Lipids:

1. Define lipids.
Name two organic solvents in which lipids are soluble.
Write down the properties of lipids.
2. Classify lipids.
3. Where are triacylglycerols primarily stored in the body?
What type of cells store most body fat?
Define adipose tissue.
What is subcutaneous fat?
Where is visceral fat found?
Name two types of fat based on their location.
Which fat is visible and can be felt under the skin?
Which organs are surrounded by visceral fat?
What is the main function of adipocytes?
4. What are triacylglycerols?
How many fatty acids are esterified to glycerol in triacylglycerols?
What type of linkage connects fatty acids to glycerol in triacylglycerols?
What is the primary biological function of triacylglycerols?
Where are triacylglycerols commonly found?
What types of fatty acids can be present in mixed/simple triacylglycerols?
What reaction breaks down triacylglycerols into glycerol and fatty acids?
What type of reaction forms triacylglycerols from glycerol and fatty acids?
5. How are triacylglycerols stored inside animal cells?
What type of cells store fat in animals?
Where do plants store triacylglycerols, and what is their purpose?
What breaks down triacylglycerols to release fatty acids?
Why are fatty acids released from triacylglycerols?

6. What are solid/liquid triglycerides called?

Do fats/oils have more saturated or unsaturated fatty acids?
Besides storing energy, what else do fats do in animals?
Are oils solid or liquid at room temperature?
Do oils/fats have more saturated/ unsaturated fatty acids?
Who mainly makes oils/fat, plants/animals?
7. What are biological waxes made of?
How do the melting points of waxes compare to triacylglycerols?
What is the main function of waxes in plankton?
How do waxes help vertebrate skin and hair?
Why do tropical plants have a thick layer of wax on their surfaces?
Which glands in humans secrete waxes?
8. How many carbons can fatty acids have?
 In which lipids are fatty acids found?
What kind of bonds do saturated fatty acids have?
Are saturated fatty acids solid or liquid at room temperature?
How are unsaturated fatty acids different from saturated ones?
Do unsaturated fatty acids mainly come from plants or animals?
9. What is the key structural difference between cis and trans fatty acids?
Which type of fatty acid has hydrogen atoms on the same side of the double bond?
Which type of unsaturated fatty acid is usually produced by industrial hydrogenation?
Do trans fatty acids occur naturally? write down the process name.
Why are trans fatty acids solid at room temperature despite being unsaturated?
Which configuration, cis or trans, is more common in nature?
10. Which types of fats are known to raise blood cholesterol levels?
Which type of fat can help lower blood cholesterol?
What is the health risk of consuming too much fat?
Name two types of fats considered harmful when consumed in excess.
11. Write the standard formula of palmitic acid (16:0). Also indicate if it's saturated or
unsaturated.
Draw the standard formula for oleic acid (18:1(Δ9)).
Write the standard formula of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA: 20:5(Δ5,8,11,14,17)) and
state whether it's a PUFA.
What does the notation 18:2(Δ9,12) represent?
Write the standard formula of stearic acid and mention if it is saturated or unsaturated.
Write the alternative (omega) nomenclature of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).
Name a naturally occurring monounsaturated fatty acid.
Identify the fatty acid with the formula 22:6(Δ4,7,10,13,16,19).
What does the number “16:0” indicate in fatty acid nomenclature?
From which end are carbon atoms numbered in PUFA alternative nomenclature?
12. Name a plant-based source rich in saturated fatty acids.
Give one animal source of monounsaturated fatty acids.
Name one dietary source of omega-3 fatty acids.
Give an example of a marine source of polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Which oil is a good source of linoleic acid?
List one natural source of stearic acid.
Which fatty acid is abundant in fish oil/ coconut oil/ dairy fat/flax seed?
Name one common food source of oleic acid.
13. How detergent works?
Which part of a detergent molecule is polar and which part is non-polar?
14. Name three food sources rich in omega-3 fatty acids/EPA/DHA/ALA.
List two health benefits of omega-3 fatty acids (in brain development, eye, joint pain….)
Write down the name of two omega-3/6 fatty acids.
15. What type of linkage is present in archaeal ether lipids?
Which polar head group is found in glycerophospholipids/ sterols?
What sugar types are found in glycosphingolipids?
