Introduction
Cyber Physical System (CPS) are an innovative automated systems that allow the
physical processes of reality to be connected to computing and communication infrastructure
(Jazdi, 2014). Traditionally, automation systems are networked through specially designed
network structures like PROFIBUS (Process Field Bus), DP (Decentralized Peripherals), and
PA (Process Automation), which are used to control sensors and actuators through centralised
controllers in production automation applications and to monitor measuring devices through
process control systems in process automation applications, respectively (Moller, 2016). In
contrast to conventional embedded systems, which are created as standalone devices, the
primary goal of CPS is to connect many deviced together via the open network technologies.
Hence, cyber physical system will play a crucial role in society resulting in advances in all
related sector.
Morover, Cyber Physical System (CPS) are considered as a necessary component of
the industrial Internet of Things (IoT). CPS also known as a network of embedded system
that communicate with physical input and output. It is inevitable in today's increasingly
networked environment for CPS to follow the trend of having information and services
readily available everywhere. Inseparable from modern life are embedded systems found in
automobiles, home appliances, and cellphones. Besides, CPS also makes it possible for real-
time, precise operation of smart application and services as CPS are founded on the
integration of physical and digital systems that exchange diffirent kinds of sensitive data in
real time. In short, a CPS is just a collection of networked systems that can monitor and
control the actual IoT related activities and objects. There are three major fundamental parts
of a CPS which are sensors, actuators and aggregators. In conclude, Cyber Physical System
have the ability to detech the surrounding and able to modify and regulate the physical world.
This is mostly attributable to their adaptability and capacity to alter the system and process
runtimes by utilising real-time computing (Yaacoub et al, 2020).
In term of the structure of the Cyber Physical System (CPS), the architecture of CPS
systems is made up of several layers and components that connect with one another using
various communication protocals and technologies. When this field of study was just
beginning, there are only three layers architecture present and it is the most fundamental kind.
The three layers of CPS structure are perception, network and application layers and each of
them carrying different function. For the perception layer, it is also known as the sensing
layer. Perception layer consist of sensors that can used for sensing and gathering information
about the physical situation around. It can detect certain physical factors or locates other
intelligent devices in the surrounding area. Second, network layer. The network layer is in
charge of establishing connections with other intelligent objects, network components, and
servers. Additionally, it transmits and processes sensor data using its characteristics. Thridly,
application layer is used to delivering specific services to the user. It also could outlines a
variety of uses for the Internet of Things including smart homes, smart cities, and smart
health.
The three-layer design encapsulates the core concept of the CPS system, however
research on CPS frequently focuses on more detailed field, therefore 3 layes architecture of
CPS system is insufficient. Because of this, more layered structure has been introduced which
is five layer CPS architecture that included business and processing layer (Sethi & Sarangi,
2017). The new five layer CPS architecture consist of perception, transport, processing,
application, and business layers while the perception and application layers are having the
same role as in three layer design. The newly added transport layer utilise the network like
WIFI, 3G, LAN, RFID, Blurtooth and NFC to moves sensor data from the perception layer to
processing layer and back again. Moreover, the middleware layer is another name for the
processing layer. It takes in a tonne of data from the transport layer and processes, stores, and
analyses it. It is capable of managing and giving the lower levels a wide range of services. It
makes use of a variety of technologies, including big data analysis. Lastly, the business layer
oversees the whole CPS system included all the apps, revenue streams and user privacy.
Literature Review
Due to the distinctive properties of the Cyber Physical System, CPS might be used in
a wide variety of application fields. For instance, CPS is widely used in smart buildings,
online gaming, industrial networking, electrical grid, energy systems and vehichle and
transportation systems. The crucial function of CPS in these sector is to provide secure and
safe operational system. One of the most famous application of CPS system is Intelligent
trasportation. The real-time information sharing in intelligent transportation may enhance
security, efficiency, coordination, and services in traffic management by utilising cutting-
edge sensing, communication, computing and control techniques. Vehicle that using
autonomous driving technology, including automobiles, trains, and aeroplanes, result in zero
traffic accident (Chen, 2017a). In order to monitor road conditions and identify abnormalities
on the road, attention has been given to the traffic measurement in trasportation engineering.
By utilising the capabilities offered by intelligent cyber physical system, traffic data could be
collected automatically. For example, CPS system could measure the number of cars moving
from one site to another.
