Chemistry class-X
Unit :12
Hydrocarbons
Chemistry Class-X Page 1
Topic # 12.1: Nomenclature
SLO # 12.1.1: Discuss the need for a systematic method of naming chemical compounds.
The increasingly large number of organic compounds identified with each passing day, together
with the fact that many of these compounds are isomers of other compounds, requires that a
systematic nomenclature system be developed. Just as each distinct compound has a unique
molecular structure which can be designated by a structural formula, each compound must be
given a characteristic and unique name to make their study and usage more easy and convenient.
SLO # 12.1.2: Apply IUPAC system in naming compounds (alkanes, alkenes and alkynes)
up to seven carbon atoms.
IUPAC Rules for Alkane Nomenclature
1. Find and name the longest continuous carbon chain.
2. Identify and name groups attached to this chain.
3. Number the chain consecutively, starting at the end nearest a substituent
group.
4. Designate the location of each substituent group by an appropriate number and
name.
5. Assemble the name, listing groups in alphabetical order using the full name
(e.g. cyclopropyl before isobutyl).
The prefixes di, tri, tetra etc., used to designate several groups of the same kind,
are not considered when alphabetizing.
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Practice questions of alkanes:
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Practice questions of alkenes and alkynes:
S.no Structure IUPAC name
1
2
1,3-hexadien-5-yne
4
2-pentyne
Draw the line bond structures for the following alkenes and alkynes:
a) Alkenes that contain 4 carbon atoms with IUPAC name of each (three possible)
b) Alkynes that contain 4 carbon atoms with IUPAC name of each (two possible, neither of them are
cyclic alkynes)
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c) Draw the line bond structural formula, the condensed structural formula, and the skeletal structural
formula for 1-pentene.
Line bond structure Condensed structure Skeletal formula
d) Draw the line bond structural formula, the condensed structural formula, and the skeletal structural
formula for 2-pentene.
Line bond structure Condensed structure Skeletal formula
e) Draw the line bond structural formula, the condensed structural formula, and the skeletal structural
formula for 2-methyl-3-heptene.
Line bond structure Condensed structure Skeletal formula
f) Draw the line bond structural formula, the condensed structural formula, and the skeletal structural
formula for 3,3-diethyl-1-octyne.
Line bond structure Condensed structure Skeletal formula
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Topic # 12.2: Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
SLO # 12.2.1: Define the term ‘hydrocarbons’.
An organic compound containing only carbon and hydrogen is Known as hydrocarbons.
SLO # 12.2.2: Distinguish between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons (including test
with iodine, bromine and potassium permanganate).
Saturated hydrocarbons Unsaturated hydrocarbons
Bonding They have all single bonds between They have double or triple bonds along
carbon atoms with single bonds between carbon
atoms
Reaction They give substitution reaction They give addition reaction
Reactivity They are less reactive Relatively more reactive
Sub division They are not divided into sub groups They have sub division of
monounsaturated or poly unsaturated
Physical state They are solid at room temperature They are liquids at room temperature
Baeyer’s test/ They do not change the purple color of They change the purple color of
Reaction KMnO4 to brown because they cannot KMnO4 to brown because they give
with KMnO4 be oxidized. oxidation reaction with potassium
permanganate
Iodine test They cannot decolorize the purple They give addition reaction with iodine
color of Iodine. and decolorize the purple color of
iodine.
Bromine They cannot decolorize the brown They give addition reaction with
water test color of Bromine. Bromine and decolorize the brown
color of Bromine
Example Fats Oils
SLO # 12.2.3: Differentiate between alkynes and alkenes with reference to unsaturation.
Alkenes Alkynes
They have one or more than one double bonds They have one or more than one triple bonds
between carbon atoms between carbon atoms
There is only one pi bond in mon-unsaturated There are Two pi bond in mon-unsaturated
alkene alkyne
less unsaturated but more reactive due to More unsaturated but less reactive than
the less compact C- C electrons alkenes due to the compact C- C electron
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Topic # 12.3: Structural and Electronic Formulae
SLO # 12.3.1: Draw structural and electronic (dot and cross) formulae of alkanes, alkenes
and alkynes up to five carbon atoms.