What are the main components of galactolipids?
Which lipid class contains diphytanyl chains? (Present in in archaeal ether lipids)
What type of fatty acid is present in sphingolipids?
Name two major structural lipids found in biological membranes.
What role do lipids play in biological membranes?
Why can polar molecules and ions not easily cross the biological membrane?
What types of biological membranes are lipids a part of? (Give two examples)
Which lipid class helps form a barrier in the plasma membrane?
Which type of lipid is involved in both membrane structure and signaling?
16. What replaces one fatty acid in a phospholipid?
What type of backbone does a sphingolipid have?
What do you mean by prochiral molecule?
Is glycerol chiral or prochiral? /Define "prochiral" with reference to glycerol.
Why are phospholipids called amphiphilic?
Name the two major types of phospholipids.
What kind of linkage connects fatty acids to glycerol in glycerophospholipids?
Describe the general structure of a phospholipid.
Explain how glycerol becomes chiral in glycerophospholipids.
Compare glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids in terms of backbone and structure.
What are the hydrophobic/hydrophilic parts of a phospholipid called?
What is the chemical formula of sphingosine?
What type of bond links the phosphate group in glycerophospholipids?
What is another name for glycerophospholipids?
What kind of linkage connects the phosphate to the 3rd carbon of glycerol?
Compare the structural components of glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids.
17. Draw the structure of the following glycerophospholipids;
a) Phosphatidylcholine b) Phosphatidylserine c) phosphatidic acid d) Phosphatidyl
ethanolamine
18. Draw the structure of the following sphingolipids;
a. Ceramide b. Sphingomyelin c. Glycosylcerebroside
19. Name the backbone molecule of sphingolipids.
How many nonpolar tails are there in a sphingolipid?
Do sphingolipids contain glycerol?
What is another name for sphingosine?
Which bond joins the polar head/ non polar tail group in sphingolipids?
Name the three major classes of membrane lipids.
What are the three components of a sphingolipid molecule?
 How is the polar head group attached in sphingolipids (name two types of linkages)?
What feature makes sphingolipids structurally different from glycerophospholipids?
Why are sphingolipids considered amphipathic?
20. What is the alcohol backbone in glycosphingolipids?
How many types of sphingolipids are found in humans?
Which lipid type helps determine blood groups?
What part of glycosphingolipids acts as blood group antigen?
What happens if the carbohydrate residue of a glycosphingolipid changes?
Name the three components of glycosphingolipids.
Why are glycosphingolipids important in red blood cells?
Write two functions of glycosphingolipids.
Which carbohydrate molecule is additionally present in A and B antigens compared to the O
antigen?
21. How many rings are present in the basic steroid structure? / What structural feature makes a
compound a steroid?
Name the major sterol found in animals.
Which vitamin is derived from sterols? Name the ring.
Name one sterol commonly found in plant tissues/fungi.
Which sterol is found in fungi/plants?
Do bacteria produce sterols?
Name two human sex hormones that are steroid-based. / Name two human sterols.
22. What is the function of bile in digestion?
What are the main components of bile?
What are bile acids derived from?
What role do bile acids play in fat digestion?
What is bilirubin?
Are bile acids polar or nonpolar?
What kind of biological molecule is cholesterol?
Name the main sterol found in animal cell membranes/ Which of the following is a structural
lipid commonly found in cell membranes?
What are two major structural lipids found in membranes?
What is the signaling molecule derived from cholesterol that regulates metabolism?
23. Which visual pigment is derived from vitamin A?
What pigment is essential for vision in vertebrates?
Name one lipid-derived cofactor involved in oxidation-reduction reactions.
Which vitamin can be derived from β-carotene and is crucial for vision?
Which lipid-derived cofactor carries electrons in mitochondrial respiration?
Which of the following is a structural lipid commonly found in cell membranes?
Which compound is a precursor of steroid hormones such as testosterone?
11-cis-retinal, the visual pigment in vertebrates, is derived from……?/ Which molecule functions
as visual pigment in vertebrate?
Which cofactor derived from lipids is important for electron transport in mitochondria?
Golden rice is genetically modified to produce which vitamin precursor?