In addtional, Vehicle cyber-physical systems (VCPS) have become one of the most
successful technologies for offering end users cost-efficient services with the least amount of
delay, even though the end users are in high mobility. Vehicular cyber-physical systems
(VCPS) have been a prominent study field in CPS system and mobile CPS as a typical
application domain in Intellignet Transportation System (ITS). Nevertheless, the intrinsic
mobility of mobile CPS allows for several varied application aspects for VNS. In the
comparison between the traditional CPS and mobile CPS, mobile CPS offer additional
opportunities to connect with more VSN components since such vehicles may operate more
strongly and autonomously if they were equipped with cyber components like smart phones
or intelligent telematics (Guo et al, 2017a). In short, the application of vehicular cyber-
physical systems (VCPS) can divides into three classes which are micro layer, meso layer and
macro layer. In terms of micro layer, creating mobile Geographic Information System (GIS)
with trafficaware capacity and adding human factors to improve traffic safety and operation.
Meso layer is about the contact between cars where the driver and passengers could share the
entertainment materials and also the safety information such as accident data. For the macro
layer is where the application like real-time traffic, intelligent location-based emergency
roadside service and information with cloud computing assistance could be deployed.
Other than that, this technology also can significantly reduce the expense of
controlling rats, the volume of agricultural waste and environmental pollution. The
agricultural industry is a complicated system hence, a control technique of cyber physical
system (CPS) can guarantee the agricultural proactivity against environmental and market
changes founded on the agentoriented behavior (Chen, 2017b). By applying this technology,
the growing gap between food production and demand may be closed with the use of real
time control services in agricultural industry. By improving the food consumption efficiency
and total food productivity potential through technology, CPS research may play a significant
role in contribute to the growth of agricultural. Such technology included satellite agriculture,
intelligent water management and more effective food distribution. Meanwhile, a constant
observation of the environment is necessary in agriculture industry as the environment may
have negative impact on the crop hence the amount of crop produce can be secured. Refered
to Mehdipour’s research, a Smart Pest Control system has been introudced to creates a rat
detection system (RDS) in order to set up a framework for keeping track of rats in the
agricultural fields (Mehdipour, 2014).
Nevertheless, mobile education also considered as one of the application of cyber
physical system. Since e-learning is a new and emerging field, many researchers are
interested in this e-learning topic. E-learning facilitates learning from any location and any
time which is in contrast to the conventional education where the environment is restricted to
school and timetables. Hence, many researchers and system engineer have the idea of mobile
education systems (MES). Although e-learning is a new technology but it might also be used
in primary and elementary schools as well as in higher education. Morover, e-learning can be
a key component in assisting children’s growth into citizens. This is because the social media
and internet will be used into the MES system to enhance children’s civic education.
However, these systems may not appropriate for teaching children, especially those under the
education level of kindergarten, as they find it difficult to focus on structured lessons and
engage with teachers at this young age (Guo at al, 2017b). By utilising MES in mobile CPS
that benefits from the models in traditional e-learning and ubiquitous sensing capabilities,
education can be delivered to students of all ages effectively. This is because the sensing
capabilities of mobile CPS, MES are able to smoothly sense data when children engage with
the real world. For example, indentifying things around them, detecting their emotions, or
assessing their learning levels. This could really assist children to learn the physical world by
instantly recognising and telling them what they are interested in. For instance, if a kid is
outfitted with a wearable device that could detect what he points to. This allow children
interact with the real world and learn it simultaneouly.
Discussions
In the next ten years, CPS system will focusing on the IoT Technologies in Smart
Cities. The IoT technology revolution is being continually adopted by smart cities, along with
pertinent developments in 5G networks and Mobile Edge Computing (MEC). This viewpoint
suggests that future smart cities might be considered as miniature representations of
interconnected object that allow for the delivery of cutting-edge, human-centrix services to
citizens.
Figure 2. The Concept of IoT Enabled Smart City (Talha, 2019)
This evolution occurs concurrently with the increase in the heterogeneity of IoT
technologies in term of creation of various intelligent IoT device types, the support of various
communication protocol, the release of IoT platforms addressing deployment in various parts
of the available infrastructure such as the edge and cloud, the tackling of diverse
requirements resulting from various use cases, and the conceptualization of various
information models for securing IoT systems. (Puliafito at al, 2021).
Any proprietary strategy does not scalable as the number of IoT devices and solutions
increases, which delays the development of the IoT ecosystem. The necessity for the
development of architectural methods that can enable a high level of convergence and
integration across existing and developing IoT technologies is essntial given the
heterogeneity and multiplicity of IoT technologies. To do this, it is necessary to address the
emerging, specific, and looming IoT ecosystem issues with a comprehensive approach as
stated in the World Economic Forum study on “Realizing the Internet of Things” (World
Economic Forum, 2019).
