1

INTRODUCTION

TRANSLATION 4 is a basic course book written for the second-year students of the
Department of English, College of Foreign Languages, Hue University. It is intended to equip the
students with an overview of translating Vietnamese and English economic texts. It also helps the
students get familiar with the terms related to economy as well as the typical structures
frequently used in economic texts.

Since the course book has been written for the students to learn either by themselves or in class
with a teacher, there will be a course book and assignments. The course book contains the
Vietnamese and English economic texts with notes and suggested translations. The assignments
contain the Vietnamese and English economic texts that will be translated into either English or
Vietnamese by the students.

By the end of the course, the students will be able to:
- obtain general knowledge of the Vietnamese and English economic documents.
- get familiar with and effectively use scientific and technological terms and typical structures
of economic texts in their translations.
- accurately translate economic texts into English and Vietnamese.

On the completion of this course book, I would like to express my deep gratitude to Dr. Ton Nu
Nhu Huong for her encouragement. I would also like to be grateful to Dr. Tran Van Phuoc and
other colleagues of the College of Foreign Languages for their kind help.

Errors are unavoidable in this course book. Therefore, I appreciate and welcome any criticism on
the course book.

Hue, November 14th, 2006
Nguyen Van Tuan


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Chapter 1: GENERAL ECONOMIC ISSUES

Lesson 1: REFORESTATION AN UPHILL BATTLE IN
MOUNTAINOUS TAY NGUYEN

Tay Nguyen- the authorities and people in Tay Nguyen (the Western Highlands) have a battle on
their hand to protect and restore forests that have been relentlessly chopped down.

Spread over nearly 55,000sq.km, the forests in these regions are the countrys largest. Actually
covering 2.93 million ha, it is 230,000 ha less than five years ago. Of the four Tay Nguyen
provinces, Dac Lac is the one with the largest wooded area and also the one losing the most
canopy each year an average of 40,000 ha.

The reason for losing the provinces lung is not hard to find- the inexorable emigration of
people to these areas from the rest of the country since 1990. The population growth in these
provinces has been a stagering5 to 6 per cent every year. And Dac Lac alone houses 2,200
migrants.

With the influx came the usual accompanying problems: pressure on forestland for housing,
cultivating and fuel.

Another reason has been the creased cultivation of commercial crops like coffee, pepper, and
rubber. The total area under these has risen to 567,000 ha- double the 1996 figure.
But the government has become aware of the havoc that denudation of the forest cover could
wreak.

Tay Nguyen is seen as a common roof for the Central and South-eastern areas, but the regions
forests is enduring serious damage, illegal wood exploitation remains a headache, and the
environment is under great threat, said Prime Minister Han Van Khaki when speaking about the
regions development.

He exhorted the Taiyo Nguyen provinces to keep a close eye on forest protection and
development, and set targets for the next five years to increase the area under forest cover in a bid
to ensure sustainable socio-economic development.

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The provincial authorities too have begun to get their act together. In ADC Lac, for instance,
billions of dong has been invested in aforestation activities under Programmes 327 and 661 and
the total reforested has reached about 10,000 ha.
But the figure is still minuscule when juxtaposed with the more than 200,000 ha that have been
felled since 1995.
Under the socio- economic development scheme for the 2001-05 period, Tay Nguyens provinces
have earmarked over 2.93million ha of existing forest areas for protection while reforesting
500,000 ha, so that the total forest cover would reach 64.3 per cent by 2005, an increase of 10 per
cent over the current figure.
To reach the goal through, the provinces need to raise awareness among the population, innovate
sustainable products and manufacturing methods and improve forest management and protection.
The forest plantation and communal forest management departments should be further
strengthened while economic sectors and households should be urged to take an active part in
protecting and managing forest areas.
At the moment some areas in Dac Lac Province have been moving in that direction and local
residents have proven willing to protect and develop forest areas to which they are given
possession rights.
Notes:
- battle : trn chin
- to be chopped down : b n, b cht
- emigration : di c-
- commercial crop: nng sn hng ho
- to become aware of : thc -c
- sustainable : bn vng
- to be strengthened : -c tng c-ng

Suggested Translation :
TRNG RUNG O CAC TINH MIN NUI TY NGUYN DANG
LA MT VN D KHO KHN.

Ty Nguyn-Chnh quyn va ngi dn Ty Nguyn gp kho khn trong vic bao v va tai tao
nhng khu rng b cht pha mt cach nghim trong.
Vi din tch hn 50.000 km2, nhng khu rng ay la ln nht nc,chi m 2,93 ha nay ch con
230.000 ha, thp hn 5 nm trc y.

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Ly do mt i la phi cua nhng tnh nay khng kho tm ra, o la do s di tru cua nhng ngi
dn trong vung n nhng ni khac. K t nm 1999, ty l gia tng dn s cua nhng tnh nay t
5 n 6% mi mm. c Lc co khoang 2200 h dn di tru.
Mt s vn kha c a nay sinh cung vn nay :ap lc i vi t rng cho vic xy dng nha
ca, trng trot va ly g.
Mt ly do khac la gia tng vic trng cy kinh t nh : caf,tiu va cao su, tng din tich a tng
ln567.000 ha-gp i con s nm 1990.
Nhng chnh phu cung a nhn thc c vn tan pha nay se co th con trm trong hn.

Ty Nguyn c xem nh mt mai nha chung cho cac tnh min trung va ng nam. Nhng
rng y ang b tan pha trm trong, nan khai thac g trai phep vn la mt vn nhc nhi,
mi trng di s e doa nghim trong.thu tng chnh phu Phan Vn Khai a noi khi noi
chuyn v s phat trin cua nhng tnh nay.
Thu tng ku goi cac tnh Tay Nguyn hay xem trong vic bao v va phat trin rng va at ra k
hoach cho nm nm ti, e co th tng din tich rng c bao v nhm duy tr c s phat trin
kinh t xa hi.

Chnh quyn cac tnh cu ng a hp tac cung nhau. Thc t la, hang ty ng a c Dc L c u
t vao vic trng rng b ng cac chng trnh 327 va 661 va tng din tch rng tai tao a ln n
khoang10.000 ha.
Nhng con s vn con r t nho khi so sanh vi hn 200.000 ha a b pha hu y k t nm 1995.

Da vao s phat trin kinh t xa hi trong giai oan 2001-2005,cac tnh Ty Nguyn se ong
khung hn 2,93 triu ha din tch rng ang con bao v trong khi tai tao 500. 000 ha rng,
tng din tch rng bao phu co th ln ti 64,3% vao nm 2005, tng 10% so vi con s ban u.
at c k hoach nay, chnh quyn cac tnh cn phai tng cng nhn thc cho ngi
dn,ng thi ng dung nhng phng tin mi nhm cai thin cng ta c quan ly va bao v rng.
Cng tac trng rng cn phai c quan tm hn. Nghanh kim lm cn tng cng cng ta c bao
v rng. Ca c nghanh kinh t va cac h gia nh c n ong mt vai tro tch cc hn trong vi c quan
ly va bao v rng.

Hin tai, mt s vung tnh c Lc a va ang i theo hng va nu. Chnh quyn a phng
a nng cao nhn thc v vic bao v va phat trin nhng khu rng ma ho a c giao khoan.
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Lesson 2 : VIETNAM SEEKS ASSISTANCE FOR HIGHLANDS
DEVELOPMENTS

Hanoi - Vietnam wishes to exchange experiences and co-operate with other countries in
making its mountainous regions prosperous and stable, says Hoang Duc Nghi, Minister
and Chairman of the Committee for Ethnic Minorities and Mountainous Affairs.

Speaking at the World Mountain Forum held in French cities of Paris and Chambery last
week, Nghi said that the Vietnamese Government welcomes the UN declaration of 2002
as the International Year of Mountains.

Vietnam is facing difficulties and challenges in checking deforestation and degradation of
land resources, and is committed to pursuing areas strategy of protecting natural resources
through sustainable exploitation, he said.

Nghi met with French and other delegates and discussed measures to heighten co-
operation in the development of mountainous regions.

The forum adopted a resolution calling on 140 countries having forests and mountains in
the world to raise awareness of the important role of mountainous regions, define
orientations for sustainable development of the areas in coming years, and increase
exchange of experiences and co-operation.

The seven-day forum, jointly organized by France, the UN, EU, and the World Bank,
wrapped up on Monday.
Notes:
- stable : n nh
- to face : -ng u
- challenge : thch thc
- orientation : nh h-ng
- sustainable : pht trin bn vng
6
Suggested Translation :
VIT NAM TIM KIM SU GIU P DO CHO VN D PHAT
TRIN MIN NUI

Theo ng Hoang c Nghi -Trng ban Dn tc va Min nui,Vit nam mong mun c
trao i kinh nghim va hp tac vi cac nc ban nhm tao s phat trin thnh vng va
vng chc min nui.

