Units
Table 21. shows the different units that may be
used in calculations of speed.
The unit = m/s( metres per second). It should remind you that
you divide a distance (in metres,m) by a time
( in second,s)to find speed.
❖In pracitce, many other
units are used. In US space
programmes, heights above the
Earth are often given in feet, while
the spacecraft’s speed is given in
knots (nautical miles per hour).
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Rearranging the equation
It is better to remember one version of an equation and how to rearrange
it than to try to remember three different versions. The equation
This is sometimes known as the instantaneous
speed, which is the speed at a particular instant For example, a railway signaller might know how fast a train is
or moment in time, moving, and needs to be able to predict where it will have
reached after a certain length of time:
whereas average speed is worked out over a
distance = speed × time or s = vt
longer time interval.
Beware, s in this equation means distance (or Similarly, the crew of an aircraft might want to know how long it
displacement) and not speed. We can rearrange will take for their aircraft to travel between two points on its flight
the equation to allow us to calculate distance or path:
time.
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What is velocity and when we talk about it?
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Acceleration
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Describing Acceleration
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❖ There is acceleration when velocity increases or decreases over time.
For an object whose velocity decreases over time, we can say that it is
undergoing deceleration or retardation.
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Two Kinds of Acceleration
Uniform acceleration Nonuniform acceleration
An object undergoes uniform acceleration when An object undergoes non-uniform acceleration if
the change (increase or decrease) in its velocity the change in its velocity for every unit of time is
for every unit of time is the same (Table 2.3). not the same (Table 2.5)
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Acceleration Near
Earth’s Surface
o During a basketball game, the player takes the ball and shoots it
toward the basket (Figure 1). The ball briefly skims the rim, then
drops through the net to the floor. The player makes the basket
because of her skill, with a little bit of help from the force of
gravity.
o Gravity causes all objects to accelerate toward Earth’s centre.
o If you have accidentally dropped an object such as a glass, you
have directly experienced how significant the effect of gravity is.
Figure 1 Earth’s gravity plays a key role in
basketball and most other sports.
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If you drop a coin and a small piece of paper,
which of them will reach the ground first in the air
And in the vacuum?
The small piece of paper is much slowed down
by the air.
Why?
❖ The difference in air is due to air resistance having a
greater effect on light bodies than on heavy bodies.
➢ The air resistance to a light body is large when
compared with the body’s weight. With a dense piece of
metal, the resistance is negligible at low speeds.
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Acceleration of free fall
All bodies falling freely under the force of gravity
do so with uniform acceleration if air resistance is negligible.
Therefore this acceleration is due to gravity and is referred as the
acceleration of free fall.
❖ This acceleration, called the acceleration of free fall, is denoted by the italic letter g
Its value varies slightly over the Earth but is constant in each place; on average it is
about 9.8m/s2, or near enough 10m/s2.
The velocity of a free-falling body therefore increases by about 10m/s every
second. A ball shot straight upwards with a velocity of 30m/s decelerates by
about 10m/s every second and reaches its highest point after 3s.
In calculations using the equations of motion, g replaces a. It is given a
positive sign for falling bodies (i.e. a = g = +9.8m/s2) and a negative sign for
rising bodies since they are decelerating (i.e. a = g = 9.8m/s2).
The diagram shows what would
happen if there were no air resistance.
Both objects would fall with the same
downward acceleration: g= 9.8 m/s2 38
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Equations for constant acceleration
Problems involving bodies moving with constant acceleration in a
straight line can often be solved quickly using some equations of
motion.
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Thank You
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