Alkanes
IUPAC name Structural formula Electronic formula
Alkenes
IUPAC name Structural formula Electronic formula
Alkynes
IUPAC name Structural formula Electronic formula
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Topic # 12.4: Uses of Hydrocarbons
SLO # 12.4.1: Explain the use of hydrocarbons as: a. fuel b. feedstock in industry.
Hydrocarbons as a fuel: The hydrocarbons are the most broadly used organic compounds as a
fuel by combustion, particularly in heating and motor fuel applications. Hydrocarbons make such
good fuels because they release a lot of energy when their bonds are broken. There are a couple
of things that contribute to their flammability: flash points, vapor pressures, boiling points,
concentration, heat of combustion (this is a thermodynamic driving force), molecular weight, and
the number of carbons in the chain.
Hydrocarbons as feedstock in industry: A feedstock refers to any unprocessed
material used to supply a manufacturing process.
Topic # 12.5: Alkanes
SLO # 12.5.1: Describe the structure of alkane with reference to the four bonds of each
carbon atom directed to the corners of a tetrahedron.
Tetrahedral is a molecular shape that results when there are four bonds and no lone pairs around the
central atom in the molecule like in carbon. As in alkanes there is no double or triple bond so the atoms
bonded to the central atom are present at the corners of a tetrahedron with 109.5° angles between them.
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SLO # 12.5.2: Describe the preparation, physical properties, chemical properties and uses
of methane.
INTRODUCTION
Molecular formula = CH4
Molecular mass = 16
Empirical formula = CH4
Empirical formula mass = 16
State: Gas at room temperature.
Occurrence: marsh, stagnant ponds.
It is the major constituent of natural gas. Natural gas contains around 85% methane.
STRUCTURE Of
METHANE
Composition of methane molecule:
Methane molecule consists of one carbon and four hydrogen atoms (CH4).
Geometry of methane:
Methane molecule is tetrahedral in structure in which carbon is central atom and four H- atoms
are surrounding it in three-dimensions.
Bond Angles:
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HCH-bond angles are 109.5o.
Bond Length:
All C-H bonds are 1.09Ao.
METHOD OF
PREPARATION OF
METHANE
BY THE CATALYTIC REDUCTION OF METHYL IODIDE:
CH3-I + 2[H] CH4 +HI
BY THE HYDROLYSIS OF ALUMINIUM CARBIDE:
In laboratory methane can be prepared by boiling aliminium carbide with water.
Al4C3 + 12H2O 3CH4 +Al (OH)3
BY SODIUM ACEETATE WITH SODA LIME:
CH3COONa + NaOH --------> CH4 + Na2CO3
CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES
OF METHANE
COMBUSTION REACTION:
Combustion of methane is an exothermic reaction in which a large amount of energy is
liberated. Due to this property, methane is used as a domestic and industrial fuel.
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
HALOGENATION:
Replacement of halogen atom with H-atom of an organic compound is called Halogenation. It
is a substitution reaction. This reaction occurs in the presence of sun light. It is a free radical
mechanism reaction. The reaction will continue till the replacement of all four hydrogen atoms
of methane with chlorine.
CHLORINATION:
CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HCl (chloro methane)
CH3Cl + Cl2 CH2Cl2 +HCl (dichloro methane)
CH2Cl2 + Cl2 CHCl3 + HCl (chloroform)
CHCl3 + Cl2 CCl4 +HCl (carbon tetra chloride)
OUTPUT:
Since it is a chain reaction, therefore, it gives a mixture of different compounds.
PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
OF METHANE
Methane is a colorless, odourless and non-poisonous gas.
Melting point = -182.5oC.