Phat biu tai din an th gii v min nui t chc thanh ph Pa-ri va Chm-b-ri cua
Phap tun va qua, ng Nghi noi rng Chnh phu Vit Nam rt hoan nghnh cng b cua
Lin Hi p Qu c coi nm 2002 la nm Th gi i v mi n nu i.

ng Nghi cung nhn manh thm, Vit nam ang i mt vi nhiu kho khn va th thach
nh nan pha rng ba bai, tnh trang thoai ho a tai nguyn t, cung nh vic kin tr trong
chi n l c va khai tha c m t ca ch h p ly ca c ngu n ta i nguyn thin nhin.

Cung trong chuyn i nay, ng Nghi a gp va thao lun vi phai oan Phap va cac phai
oan khac nh m tm ra giai phap tng c ng hp tac vi nhau v s phat trin chung cua
mi n nu i.

Hi thao a thng nht ku go i 140 nc trn th gii co r ng nu i c n nhn thc ro vai tro
quan trong cua min nui, ng thi nh ro hng phat trin cung nh vic tng cng
trao i kinh nghi m va h p ta c gi a ca c n c trong nh ng nm t i.

Phap, Lin Hip Quc, khi Cng ng Chu u va ngn hang th gii ng t chc hi
tha o di n ra trong 7 ngay va kt thuc vao th Hai.
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Lesson 3 : ADB ASSISTANCE TO HELP FIGHT POVERTY,
CREATE MORE JOBS

Hanoi - Continued assistance from the Asian Development Bank will play an important role in
poverty alleviation, especially in creating more employment, says Deputy Prime Minister
Nguyen Tan Dung.

Receiving visiting ADB executive director Jeung-Hyun Yoon in Hanoi yesterday, Dung lauded
the valuable assistance that the Manila-based bank has rendered to the nations economic
reforms, rural development, human resource development and environmental protection.

The ADB has pledged loans worth US$2 billion since 1993 for 29 projects and preferential loan
programmes, of which $76 million is non-refundable, he noted.

Dung expressed his hope that the ADB will continue offering effective assistance for the
countrys reform programmes including the ongoing restructuring of State-owned enterprises and
renovation of the financial and banking sectors.

The ADB official said he was delighted to be visiting Vietnam at a time when its economy was
registering strong improvements.

He briefed the Deputy Prime Minister on the results of his one- week visit, saying it aimed to
strengthen co-operation in lending and borrowing operations through exchange of information
and assessment of the banks operations in the country. Yoon also expressed his desire to see
further development in Vietnam-ADB relations and pledged to co-ordinate more actively among
sponsors in finding investment on preferential terms.
Notes:
- the Asian Development Bank : Ngn hng Pht trin Chu
- play an important role : ng mt vai tr quan trng
- poverty alleviation : xo i gim ngho
- executive director : gim c iu hnh
- human resource development : pht trin ngun nhn lc
- preferential loan programmes : ch-ng trnh cho vay -u i
-- effective assistance : s gip c hiu qu
- reform program: ch-ng trnh ci cch
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- State-owned enterprise : doanh nghip nh n-c
Suggested Translation :
SU TRO GIUP CUA ADB SE GIU P CHNG DOI NGHEO VA
TAO THM VI C LAM
Trong bui tip Giam c iu hanh Ngn hang phat trin Chu A (ADB) Jeung-Hyun Yoon
ngay hm qua tai Ha N i, Pho Thu Tng n c ta Nguyn Tn Dung a phat biu rng s tip
tuc tr giup cua ADB se ong mt vai tro quan trong trong vic xoa oi giam ngheo, c bit la
tao thm nhiu cng n vic lam. Pho Thu Tng cung cam n s giup quy bau cua ADB co
tru s tai Manila, Phi-lip-pin trong cai cach kinh t, phat trin nng thn, phat trin ngun lc con
ngi va bao v mi tr ng.
Ngn hang phat trin Chu A a ha cho Vit Nam vay khoan vay tr gia 2 t la My t nm
1993 cho 29 d an va cac chng trnh vay u ai trong o co 76 triu la khng hoan lai.
Pho Thu Tng Nguyn Tn Dung bay to hy vong rng ADB se tip tuc tr giup mt cach co
hiu qua cho cac chng trnh cai cach t nc bao gm vic cai t cac x nghip quc doanh
ang din ra va i mi cac chi nhanh tai chnh va ngn hang.
ng Jeung-Hyun Yoon a phat biu noi ln nim vui c n thm Vit Nam vao thi im ma
nn kinh t Vit Nam a va ang at c nhng tin b manh me. ng cung bao cao vi Pho
Thu Tng kt qua cua mt tun ving thm Vi t Nam cua ng va nhn manh rng o la nhm
tng cng hp tac trong lnh vc vay va cho vay thng qua vic trao i thng tin va anh gia v
hoat ng cua cac ngn hang Vit Nam.
ng Yoon bay to mong c rng mi quan h gia Vit Nam va Ngn hang phat trin Chu A
se phat trin hn n a va ha se h p tac tch cc hn vi ca c nha tai tr trong vic tm kim ngun
u t vao ca c lnh vc u tin.
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Lesson 4 : POLITICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
STRUCTURE

Viet Nam is a socialist republic furnished with a constitution since 1980 and based on a tripartite
political structure: the Communist Party of Vietnam, the people and the State. A characteristic
feature is the very important place occupied by the Party, which waged the liberation struggles
leading to the independence of North Viet Nam in 1954 and then to the reunification of the
country in 1975.

The Party, whose best known bodies are the Political Bureau, the Secretariat, the Central
Committee and the Congress, conducts the affairs of the country. It draws up the lists of
candidates for general elections from which delegates to the National Assembly are chosen; the
Assembly in turn elects the members of the Council of Ministers which appoints ministers to
head the ministries.

The party provides the leaders of the very active mass organizations which form the front for the
Fatherland and cover all sections of the population: labour, trade unions, Association of
Collective Farmers, Union of Women, Union of Youth, Union of Intellectuals, Union of
Catholics, and Union of Buddhists.

The administrative matters are carried out in four-tiered structure from the central level, down
through the 44 provinces, and the 519 districts to the 9,807 communes at the grassroots level.

Planning
Viet Nam's overall planning system is centralized, but there is flexibility in development
planning, investment programming, budgeting, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of
sectoral projects. At central level, development policies are determined by the State Council and
Council of Ministers with the State Planning Commission providing technical guidance.

The State Planning Commission (SPC), as the technical arm of the Council of Ministers, plays
the leading role in national planning, investment programming, budget allocation and monitoring
of socio-economic development trends and sectoral performance. It coordinates plans for
donor assistance and identifies priority programmes for intervention, in collaboration with the
line ministries, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, State Committee for Foreign Investment and
Cooperation, State Committee for Science, Committee on Aid Reception and the People's
Committees. The SPC formulates mid-term and annual investment plans and prepares the
relevant budgets for approval by the Council of Ministers. CERFC, the aid co-ordination
committee, works closely with SPC to identify government policies, plans and priorities.

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The General Statistics Office (GSO), also under the Council of Minister is responsible for
coordinating population censuses as well as the collection of statistics on socio-economic
development and the situation of children and women. The GSO provides information and
data support to the SPC for planning and programming purposes.

Decentralized development and planning
Under recent reforms, planning has been decentralized giving the sectoral implementing
ministries and peoples' committees at provincial, district and commune level, the freedom to
define their priorities and plans, subject to centrally-issued guidelines. In line with this
policy, sectoral planning units were established in the Social Sector ministries. Furthermore,
almost all the provinces and districts have established planning units which provide planning
and technical support to the Peoples Committees. The local government units are authorized
to utilize locally generated revenues and income to finance and implement their planned
programmes without relying on central government resources. This initiative can lead to
greater participation of the local government units in the delivery of basic services for
children and women. The area based development model can be applied to accelerate basic
services and enhance capacity in local planning, monitoring and evaluation. At the same time,
community interventions which would improve the living condition of women and their
families such as low cost appropriate technology, income generation, growth monitoring, etc.,
can be piloted in specific provinces or districts. However, the professional staff manning the
planning units need to be trained to widen their skills in management, planning and
monitoring activities.
Notes:
- political structure : th ch chnh tr
- to be furnished with : -c trang b
- liberation : s gii phng
- reunification : s thng nht
- Political Bureau : B Chnh Tr
- Central Committee : U Ban Trung ng, Ban B Th-
Trung ng
- general election : tng tuyn c
- National Assembly : Quc Hi
- Council of Ministers : Hi ng B Tr-ng
- the Front for the Fatherland : Mt Trn T Quc
- Association of Collective Farmers : Hi Nng Dn Tp Th
- to be centralized : tp trung
- State Planning Commission : U Ban K Hoch Nh N-c
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- budget allocation : vic phn b ngn sch
- priority programme : ch-ng trnh -u tin
- in collaboration with : c lin quan n
- State Commitee for Science : U Ban Khoa Hc Nh N-c
- Committee on Aid Reception : Ban Tip Nhn Vin Tr
- The General Statistics Office : Cc Thng K
- locally generated revenue : ngn sch a ph-ng
- to be challenged : b th thch, b thch thc
- data deficiency : thiu ht s liu


Lesson 5 : THE ECONOMY, AGRICULTURE & FOOD
PRODUCTION

The Vietnamese economy is challenged by a number of development issues including
population growth, employment and wage levels, balance of payment deficits and inflation.
However, analysis of economic development in Viet Nam is constrained by the lack of
official statistics. Many are out of date by the time they are published. An attempt to remedy
this data deficiency has been under way for some time, and has recently resulted in the
publication of preliminary census estimates in April 1990. The State Planning Commi ssion
and General Statistics Office in collaboration with the relevant ministries have been trying to
update the socio-economic data related to the development of the vulnerable groups and the
country's economic situation in general.