Innovative plans must be created that can address convergence, openness, and
interoperability in order to construct the next generation of CPS systems for smart cities.
Current and upcoming developements in CPS technology will facilitated together with the
Next Generation CPS. There is a lot of potential for the creation of Smart City solutions
thanks to a number of new technologies, including 5G, cloud/edge-native computing, tactile
internet, and artificial intelligence (AI).
In the other insight, there are many oppotunities of Smart Manufacturing in the Global
Market. The smart manufacturing system offers a huge market opportunity and is being
widely used in the production system throughout the world. There are many businesses are
more likely to implement intelligent manufacturing. According to a study, the manufacturing,
transportation and warehousing industires have a potential for 60% automation
(Mckinsey&Company, 2017). Since they has the considerable potential for automation, they
are now the focus of research for integrating cutting-edge technologies for enhancing
productivity and performance. By inspect the current manufacture companies, most of them
wanted to upgrade with the new manufacturing system, install new technology and upgrade
their machinery with smart manufacturing system. Even with the most sophisticated
production system and reconfigurable manufacturing system, the key aspect of smart
manufacturing system like self-configuration, self-optimization, early awareness, decision-
making, and predictive maintenance are still absent (Bista & Bista, 2020). The industrial
automation system’s design is determined by the system’s complexity, machine interactions
and their relationships, the functions played by each subsystem, as well as those systems’s
operational proceduces and interdependencies. Automation technology has boosted machine
interoperability and process handling, making it easier to manage flexible resources and
processes and handle exceptions. This has broadened the breadth of exchanging information
and data across linked systems. The opportunity for the next level of manufacturing, also
known as smart manufacturing or intelligent manufacturing, has been made possible by the
use of automated and intelligent systems, which utilises end-user data and information
through cloud computing and accelerates the production of customised products. In order to
satisfy the market's current demand, an automated and reliable method must be used.
Additionally, this technology has improved the production costs, expanded design variety,
and sped up product delivery times.
With the current cyber physical system, there are several positive impact present. One
of the positive imapct of CPSs is improving industrial services. First of all, it is possible to
continually check the state of the equipment, providing visibility into its present status.
Besides, each piece of equipment’s operation may be manually managed from a distance. For
instance, customers may receive customised services and operational issues can be fixed.
Additionally, operations such as preventive and proactive maaintanance and repair, or feild
service become a reality in order to reduced equipment downtime and lead to higher customer
satisfaction. Other than that, the data from CPS may be used to help field service technicians
as service technicians may receive useful information from powerful mobile work support
systems such wearable gadgets to improve service effectiveness (Herterich, Uebernickel &
Brenner, 2015a). In summary, CPS system have immense potential to boost productivity and
spur service innovation in a business setting.
From the other perspective, cyber physical system also has the positive impact on the
service organizations. Industrial CPSs can help service organizations improve internal service
efficiencies and foster service innocvation. In the case of traditional products, product
operators would constact service firms in the event of a malfunction. As a result of media
breaks, no information will receive only the fact that a breadown occurred was
communicated. By including sensors, industrial devices can alert users when a problem pop
out. Hence, service businesses can now offer more sophisticated service offerings thanks to
CPS and new technology capabilities. For instance, performance contracts in which a service
provider is in charge of ensuring that an industrial machine is available and running
efficiently. However, there is a changes occured. With servitization, producers of industry
goods frequently have specialised service organization for providing service to their
customers. Thus, those service organizations of producer have an additional competitive
advantage as they have access to operational product data in addition to product knowledge
related to their services (Herterich, Uebernickel & Brenner, 2015b). For the service industry
to achieve operational savings, this data is becoming increasingly crucial. In conclusion,
operational data becomes a key competitive component in the service industry, strengthening
the market position of firms offering services.
Conclusions
In a nutshell, how people interact with and manage the physical environment will
change as a result of cyber-physical systems (CPS). Only fundamental developments in
science, engineering, and education will allow for the proper deployment of CPS in an
inexpensive and flexible manner. CPS technology must support numerous timescales,
uncertainty, privacy concerns, and security difficulties. They also need to be scalable over
time and space. To characterise, analyse, verify, and validate systems that monitor and
control physical objects and entities, a new CPS science will be developed that will establish
new mathematical foundations and formalisms. CPS may without a doubt be viewed as a
important stage in the creation of manufacturing systems.
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