Boiling point = -169.5oC.
Its molecule is symmetrical.
It is lighter than air.
It is slightly soluble in water but fairly soluble in ether and alcohol.
USES OF METHANE
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• Domestic and industrial fuel.
• Shoe polish.
• Printing ink.
• Tyre manufacturing.
• Manufacture of methyl alcohol.
SLO # 12.5.3: Describe that the combustion of alkanes provide energy for heating and
cooking.
Hydrocarbon fuels like methane (CH4) burn in the presence of oxygen to produce carbon
dioxide and water. This process of combustion releases energy exothermically.
When energy is released during the course of a chemical reaction, it is used as a source of
energy for heating and cooking.
SLO # 12.5.4: Show the preparation of alkanes from hydrogenation of alkenes and alkynes
and reduction of alkyl halides using chemical equations.
Hydrogenation: It is a chemical reaction of addition of one molecule of hydrogen.
Hydrogenation of unsaturated hydrocarbons (alkenes and alkynes) results in the formation of
saturated hydrocarbon (alkanes). It can only be carries out in presence of catalyst Ni at 250 to
300 oC or in presence of palladium at room temperature.
Reduction: It is a chemical reaction of addition of atomic hydrogen or nascent hydrogen in
presence of dilute Hydrochloric acid and zinc.
Complete the given table by writing a chemical equation of each reaction.
Reaction Chemical equation
Hydrogenation of propene
Hydrogenation of propyne
Hydrogenation of 2-butene
Hydrogenation of 2-butyne
Reduction of methyl bromide
Reduction of butyl chloride
Reduction of propyl chloride
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Topic # 12.6: Alkenes
SLO # 12.6.1: Describe the plane and angles formed by carbon atoms in alkenes.
Since C=C bonds have sp2 hybridized C, atoms or groups directly attached to a C=C bond lie in
a plane and are separated by approximately 120° bond angles. Alkenes and cycloalkenes are
hydrocarbons with one C=C bond. They are also commonly referred to as olefins.
SLO # 12.6.2: Describe the physical properties of ethene (ethylene).
• Ethene is a colourless gas with very light sweetish smell.
• It has melting point -169oC.
• It has boiling point -104oC.
• It is insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol and ether.
SLO # 12.6.3: Show the preparation of alkenes from dehydration of alcohols and
dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides using chemical equations.
Preparation of alkenes from dehydration of alcohols:
The dehydration reaction of alcohols to generate alkene proceeds by heating the alcohols in the
presence of a strong acid, such as sulfuric or phosphoric acid, at high temperatures.
S.No Preparation of alkene from Chemical equation with name of product
dehydration of
1 2-butanol Equation:
Name of product:_______________________________
2 Propanol Equation:
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Name of product:_______________________________
3 Ethanol Equation:
Name of product:_______________________________
4 2-pentanol Equation:
Name of product:_______________________________
5 3-hexanol Equation:
Name of product:_______________________________
Preparation of alkenes from dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides:
Alkenes are generally prepared through β elimination reactions, in which two atoms on adjacent
carbon atoms are removed, resulting in the formation of a double bond. It is simple acid base
neutralization reaction which take place in presence of base.
Examples:
S.No Preparation of alkene from Chemical equation with name of product
dehydrohelogenation of
1 2-chlorobutane Equation:
Name of product:_______________________________
2 Chlorobutane Equation:
Name of product:_______________________________
3 Propylchloride Equation:
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Name of product:_______________________________
4 2-bromoethane Equation:
Name of product:_______________________________
5 2-bromopantane Equation:
Name of product:_______________________________
Topic # 12.7: Alkynes
SLO # 12.7.1: Describe the preparation, properties and uses of ethynes (acetylene).