Trends in economic development and policy reforms
The economic and social development of Viet Nam has to be viewed in the context of the
long period of war which has caused great damage to people's lives and property as well as to
public facilities and resources. The war consequences and subsequent period of recon-
struction full of diff iculties has clearly been an overriding constraint to the development of
children and other vulnerable groups.

In the transition period after reunification, the nation endeavoured to develop with its own
limited resources. An agricultural collective programme was set up throughout the country.
Private trade and commerce were terminated and taken over by government -run entities.
Collective small handicrafts programmes were introduced. In the manufacturing sector,
strong emphasis was put on the development of heavy industries. However, the country's
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economy did not prosper. Food shortages, coupled with deficient basic services were felt
nation-wide. Children and mothers bore the consequences and the malnutrition prevalence
was high.
Despite attempts at economic reform in the early 1980s, Vietnam continued to buy
agricultural products abroad as the agricultural sector production declined. The few consumer
goods produced in the country were not sufficient to meet requirements as the manufacturing
sector was inefficient and constrained by inadequate infrastructure. Government revenues
dried up, eroding the State's ability to subsidize staples and the provision of basic services to
the public. The Government was forced to issue more banknotes, augmenting money supply.
The result was high inflation which in turn caused the economy to deteriorate further.

In December 1986, the Sixth Party Congress convened and set in motion a new policy
advocating "Doi moi", or renovation of the domestic economy. A five-year development plan
(1986-1990) was adopted with three major priorities, namely: to increase agricultural
production and attain self-sufficiency in food; to increase the availability and production of
consumer goods and to increase exports. These core economic reforms were addressed
comprehensively at different levels of production, processing, distribution and consumption.
A new investment law was passed to attract foreign investment. The economic liberalization
programme represented an attempt to solve constraints on a broad range of fronts, and was
accompanied by changes in various areas of country's social life.

The policy changes had some stimulating effects on production. In the farm sector, the
weather happened to be favourable in 1989, enabling grain production to recover, while the
manufacturing sector was on the mend. Industrial policy encouraged the development of
small industries while the agriculture sector remains a priority.

The multiple pricing system was gradually done away with, in favour of a single market
price. Trade in other products has been liberalized. The economic situation improved to some
extent in 1989. Inflation cooled substantially (see figure 11.1), although the commodity retail
price increase rate was still around 3-4 percent a month. Rice export earnings partly solved
the foreign exchange crisis and food shortages were reduced. Domestic trade and commerce
activities speeded up. In certain sector foreign investment operations in the country started.

Priority has been given to foreign investment projects which will benefit the three major areas
of development as well as improve the infrastructure and institutional development.
Notes:
- wage level : mc l-ng
- out of date : li thi
- relevant ministry : b c lin quan
- socio-economic data : s liu v kinh t x hi
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- to cause damage to : gy thit hi
- context of war : hon cnh chin tranh
- transition period : thi k qu
- to be taken over : -c tip qun
- manufacturing sector : b phn sn xut
- food shortage : s thiu ht l-ng thc
- malnutrition : suy dinh d-ng
- economic reform : ci cch kinh t
- consumer goods : hng tiu dng
- to subsidize : bao cp
- to issue : pht hnh
- Congress : i Hi
- self-sufficiency : t cung t cp
- core : ch yu, quan trng
- to attract : thu ht
- multiple pricing system : h thng nhiu gi

Lesson 6 : ECONOMIC STRUCTURE

Gross Material Product (GMP)
An important feature in the development of the Vietnamese economy has been the changing
ratio of state and private ownership. Between 1976 and 1987, the state and co-operative
sector's share in the GMP rose from 58.9 to 75.0 per cent. This expansion was mainly due to
the drive for collectivization in the South. As a result, the private sector share fell from 41 to
25 per cent during the period. With the new economic policy on greater participation of the
private sector, particularly in manufacturing, trade and transport, the private sector share rose
to 28 percent and the state and co-operative contribution declined from 75 to 72 per cent in
1988.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
The GDP average growth rate was 3.4 per cent from 1984 to 1988. In 1989 with the economic
reforms, plus surplus food production and a slight increase of output in industry, trade and
commerce, a more positive economic growth of 5.7 per cent was attained. It is expected to
reach 8 per cent in 1990. Per capita income is still low, having increased from US$1 14.00 in
1985 to approximately US$150200 in 1989.
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The 1988 GDP sectoral shares were agriculture 39.2 percent, industry 27.4 per cent,
commerce 11.8 per cent, transportation and communication and construction 2.0 per cent
each and other services 11.0 per cent.

Under the economic reform process, agricultural sector development is the main core of the
programme. It provides a livelihood for two thirds of the total labour force, and accounts
for 30 per cent of export earnings. Official data indicates that 53 per cent of agriculture
output is produced by individual farmers, 45 per cent by co-operatives, and 2 per cent by
state farms.

Industrial output is produced by state enterprises (more than 50 per cent), co-operatives
(more than 25 per cent) and by individuals (16 percent). There are 700 state enterprises,
engaged mainly in heavy industry. The provincial and district authorities control 2,300 light
industries. Co-operatives are dominant in small scale industries and individuals in
handicrafts.

Overall industrial output grew at an average annual rate of 10 per cent between 1984 and
1988, but heavy industry only recorded a 6 per cent annual rise, reflecting mixed
development initiatives. Light industry increased over 10 per cent annually with high
production rates of tea, salt, sugar, porcelain, and some export goods. However, some
locally produced goods (i.e. beer, matches, and cigarettes) could hardly compete with
imports which increased following the reduction in bordertensions and the introduction of
more liberal trading policies.

Vietnam is endowed with rich sources of energy, the major ones being the Quang Ninh coal
mine area, off-shore oil and gas fields in the south. In addition, the Mekong and Red rivers
have high potential for hydro-electric development. At present hydro-electric power
accounts for 25.7 per cent of the total power generated in the country (1988), and it has now
increased with the development of the Hoa Binh hydro-electric power plant which provides
rural electricity. The forest resources need to be developed and studied as they could be a
good source of energy in the future. Firewood currently constitutes the main source of fuel
for households in rural areas. Coal production is around 6-7 million tons per year and has
been growing gradually during the decade. The average yearly production of electricity was
almost 7 million KWh., 66 per cent thermo-electric. The per capita energy consumption is
fairly low at 109.1 KWh of electricity and 108.3 kilogrammes of coal (1988 figures).

The transport, communication and construction share in GDP has been insignificant.
This is a reflection of the low investment and monopoly by the state enterprises and
cooperatives. Under utilization of roads, railways, airports and harbours is also due to poor
maintenance and management.
15

Commerce accounts for about 12 per cent of GDP, with 60 per cent coming from sales of
agricultural products, the remainder being industrial and handicraft goods. In 1987 one
quarter of retail sales were estimated to be through the free market.
16
Notes:
- private ownership : quyn s hu t- nhn
- Gross Domestic Product : Tng sn phm quc ni
- per capita : tnh theo u ng-i
- commerce : th-ng mi
- to compete with : cnh tranh vi
- to be endowed with : -c -u i
- potential : tim nng
- thermo-electric : nhit in
- monopoly : c quyn
- retail sale : bn l

Lesson 7 : INVESTMENT

As the economy declined from 1984 to 1987, investment activities were greatly affected.
Total public investment declined from 12.7 per cent of GDP in 1984 to 5.1 per cent in 1989.
This reduction was partly caused by the government budgetary deficits and the desire to
further trim down the budget to reduce hyperinflation. In addition, foreign investment
entering the country was almost nil. However, with the economic reforms, the situation
started to improve from 1989 onwards.

Foreign Aid
The past development of Viet Nam has to some extent relied on assistance provided by
bilateral, multilateral and NGO donors. During 1987, development assistance totalled
US$148.3 million.

The funds sources were : bilateral agencies (63 per cent) with the German Democratic
Republic, Finland and Sweden as the biggest donors; multilateral agencies (31 per cent) with
UNDP, WFP and UNICEF playing leading roles; and NGOs (6 per cent).

Out of the total aid, 13 per cent went to health, 9 per cent to education, 26 per cent to population
planning, 14 per cent to humanitarian assistance, 4 per cent to science and technology and 2 per
cent for social welfare. The remainder was utilized for agriculture, natural resources, industry,
transport and communication.

17
In 1988, 72 per cent of the total labour force was working in the agricultural sector, 90 per
cent of them in co-operatives. The state sector (Government and state enterprises) employed
4.3 mill ion people (15 per cent of the total labour force). The central government had about
330,000 staff on its payroll, while local government services absorbed over 1.2 million. The
private sector employed 3.6 million people or 12.5 per cent of the national labour force.

In the 1980s Vietnam sent 220,000 workers overseas, 210,000 to socialist countri es, and
10,000 to Africa and the Middle East. These numbers are expected to substantially decline
due to recent changes in Eastern Europe, thus increasing further the unemployment problems.
Wage trends and policies: In the past, the incomes of civil servants and state enterprises
employees included subsidized prices for rationed goods, subsidised housing, health,
transportation and use of otherpublic utilities. Individual contributions for pensions and social
security were minimal, as most of these expenses were financed from the national budget.

In January 1989, the Government implemented a comprehensive restructuring of the wages of
government workers with a consolidation of consumer subsidies into the nominal wage
structure. Though the minimum wage increased from 5,497 dong to 22,500 dong per month
(equivalent US$5.35), real salaries have declined substantially as a result of high inflation
between 1985-1988.

Pricing
In 1981, the Government introduced a number of measures to bring the administrative prices
in the North closer to the free market prices. During 1985, another price reform was initiated
to reduce price distortions and do away with subsidies at all levels of the economy.
The system of differentiated consumer prices was abolished, but the rationing system for
essential consumer goods (rice, sugar, kerosene, soap, fish sauce, and pork) was retained. The
effect was a ten fold increase in the price of rice between 1987 and 1990. The current price of
rice is 800-1,000 dongs per kilogramme depending on quality. However, social benefit items
such as electricity, water, house rent, medicines and paper are still subsidized by the
Government. Currently the pricing of agricultural and industrial goods fairly reflects actual
market prices.

Inflation rate
Between 1985 and 1988, the average annual inflation rate was almost 300 per cent. In 1986 it
reached 487 per cent. The effect of government fiscal monetary reform was to bring down the
monthly inflation rate to an average of 14.5 per cent in 1988 and only 2.3 per cent in 1989

18
Fiscal development
Government revenues generated from all sources are inadequate to support the recurrent and
capital expenditures for development. Although the Government has introduced several
economic, fiscal and monetary measures, it cannot move ahead with its plans because of the
limited finance available. In 1984, the budget deficit amounted to 18 per cent of total expenditure
in 1984 and 42 per cent in 1989. To resolve the situation and carry out the planned expenditures,
financial assistance was obtained through foreign loans and grants, state banks and bonds.
A decade before 1988, the impact of the banking system on macro-economic management
and development was minimal. To encourage the system to play a more construct ive role, the
Government introduced new measures including; re-organization of the banking system;
introduction of restrictive credit policies; a new interest rate policy; and the liberalized
trading of gold in the market.
Under the pressures of a high domestic imbalance, overvalued currency, and budget deficits,
the balance of payments eroded continuously between 1984 and 1988.
During 1988, the outstanding external debt reached US$9,703 million. Of this total, 67 per
cent was in non-convertible currencies, 33 per cent in convertible currencies. More than 20
per cent of the external debt in non-convertible currencies, and 61 per cent in the convertible
currencies, is in arrears.
Notes:
- budgetary deficit : s thm ht ngn sch
- multilateral : a ph-ng
- bilateral : song ph-ng
- social welfare : phc li x hi
- comprehensive : ton din
- administrative price : gi c do nh n-c qun l
- to be abolished : b bi b
- to be initiated : -c khi x-ng
- annual inflation rate : t l lm pht hng nm
- revenue : ngun thu
- foreign loans and grants : cc khon vay v vin tr
n-c ngoi
- fiscal : thuc v ti chnh
- macro-economic management : s qun l kinh t v m
- restrictive credit policy : chnh sch tn dng hn nh
- under the pressure : d-i p lc
19
- domestic imbalance : s mt cn i trong n-c
- interest rate policy : chnh sch v li sut
- non-convertible : khng th chuyn
i
Lesson 8: AGRICULTURE

Economic role of agriculture
The agricultural sector accounted for 38 per cent of the country's total output value, 49 per cent of
national income and 42 per cent of total exports in 1987. In 1989 agricultural exports included
food as well as industrial crops.That year, Vietnam held third place on the world rice export
market with 10-15 per cent of the total. The agricultural exports enable the delta to procure inputs
(fertilizers, pesticides, etc.) in order to maintain and increase yield and be competitive on the
international market.

Agricultural Food Production Systems
Food is produced in Viet Nam by three different, but complementary farming systems: the state,
the collective and the family. The state farms are mainly involved in cash crop production and the
development of new technologies. The collective farms are responsible for national foodstuff
production, particularly paddy. Families farm plots of land (from 300 to 1,000 square metres,
depending on the region) around the house, growing a variety of grains, fruits and vegetables and
raising livestock and fish. In 1983, the Government began encouraging distribution of land to
individual farm families for production under a contract system and the December 1986 Party
Congress confirmed the importance of family farming for food self-sufficiency. Family farming
is now recognized as the main basis for development. Families are free to sell more of their
produce at negotiated or market prices and they have become the main source of livestock, fish,
fruit and vegetables. The co-operatives have started to allocate larger plots of land to families.
However, the co-operatives remain the focal points for distribution of inputs and services, and the
collection of taxes and fees. It is generally admitted that these new initiatives have been an
incentive to food production and the appearance of more food in the markets.

Land use
About a fifth of Viet Nam's total land area of some 33 million hectares is arable: of this only 20
percent is now cultivated. About four fifths of the land cultivated is devoted to rice paddy,
particularly in the delta areas. However, yields are low: two thirds of the Mekong delta produce
only one crop a year.
Half of the cultivated land lies in the long and narrow coastal strip and the highland. This region,
which covers 89 per cent of the country's total land area and contains 58 per cent of the population,
has great potential for further agricultural expansion but investment costs would be high as the
infrastructure is currently weak.
20

21
Production and Yields
Rice represents 86-88 per cent of the total food crop production. From 1976 to 1989, the per hectare
paddy yield increased from 2.2 tons to 3.2 tons, which is similar to the average yield of other Asian
developing countries.

The other food crops (maize, cassava, Irish and sweet potatoes, soybeans, groundnuts and other
staple foods) have yielded an average of two tons per hectare since 1984.
The main constraints to improvements in crop yield are the lack of fertilizers (currently the lowest
in Asia), insufficient pesticides due to a shortage of foreign exchange; problems with the seed
multiplication system; inequities in the geographical distribution of agricultural supplies (the North
is highly privileged and the central areas deprived); lack of spare parts and poor maintenance of
farm equipment; inappropriate machinery for family farm use.

Production
From 1976 to 1989, total food production increased to 7.9 million tons. The food production
increase from 1976 to 1981 was due to an extension of the cultivated paddy area, but from 1981 to
1989 it was due to an improvement in the rice yield. At the same time, the area of cultivation of
other food crops has not increased significantly. It appears that the food policy in V iet Nam has
emphasized paddy, while rather neglecting support for other food crops so their production growth
has been irregular. This irregularity is an element of food insecurity and an indicator of structural
difficulties in managing production factors.

Vietnamese agriculture is thus becoming virtually a rice monoculture creating a monotonous and
high starch diet for the population and aggravating the potential risks of natural disasters and pest
hazards.

Half of the cultivated land lies in the long and narrow coastal strip and the highland. This
region, which covers 89 per cent of the country's total land area and contains 58 percent of
the population, has great potential for further agricultural expansion but investment costs
would be high as the infrastructure is currently weak.

Geographical variations in food production
Food production varies from one province to the next. The Mekong delta is a grain surplus area,
while the Red River delta and central regions are traditionally grain deficient. The production of
roots and tubers tends to be concentrated in the northern, central and coastal provinces (cassava
and sweet potatoes) and in some provinces of the Red River delta (Irish potatoes).