INTRODUCTION
Molecular formula = C2H2
Empirical formula = CH
Molecular mass = 26
Empirical mass = 13
Common name = Acetylene
Homologous series = Alkynes
STRUCTURE OF
ETHYNE
COMPOSITION OF ETHYNE MOLECULE:
Ethyne molecule consists of two C-atoms and two H-atoms (C2H2).
BOND LENGTH:
The C--H bond is 1.2Ao.
BOND ANGLE:
HCC bond angle is 180o.
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METHODS OF
PREPARATION
By vicinal dihalide:
Vicinal dihalides are compounds that have halogens on adjacent carbons.
Example # 1:
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Example # 2:
By the hydrolysis of calcium carbide:
CaC2 + 2H2O C2H2 + Ca(OH)2
This method was once an important industrial process for the manufacture of acetylene.
However, the method has now been replaced by a process in which methane is pyrolyzed in a
flow system with short contact time.
By dehalogenation of tetra chloroethane:
Cl2CH-CHCl2 + 2Zn C2H2 + 2ZnCl2
CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES
COMBUSTION REACTION:
Ethyne burns in air with a luminous smoky flame and hence used for lightening purpose.
2C2H2 + 5O2 4CO2 + 2H2O + heat
ADDITION REACTIONS:
Addition of Hydrogen:
C2H2 CH2=CH2 C2H6
Addition of Chlorine:
C2H2 +Cl2 Cl-CH=CH-Cl Cl2CH-CHCl2
Addition of Hydrogen Halide:
C2H2 + HBr CH2=CH-Br + HBr CH3-CHBr2
PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
Ethyne is a colourless gas with a characteristic smell.
It has a melting point -81oC.
It has a boiling point -84oC.
It is significantly soluble in water. However readily soluble in organic solvents.
USES OF ETHYNE
It is used in welding to produce oxy-acetylene flame of temperature about 3000oC.
It is used in the synthesis of useful compounds such as ethanol, ethanoic acid, PVC,
acetaldehyde.
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SLO # 12.7.2: Explain: a. ethyne as an acid on the basis of its chemical reaction with silver
nitrate, b. ethyne as more energy producing than ethane and ethene using the process of
combustion.
The alkyne reacts as a acid to form a silver acetylide which precipitates. In the case of
acetylene, both hydrogens can react:
HC≡CH + 2AgNO3 + 2NH4OH⟶ AgC≡CAg + 2NH4NO3 + 2H2O
The colour of the precipitate is variously described as yellow, gray-white, or white.
SLO # 12.7.3: Show the preparation of alkynes from dehalogenations of 1,2-dihalides and
tetrahalides using chemical equations.
Dehydrohalogenation. The loss of a hydrogen atom and a halogen atom from adjacent alkane
carbon atoms leads to the formation of an alkene. The loss of additional hydrogen and halogen
atoms from the double‐bonded carbon atoms leads to alkyne formation. The halogen atoms on
adjacent carbons are vicinal dihalide.
Second method of preparation of alkyne is Dehydrohalogenation in presence of sodium amine.
H
|
—C=C— + NaNH2 → — C C — + NaX + NH3
|
X
General representation:
X2
alkene vicinal dihalide 1. KOH alkyne
2. NaNH2
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By dehalogenation of tetrahalides:
Halogens are most reactive toward metal. When we react tetra halide with zinc dust thry form
alkyne and a zinc salt.
Topic # 12.8: Reactions of Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes
SLO # 12.8.1: Show halogenations of alkanes, alkenes and alkynes using chemical
equations.
Chemical reaction Equation
SLO # 12.8.2: Show oxidation of alkenes and alkynes with KMnO4 using chemical
equations.
Name of reaction Chemical equation
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SLO # 12.8.3: Differentiate between ethene and ethyne using silver nitrate test.