22
Food availability
The per capita food availability figure is a theoretical measurement of food supply, calculated by
dividing the total food produced by the number of inhabitants. In Viet Nam the figure is given in
terms of rice paddy and all secondary food crops such as maize, cassava, potatoes, sesame,
soybeans and groundnuts are given an equivalent value. Pulses and oilseeds are not included, but
nor is any allowance made for post-harvest losses, seeds or milling so the figure may be slightly
overestimated.

A theoretical food availability of 300 kilogrammes of paddy per year can be roughly estimated at
1,600 calories per person per day. However, according to food consumption surveys, basic
foodstuffs represent 85 percent of the total calorie intake, so the food availability of 300
kilogrammes gives a potential 1,840 calories per person per day. But this is still 260 calories
below the accepted requirement, so the country can hardly be termed self-sufficient until the food
availability figure reaches 340 kilogrammes of paddy per person per year. Moreover, the national
average value does not take regional variations into account. These are particularly significant in
Viet Nam where the distribution and transportation infrastructure is weak.

From 1983 to 1986, the food availability was around 300 kilogrammes paddy. In 1987, food
production decreased due to typhoons, floods and rice pests and there were estimated to be only
280 kilogrammes paddy-equivalent/per year per inhabitant, covering only 82 per cent of the
energy requirement. The central provinces experienced severe shortages that year. In 1988, the
harvest was much better, so production reached 307 kilogrammes paddy per inhabitant. In 1989,
growth was maintained, surpassing the population growth rate for the first time. The food
availability figure was given as 310 kilogrammes. It would have been 332 kilogrammes if the 1.4
millions of rice had not been exported. The spectacular progress in 1988 and 1989 was due to
increases in the paddy yield. Indeed with great dependency on rice, the Vietnamese diet has
become more and more monotonous and unbalanced. Thus the quantitative and qualitative
insufficiency of the food production is a basic factor of malnutrition in Vietnam.

Inter household distribution of energy intake
A survey undertaken by the National Institute of Nutrition of 1,251 households, showed that 9
percent were experiencing starvation (below 1,500 calories per person per day), 15 per cent
suffered from food shortages (1,500-1,800 calories per person per day), and 23 per cent were in a
more or less satisfactory situation (1,800-2,100 kcal) and 54 per cent had over 2,100 kcal/day,
considered satisfactory.
The energy availability distribution varies widely from one region to another. The central region
experiences serious food shortages with 34 per cent of the households in the northern central
provinces and 20 percent in the south central province consuming less than 1,800 calories per
person per day. This is where the food situation requires urgent intervention.

23
There are also seasonal variations in food consumption. Just before the rice harvest calories
intake decreases by up to 15 per cent. Given the very low normal intakes, even a slight decrease
can lead to starvation as happened during the bad harvest year of 1987. An additional factor
causing temporary food shortages is the weather : the central provinces, particularly, often suffer
from floods and typhoons which destroy harvests and food stores.

National and regional food consumption patterns
Rice is the main staple food in all regions of Viet Nam. Other staples are little consumed.
The quantity of pulses and oilseeds (sesame) in a meal is very low. The consumption of milk,
eggs, sugar and fruit is also low nationwide. An average of only 18 grammes of meat per day is
consumed. Vietnamese, especially those living in the southern central and Mekong delta
provinces, derive more protein from fish and sea products. Vegetable consumption is
sufficient overall, but with important regional variations; twice as many are consumed in the
northern mountains as in the Mekong Delta. The Vietnamese diet contains very little fat; the
lipid intake is believed said to be one of the lowest in the world.
Notes:
- to account for : chim
- output : nng sut, u ra
- industrial crop : cy cng nghip
- to be involved in : dnh lu n, c
lin quan n
- cash crop : nng sn hng ho
- contract system : ch khon
- plot of land : tha t
- It is admitted that : ng-i ta tha nhn
rng
- to be cultivated : -c canh tc
- one crop a year : sn xut 1 nm 1 v
- coastal strip : vng t duyn hi
- expansion : s m rng/s pht trin
- paddy yield : nng sut la
- cassava : cy sn ( m)
- sweet potato : khoai lang
- seed multiplication system : h thng/c s nhn
ging
- spare part : ph tng
- maintenance : bo d-ng/bo tr
24
- extension : s m rng
- to emphasize : ch trng
- food crop : cy l-ng thc
- rice monoculture : c canh cy la
25
Lesson 9: S N NH V PHT TRIN KINH T TRONG
NHNG NM QUA

1. B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn yu cu tt c cc u ban nhn dn tnh v thnh
ph cng cc b lin quan duy tr vic phng dch nghim ngt. Cc a phng c yu cu
qun l cht gia sc nhim bnh v cm bun bn vn chuyn gia sc b bnh. Vic tiu hu gia
sc b bnh c thc hin theo cc qui nh ca c quan y t. ng tin rng vic tim phng
ng mt vai tr quan trng trong vic bng pht bnh l mm long mng Vit Nam trong
tng lai.

Notes:
- B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn : The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural
Development
- u ban nhn dn tnh: provincial peoples committee
- duy tr: maintain
- phng dch nghim ngt: strict prevention of the epidemic
- gia sc nhim bnh: infected domestic animal/livestock
- cm: ban/prohibit/forbid
- bun bn vn chuyn: trade and movement
- Vic tiu hu: culling
- vic tim phng: vaccination
- bng pht bnh l mm long mng: foot-and-mouth outbreak


2. Nm 2005, doanh thu thng mi ca in t Samsung t 233 triu USD. Nhng n nm
2006, c tnh con s ny l 335 triu USD. Vi phng chm chm nhng chc, mt d n
lin doanh mang tn Savina (Samsung Vietnam) hnh thnh v bt u hot ng vi tng s
vn u t l 78 triu USD. Samsung huy ng vn l 300 triu USD nhiu lnh vc nh
in t, si tng hp, nh cho thu. Cn nhng d n khc thuc cc lnh vc nh cng nghip
nng, cng nghip ch bin v xy dng th vn ang l nghin cu kh thi. Hin nay, Samsung
l nh ti tr ln Vitnam. Ngoi vic ti tr cho nhiu gii v ch th thao qui m ln-nh,
Samsung cp 1,2 triu USD cho cc chng trnh hc ngoi ng v hun luyn th dc.

Notes:
- doanh thu thng mi: turnover/revenue/trade returns
- t: reach/achieve
- c tnh: estimate
- con s: figure
- phng chm: motto/slogan
- d n lin doanh : joint venture project
- hnh thnh: come into being/existence
- s vn u t : investment capital
- si tng hp: synthetic fibre
- cng nghip ch bin : processin industry
- nghin cu kh thi: feasibility study
26
- nh ti tr: sponsor
- gii v ch th thao: sports championship
3. Ngnh sn xut pht trin ng k trong thi k ti thit nn kinh t ca Philippines sau
Chin tranh Th gii th II. Vic kim sot hng ho nhp khu ca chnh ph thc y s
pht trin ngnh cng nghip nh sn xut cc mt hng tiu dng cho th trng trong nc. Vo
nhng nm 70, chnh ph xy dng bn c khu kinh t nhm tng cng sn xut hng ho
xut khu. Cc ngnh cng nghip trong cc khu ch xut ny c khuyn khch sn xut cc
mt hng xut khu truyn thng. Nhng c khu kinh t ny thu ht vn u t ca nc
ngoi vo Philippines mt phn nh vo chnh sch min thu cho cc doanh nghip c vn u
t nc ngoi. Xy dng thnh cng nhng c khu kinh t ny to tin cho s ra i cc
khu cng nghip c qui m ln hn. Chng hn nh, cn c hi qun Subic Bay ca M trc
y nay tr thnh mt khu thng mi-cng nghip khng l Manila. Mt khu cng nghip-
thng mi ln vi c s h tng hin i v c min thu thu ht cc ngnh cng nghip
sn xut hng xut khu v u t nc ngoi.

Notes:
- ti thit nn kinh t : reconstruction economy
- thi k sau Chin tranh Th gii th II: during the post-World War II
- vic kim sot hng nhp khu: ontrols on imports
- thc y s pht trin : speed up/promote development
- hng tiu dng: consumer goods
- th trng trong nc: domestic/local market
- c khu kinh t : special economic zone
- khu ch xut: export-processing zone
- cn c hi qun: naval base
- c s h tng: infra-structure/facilities
- c min thu: receive tax exemption

4. Vit Nam n lc duy tr s n nh chnh tr x hi, pht trin kinh t v quan h ngoi giao
trong nhng nm gn y. Nhng thay i tch cc ca lut php nh hng khng nh n
tnh hnh sn xut, ti chnh v thng mi. Nh nng nghip thch ng vi th trng t do nn
Vit Nam c xp l nc xut khu go ln th hai trn th gii sau Thi Lan. Ti Thnh ph
H Ch Minh v vng ph cn nhng hot ng dch v v sn xut pht trin v thay i
nhanh chng. Kinh t pht trin mnh mt phn nh vo ngun u t vn v cng ngh ca gn
2 triu Vit Kiu cc nc trn th gii. a s h quay tr v Vit Nam u t v lin lc
vi b con.

Notes:
- n lc: make every effort/try hard/seek (to do something)
- s n nh chnh tr x hi: socio-politic stability/control
- pht trin kinh t v quan h ngoi giao: develop economic and diplomatic establishment
- thay i tch cc: positive change
- thch ng: respond to/ be adapted to
- c xp: rank
- vng ph cn: in the neighbourhood/vicinity
- hot ng dch v v sn xut: manufacturing/production and service activities
27
- vo ngun u t vn: an influx of investment
5. Ch 1 nm sau khi lnh cm vn ca M -c bi b, cc cng ty
n-c gii kht khng l nh- Coca-cola, Pep si- Cola -c h-ng -u
i v vn, chnh sch tip th v cc -u i khc theo lut u
T- N-c Ngoi, nn cc cng ty ny dn dn thm nhp th phn
ca cc nh sn xut trong n-c. Cc sn phm khc cng ri vo
hon cnh t-ng t. Bia Si Gn phi cnh tranh quyt lit vi
cc cng ty bia lin doanh vi n-c ngoi. Cc nh sn xut bt
git trong n-c, mc d c th p ng nhu cu trong n-c n nm
2005, nh-ng li b cc cng ty khng l nh- Procter & Gamble v
Unilever dn vo th b.

Notes:
- lnh cm vn : embargo
- -c bi b: be lifted
- cng ty n-c gii kht khng l: soft drink giant
- h-ng -u i: enjoy preferences
- chnh sch tip th: marketing
policy
- thm nhp th phn: eat into/
penetrate market shares
- theo lut u T- N-c Ngoi: under the Foreign
Investment Law
- cnh tranh quyt lit: compete fiercely
- cng ty bia: brewery
- nh sn xut bt git: detergent producer
manufacturer
- p ng nhu cu: meet/satisfy the
need/demand
- dn vo th b: drive st/sb into the
corner

6. bo v vic sn xut trong n-c, cc nh sn xut trong
n-c ngh vi chnh ph mt s bin php. Th nht, nh
n-c nn c k hoch pht trin dnh ring cho vic u t- n-c
ngoi v lnh vc kinh doanh v phn b theo vng a l v khng
nn khuyn khch u t- n-c ngoi vo vic sn xut ra cc sn
phm m cc doanh nghip trong n-c c kh nng sn xut -c nh-
n-c gii kht, bt git, giy v thuc l. Th hai, vic cp
giy php nn -c p dng cho cc cng ty lin doanh hay cc
doanh nghip c vn u t- n-c ngoi tham gia vo cc d n i
hi c nhiu vn, cng ngh cao hay sn xut cc mt hng xut
khu. Th ba, l nn c mt o lut chng i vic cnh tranh
28
khng lnh mnh c th dn c quyn kinh doanh, ph gi lm hi
ng-i tiu dng.

Notes:
- bo v: defend/protect
- k hoch pht trin: development plan
- v lnh vc: in the field of/ in terms of
- vic cp giy php: issue/grant licence
- doanh nghip c vn u t- n-c ngoi: foreign-owned enterprise
- c quyn kinh doanh: monopoly
- ph gi: dumping

7. Trong ting Vit, t nc va c ngha l quc gia, va c ngha l nc, mt lin kt v
ngn ng m mi rng buc cng thy r rng sau mt chuyn i thm vng t ph nhiu nht
Vit Nam: ng bng sng Cu Long. Do ph sa bi p ca dng sng Cu Long lm phong
ph va la y p ny, tng trng cho ngun lng thc ca c nc cng nh phong cch
sinh hot k cn sng nc ca c dn trong vng. i vi du khch, ng bng sng Cu Long
l mt trong nhng a ch tham quan p nht ng Nam , kt hp ci k o ca vng sng
nc lung linh vi cnh quan y phn khi ca mt nn vn ho vui ti th hin qua cch sinh
hot ca dn a phng cng hot ng thng mi. Trong khi nhng thnh ph ln nh Cn
Th, M Tho, Long Xuyn lp thnh th vng cho cc tnh ca ng bng sng Cu Long th
mng li knh rch mnh mng li l ci duyn c mt khng hai ca vng ny. Sinh hot vui
nhn ca vng ny khng ging my vi cch sinh hot ca Thnh ph H Ch Minh. Tuy nhin
iu khng c ngha l phi kh khn lm mi ti c ng bng sng Cu Long thot
khi ci n o no nhit ca thnh ph ln nht Min Nam ny. Ch mt chng ba gi ng h
bng xe trn Quc l 1 l bn l bn n M Tho, th ph ca tnh Tin Giang v l im xut
pht tt cho cuc thm d vng ng bng ny.

Notes:
- c ngha: mean/signify/carry a meaning
- lin kt v ngn ng: l inguistic association/relation/tie
- cng thy r rng: recognizable
- chuyn i thm: journey/visit
- vng t ph nhiu: rich/fertile land
- ng bng sng Cu Long: The Mekong Delta
- ph sa: silt
- phong ph : ample/rich/diversified
- va la: granary
- tng trng: represent/symbolize
- ngun lng thc: source of food
- phong cch sinh : lifestyle
- k cn sng nc: riverine/riverside
- c dn : inhabitant
- a ch tham quan: tourist destination
- kt hp : in combination with/coupled with
29
- ci k o: marvel/miracle
- vng sng nc lung linh: glittering water
- th hin: demonstrate/show/indicate/perform/express
- hot ng thng mi: commercial activity
- lp thnh th vng: provide a vantage for
- mng li knh rch: network of rivers and canals
- ci duyn: great boon
- c mt khng hai: second to none/unique
- ging: be similar to/the same as/like
- thot khi: escape
- th ph: capital city
- im xut pht: departure point
30
Suggested Translation:
Economic Stability & Development in the Past Few Years

1. The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development has required city and provincial peoples
committees and relevant ministries maintain strict prevention of the epidemic. Localities are
required to closely manage infected animals and ban trade and movement of infected animals.
The culling of infected animals will be implemented following the health sectors regulations.
Vaccination should play an important role in controlling a future foot-and-mouth outbreak in
Vietnam.

2. In 2005, trade returns of Samsung electronics reached USD 233 million. But in 2006 this
figure is estimated to be USD 335 million. With the motto of being slow but firm, a joint
venture project named Savanna (Samsung Vietnam) has come into existence and begun its
operation with a total investment capital of USD 78 million. Samsung has mobilized an
investment capital of USD 300 million in many fields such as electronics, synthetic fiber, houses
for lease. But the other projects in fields like heavy industry, processing industry and
construction are only feasibility studies. Currently in Vietnam, Samsung is a big sponsor. In
addition to financing many big and small-scale sport championships. Samsung has also granted
USD 1.2 million for foreign language study programs and gymnastic training.

3. The manufacturing sector expanded significantly during the post-World War II reconstruction
of the Philippine economy. Government controls on imports promoted the development of light
industries that produced consumer goods for the domestic market. In the 1970s the government
created four special economic zones designed to stimulate manufacturing for the export market.
Industries in these export-processing zones receive incentives to produce traditional exports. The
zones have helped to stimulate foreign investment in the Philippine economy, in part because
they are exempt from certain taxes and restrictions on foreign ownership of businesses. The
success of these zones has led to the creation of other types of special economic zones, such as
large industrial estates. Businesses receive tax exemptions and other incentives in these zones.
The former U.S. naval base at Subic Bay, for example, is now a huge industrial-commercial zone
in Manila. Its modern facilities and duty-free economic zone have attracted new export-focused
industries and foreign investment

4. Vietnam has sought to maintain socio-politic stability, develop economic and diplomatic
establishment in recent years. The positive legal changes have had a tremendous influence on the
production, financial and commercial situations. Vietnam ranked as the worlds second-largest
rice exporter to Thailand because its agriculture responded dramatically to free market. In
manufacturing and service activities the rapid growth and change occurred in and around HCM
City. Much economic expansion was partially driven by an influx of investment and technology
from some 2 million overseas Vietnamese in many different countries worldwide, most of whom
had returned to Vietnam for their investment and contacts with their relatives.

5. Only a year after the US embargo was lifted, soft drink giants such as Coca Cola and Pepsi
Cola, which have enjoyed superior advantages in capital, marketing policies and preferences
under the Foreign Investment Law, have gradually eaten into the market shares of local
producers. Other products are also in the same situation. Saigon Beer has to compete fiercely
31
with breweries of foreign Joint-ventures. Local detergent producers, although capable of meeting
domestic demand to the year 2005, have driven into the corner by giants such as Procter &
Gamble and Unilever.