Ethene Ethyne
AgNO3 can not react with alkene because With terminal alkynes, the alkyne reacts as a acid
the terminal hydrogen of alkene is not acidic to form a silver acetylide which precipitates. In
in nature the case of acetylene, both hydrogens can react:
HC≡CH+2AgNO3+2NH4OH⟶AgC≡CAg+2NH
4NO3+2H2O
The colour of the precipitate is variously
described as yellow, gray-white, or white. The
actual colour you observe is probably strongly
dependent on the purity of the sample and the size
of the precipitated particles.
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. Write structural, molecular and condensed formula of following:
Name of hydrocarbon Molecular Condensed formula Structural formula
formula
2. Hydrocarbons means _______________________________________________________
3. Which of the following will decolorize the color of KMnO4, Br2 and I2?
C2H6 C7H14 C9H18
C8H16 C9H16 C3H6
C7H12 C2H2 C5H12
C3H8 C4H10 C2H4
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4. Alkene are more reactive than alkyne because
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
5. Give dot and cross of the following.
Compound Dot and Cross
But-2-ene
Pentene
Ethylene
Acetylene
2-octyne
1,2-butadiene
6. Ethane can be used as fuel because ___________________________________________
7. Some organic fuels are ____________, ___________ & ____________
8. Some organic compounds prepared in industries from hydrocarbons are methyl alcohol ,
butadiene, polyethene , polyester etc. Identify the type of industry and raw material from
which the given products can be synthesized.
Name of pproduct Raw material used for Name of industry for
synthesis synthesis
tyres and toys
Polyesters
Foot wears
Washing powder
Crockery
9. Tetrahedron means ________________________________________________________
10. Write a balanced equation (with all possible conditions) for preparation of Methane by:
s.no Name of reaction Balanced chemical equation
1 Reduction of methyl iodide
2 Sodium acetate
3 hydrolysis of Al4C3
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4 Methyl magnesium bromide
11. Write a balanced equation (with all possible conditions) for preparation of ethene by:
s.no Name of reaction Balanced chemical equation
1 Dehydration of alcohol
2 Dehydrohalogenation of
alkyl halide
3 Dehalogenation of vicinal
dihalide
4 Hydrogenation of ethyne
12. Write a balanced equation (with all possible conditions) for preparation of acetylene by:
s.no Name of reaction Balanced chemical equation
1 Reaction of water with
calcium carbide
2 Dehydrohalogenation of
vicinal dihalide
3 Dehalogenation of
tetrahalide
13. Write balanced chemical equation (with all possible conditions) for given reactions:
s.no Name of reaction Balanced chemical equation
1 Combustion of CH4 in
presence of air
2 Incomplete Combustion of
CH4
3 Thermal decomposition of
CH4 in absence of air
4 Chlorination of CH4 in
presence of bright sunlight
5 Chlorination of CH4 in
presence of diffused
sunlight
14. Enlist 4 Uses and 4 physical properties methane
s.no Physical properties Uses
1
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3
15. Write balanced chemical equation (with all possible conditions) for given reactions:
s.no Name of reaction Balanced chemical equation
1 Combustion of ethene in
presence of air
2 Combustion of ethyne in
presence of air
3 Thermal decomposition of
ethylene in absence of air
4 Thermal decomposition of
acetylene in absence of air
5 Halogenation of 2-butene
6 Halogenation of 2-pentyne
7 Hydrogenation of alkene
with 3 carbon atoms
8 Oxidation of ethane
9 Oxidation of ethyne
10 Hydrohalogenation of
butane
11 Preparation of 2-butene by
dehalogenation of 2,2,3,3-
tetrabromobutane
13 Preparation of 2-butene by
dehydrohalogenation of
C4H9Cl
14 Butene from Butyne
15 Ethane from ethyle Bromide
16 Propen from dehydration of
propanol
16. Enlist 4 Uses and 4 physical properties ethylene
s.no Physical properties Uses
1
2
3
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4
17. Enlist 4 Uses and 4 physical properties acetylene
s.no Physical properties Uses
1
2
3
4
18. Justify that ethyne produce more energy on combustion( give 2 reasons)_______________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
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