6. To protect domestic production, local producers have proposed several measures to the
Government. First, the State should devise specific development plans for foreign investment in
terms of business field and geographical area and should not encourage foreign investment in
products which local enterprises can produce such as soft drink, detergent, paper and cigarettes.
Second, licenses should be granted only to JVs or foreign-owned enterprises which involve in
projects requiring large capital, advanced technology or producing goods for export. Third, a law
should be enacted against unfair competition that can lead to monopoly, dumping or price
inflation that does not benefit consumers.

7. In Vietnamese the word nuoc carry a double meaning of country and water, a linguistic
association recognizable after a journey to the most fertile land in Vietnam- the Mekong Delta.
The silt from the Mekong River helps to bring an ample granary representing the whole country
source of food as well as the local inhabitants riverside lifestyle. For tourists, the Mekong Delta
is one of the most fascinating tourist destinations in South-east Asia. It offers the marvel of the
glittering waters coupled with the gaiety of a culture demonstrated by the local lifestyle and
commercial activities. The big cities such as Can Tho, My Tho and Long Xuyen provide a
vantage for the nine provinces of the Mekong Delta while the immense network of rivers and
canals is regarded as the great boon second to none in this region. The exciting life in this region
is not very similar to that in HCM City. However, it does not suggest any difficulty in reaching
the Mekong Delta to escape the excitement of the greatest city in Southern Vietnam. It takes only
a three-hour drive( by bus, though) on the National Highway Number 1 to get to My Tho, the
capital of Tien giang & an ideal departure point for exploring this delta region.
32
Chapter 2: STRATEGIES FOR ECONOMIC GROWTH

Lesson 10 : NHNG NGNH KINH T TRNG IM

Nhng ngnh kinh t trng im nm nay cho thy rng Vit nam
ang i ng h-ng trn con -ng pht trin khi m hu ht cc
mc tiu s tr thnh hin thc v cc thnh tu t -c s cao
hn d on.

Theo mt bn bo co ca chnh ph -c Th t-ng Phan Vn Khi
trnh by ti k hp Quc hi ln th 8, chng ta s t -c tt
c cc mc tiu kinh t trng im ca nm nay vi mc tng
tr-ng kinh t d on l 6,7%. Gi tr cng nghip d kin s
tng 15,5%, trong khi mc tiu ra l 11%. Mc tng tr-ng cao
nht l 18,8% s thuc v cc thnh phn kinh t ngoi quc
doanh, tip l u t- n-c ngoi 17,3% v thnh phn nh n-c
vi 12,4%. Nng sn s tng 4,9% so vi mc tiu l 4%, ngnh
dch v cng s tng 6% so vi mc tiu l 5 - 5,5%.
Tng u t- trong nm -c tnh vo khong 27,9% ca tng sn phm
quc ni (GDP), tng 20% so vi nm ngoi. Trong ng gp ca
ngn sch nh n-c l 23.8%, tn dng nh n-c 17%, thnh phn
lin doanh nh n-c 17,9% v thnh phn t- nhn l 23,2%.

Tng thu nhp ngn sch s tng 8,9% so vi nm ngoi v s v-t
mc tiu. L-ng xut khu hng ho s t 14 t USD, ln n
21,3% so vi mc tiu t ra vo u nm l 11 - 12%. Thu nhp t
xut khu vn trung bnh t 180 USD, v-t qua mc 170 USD l
mc im. Thng d- th-ng mi s -c hn nh mc lnh mnh l
7% t ngun thu xut khu.

Bn bo co cho rng c -c thnh tu kinh t tt p/ kh quan
nh- vy l nh vo s u t- ngy cng tng ca chnh ph, s
pht trin ca nhng cng ty nh v ngun tng thu nhp ln mnh
t xut khu du th. iu nay dn n vic k kt Hip nh
th-ng mi Vit-M v s thnh lp th tr-ng chng khon nh- l
nhng nhn t quan trng kch thch s tng tr-ng trong t-ng
lai. Tuy nhin, cng cn nhn mnh rng nn kinh t t-ng lai v
nhng ci cch hnh chnh cn -c duy tr v y nhanh tc
tng tr-ng. u t- n-c ngoi ang cn thp v s chuyn i ca
nhng x nghip nh n-c vn cn chm chp. Trong lc , nn
kinh t li phi i mt vi nhng thch thc ln, bng chng l
cnh tranh yu km, gi tr gia tng trong sn phm cng nghip
33
thp, gi c nng sn cng cn thp v cht l-ng dch v th
non km.

Bn bo co cng -a ra mt vi gii php v-t qua nhng thch
thc ny v t -c mc tng tr-ng cao hn vo nm ti. Nhng
bin php ny bao gm c s thay i mnh m ca nhng x nghip
thuc s hu nh n-c, khuyn khch cc thnh phn kinh t t-
nhn tham gia vo lnh vc gio dc, chm sc sc kho, v sinh
th v nhng dch v cng cng khc.

D kin k hp Quc hi, bt u t ngy 14 /11, s thng qua
lut Bo him doanh nghip, lut kim sot ma tu v ch-ng trnh
ngh s cho nm 2001. K hp ko di trong vng mt thng ny
cng s tho lun ph-ng h-ng v nhim v cho nm 2001 v nhng
vn lin quan n ngn sch an ninh, quc phng v nhng
ch-ng trnh quc gia.

34
Suggested Translation:
KEY ECONOMIC SECTORS

Major economic indicators this year show Vietnam is on the right path of development as most
targets will be realized and achievements will be higher than expected.

According to a government report read by Prime Minister Phan Van Khai at the National
Assembly's 8
th
session, all the key economic targets of this year will be achieved with the
economic growth rate estimated at 6.7%. Industrial value is projected to grow by 15.5% against
the planned target of 11%. The non-State sector will post the highest growth rate at 18.8%,
followed by the foreign investment sector with 17.3% and the State sector with 12.4%.
Agricultural production will increase to 4.9% against the 4% target, and the service sector will
also rise by 6% against the 5 - 5.5% target.

Overall investment in the year is estimated at 27,9% of the gross domestic product (GDP), an
increase of 20% on last year. State budget makes up 23.8% of the amount, State credits 17%,
State corporate sector 17.9% and the private sector 23.2%.

Budget revenues will rise 8.9% from last year and exceed the target. Export sales are expected to
reach US$ 14 billion, up 21.3% against the target of 11 - 12% set at the beginning of the year.
The per capita export earnings has reached US$ 180, surpassing the US$ 170 mark, a criterion for
a country 's with developed external trade. Trade surplus will be confined to a healthy rate of 7%
of export earnings.
The report attributes the good economic performance to bigger Government investment, small
enterprise development and strong revenues from crude oil exports. It hails the signing of the
Vietnam-US. Trade agreement and the establishment of the stock market as important factors to
fuel future growth. However, it stresses further economic and administrative reform is needed to
sustain and accelerate the growth tempo. Foreign investment remains low and State enterprise
reform is moving slowly. Meanwhile, the economy still faces big challenges, evidenced by poor
competitiveness and low added value industrial production, low prices of agro-products and poor
quality in services.

The report also proposes some measures to overcome challenges and achieve higher growth next
year. These measures include stronger reform of State-owned enterprises, encouragement of the
private sector's participation in education, health care, urban sanitation and some other public
services.

The national Assembly session, starting from Nov.14, is expected to pass the Law on Insurance
Business, the Law on Drug Control and the legal agenda for 2001. The one-month long session
will also discuss directions and tasks for 2001 and issues regarding the budget, defense, security
and State programs.
35
Lesson 11: TOURISM GROWING AS HOTEL OCCUPANCY DROPS

HCM CITY - The number of foreign tourists arriving in Viet Nam has been increasing
year after year. On average, it grows by 30 per cent a year, according to recent statistics
released from Viet Nam Tourism Administration.

Though the number of tourists is on the rise, occupancy rates of hotels have dropped
significantly as compared to previous years. Over the past six years, joint - venture hotels
and guest houses operated at an average capacity rate of 85 to 90 per cent. They are now
operating at a capacity rate of only 60 per cent. A rate which is much worse than that of
state - owned hotels and private guest - houses.

One of the main reasons for the decline in hotel capacity rates is the mushrooming of
joint-venture hotels which has caused severe competition among hotels for room - rates
and hotel services.

Several hotels have become burdens to their owners, with low gross earnings and high
taxes, many are about to be forced to close down.

Most foreign visitors have come here eager to experience something new and to travel to
places of wild and natural beauty during their stay. For this reason, Viet Nam's tourist
industry needs to reorganize its management and set goals in order to satisfy the current
demands of tourists.

Though there has been growth in the number of tourists over the past several years, the
number of visitors that come for a second visit is low. It is evident that the attraction of
Vietnam's tourist industry is still inadequate and tourist sites, transport and
accommodation facilities have not yet reached international standards. The country now
has some 22 provinces and cities which have completed detailed master plans for tourist
resorts.

However, these projects are yet to be developed and are still under discussion. Even though each
year the government has spent tens of billion of dongs on upgrading national historical relics and
tourist resorts, due to a lack of management expertise and investment knowledge, these sites have
failed to help boost the development of the tourist industry. To improve quality of tourist resorts
and to boost hotel operations, Viet Nam's tourism industry now requires more investment from
the government.
36
Suggested Translation:
DU Khch th tng trong khi t l l-u tr
ti khch sn
gim
TP H Ch Minh - S l-ng du khch n-c ngoi n Viet Nam ngy
cng tng. Theo s liu thng k gn y ca Tng Cc Du Lch
Vit Nam th l-ng du khch tng bnh qun hng nm l 30%.
Mc d l-ng du khch tng, nh-ng tnh trng khch li khch sn
gim ng k so vi nhng nm va ri. Hn 6 nm qua,, cc khch
sn lin doanh v cc nh khch ch khai thc -c t 85-90% s
phng hin c. Hin gi ch cn t mc 60%, thp hn nhiu so
vi cc khch sn ca nh n-c v nh khch t- nhn.

Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn chnh ca s tt gim l-ng khch l
do khch sn lin doanh mc ln nh- nm, iu ny dn n vic
cnh tranh khc lit v gi phng v gi dch v.

Nhiu khch sn c tng doanh thu thp trong khi li chu mc
thu cao, ang tr thnh gnh nng cho cc ng ch v c nhiu
khch sn sp sa buc phi ng ca.

a s du khch n-c ngoi hm h n Vit Nam tm mt ci g
mi m v mun i n nhng vng c v p t nhin v hoang
d trong thi gian l-u li ca h.V l do ny, du lch Vit Nam
cn t chc li vic qun l v t ra nhng mc tiu nhm tha
mn nhu cu hin nay ca du khch.

Mc d l-ng du khch vn tng trong nhng nm qua nh-ng s du
khch tr li Vit nam ln th hai rt t. R rng rng ngnh du
lch Vit Nam vn ch-a sc hp dn du khch. Thm vo , cc
im du lch v cc ph-ng tin n i li ch-a t n tiu
chun quc t. Vit nam hin c khong 22 tnh v thnh ph ang
hon tt nhng k hoch tng th chi tit xy dng cc khu
ngh mt cho du khch. Tuy nhin nhng n ny vn ch-a -c
trin khai, vn ang cn ang -c tho lun.
37

Mc d hng nm chnh ph chi hng chc t ng nng cp
cc di tch lch s quc gia v cc khu ngh mt, nh-ng do s yu
km v chuyn mn qun l nn nhng ni ny vn ch-a c th thc
y s pht trin ca ngnh du lch n-c nh. ci thin cht
l-ng ca cc nh ngh v tng c-ng hot ng ca khch sn,
ngnh du lch Vit nam cn chnh ph u t- nhiu hn na.
38
Lesson 12: ADJUSTMENTS NEEDED TO SOCIAL
INSURANCE SCHEME

Generally, after a time of stagnation, HCMC' s private textile embroidery industry has recovered
and develop somewhat since 1991. Yet development is not stable because most private units
work according to foreign orders. Consequently, they can't control their production plan, and
labour price for making garments is limited by foreign partners (the labour cost of 1995 is equal
to 65 - 70% of that in 1991 - 1992). Due to the very nature of the industry, the average wage of
those working in this branch is only about VND 400,000 per month. Under the current fierce
competition, the amount of 15% of total wages for social insurance and 2% for medical insurance
that enterprises must contribute, if the proposed social insurance scheme comes into effect, will
push up production costs to very high levels, making it difficult for Vietnamese ventures to
compete effectively and occupy the market.

To help private textile embroidery businesses survive, Mr. Nam has suggested, the State should
amend the contribution rate of non - State ventures to Social Insurance schemes, as follows:
- Social Insurance: 10% by enterprise, 3% by employee.
- Medical Insurance: 1 % by enterprises, 1 % by employee

The State should also issue a regulation concerning employees who are trained and recruited by
an enterprise, and are obligated to work for at least two years. It is necessary that employees
working at non-- State ventures should be given a work card. Employer agreement may be
required if an employee want to leave his or her job.

All members of HCMC's Textile - Embroidery Association agree on the implementation of
contributing a part of total wages to Social and Medical Insurance, in compliance with the Labour
Code.
LOCAL PRODUCERS COMPLAIN ABOUT UNEQUAL COMPETITION

Business leaders of big companies in HCMC have voiced difficulties they are facing with in the
fierce competition against foreign companies, especially world giants.

At a meeting on "How to encourage foreign investment and protect domestic production" held in
HCMC last week, producers of Tico and Lux Detergent, P/S Cosmetics, Tribeco Soft Drink, Viet
Thang Textiles, Saigon Beer and HCMC Poultry Company, had the same opinion that local
enterprises are not in an equal footing in competing with foreign counterparts as they do not
enjoy tax incentives as foreign-invested enterprises.

39
Only a year after the US embargo was lifted, soft drink giants such as Coca Cola and Pepsi Cola,
which have enjoyed superior advantages in capital, marketing policies and preferences under the
Foreign Investment Law, have gradually eaten into the market shares of local producers. Other
products are also in the same situation. Saigon Beer has to compete fiercely with breweries of
foreign Joint-ventures. Local detergent producers, although capable of meeting domestic demand
to the year 2000, have driven into the corner by giants such as Procter & Gamble and Unilever.

To protect domestic production, local producers have proposed several measures to the
Government. First, the State should devise specific development plans for foreign investment in
terms of business field and geographical area and should not encourage foreign investment in
products, which local enterprises can produce such as soft drink, detergent, paper and cigarettes.
Second, licenses should be granted only to JVs or 100% foreign-owned enterprises, which
involve in projects requiring large capital, advanced technology or producing goods for export.
Third, a law should be enacted against unfair competition that can lead to monopoly, dumping or
price inflation that does not benefit consumers. Fourth, there should be a policy to encourage
domestic investment and to grant domestic enterprises the same tax incentives as foreign
investors enjoy. Fifth, a campaign to motivate local consumers to use domestic goods should be
launched, creating conditions for domestic enterprises to develop.

Suggested Translation:
CN iu chnh li h thng bo him X hi
Nhn chung sau mt thi gian hot ng tr tr, nn cng nghip
dt thu t- nhn ca Thnh ph H Ch Minh -c khi phc v
pht trin mc nht nh k t nm 1991.Tuy nhin s pht
trin khng n nh bi v hu ht cng vic ca cc x nghip t-
nhn u ph thuc vo n t hng ca n-c ngoi.Do vy, h
khng th kim sot -c k hoch sn xut, v gi lao ng cho
sn phm may mt b cc i tc n-c ngoi qui nh rt thp (
tin cng lao ng nm 1995 ch bng 65%-70% so vi cc nm 1991
v 1992.).Do tnh c th ca ngnh ny, nn l-ng trung bnh ca
cng nhn trong ngnh may-thu ch khong 400.000 ng/thng. Vi
s cnh tranh gay gt hin nay, bo him x hi chim n 15% v
bo him y t l 2% trong tng s l-ng m cc doanh nghip phi
ng, v nu nh- k hoch d kin ca bo him x hi -c ph
duyt, th gi thnh sn xut s rt cao gy kh khn cho cc
nh sn xut Vit Nam trong vieec cnh tranh c hiu qu v chim
lnh th tr-ng.

40
gip cc doanh nghip thu-may t- nhn sng cn, ng Nam
ngh nh n-c nn sa i t l ng gp ca cc doanh nghip
ngoi quc doanh i vi chnh sch bo him x hi nh- sau:
- Bo him x hi: 10% i vi doanh nghip v 3% i vi cng
nhn
- Bo him y t : 1% i vi doanh nghip v 1% i vi
cng nhn

Nh n-c cng nn ban hnh mt qui nh c lin quan n ng-i
lao ng -c cc doanh nghip tuyn dng v o to buc
phi lm vic ti thiu l 2 nm. Cc cng nhn lm vic trong
cc doanh nghip ngoi quc doanh cn phi -c cp th lm vic.
Nu mt cng nhn no mun thi vic th phi -c doanh
nghip c qun ng .
Tt c mi thnh vin ca cc cng ty may-thu Thnh ph H Ch
Minh u ng thc hin y vic ng gp mt phn l-ng vo
bo him x hi v y t, th theo ng qui nh ca lut lao
ng.
Cc nh sn xut a ph-ng phn nn v s cnh tranh
khng lnh mnh
Cc ch doanh nghip ca cc cng ty ln TP H Ch Minh nu
ra nhng kh khn m h phi -ng u trong vic cnh tranh gay
gt vi cc cng ty n-c ngoi, c bit l vi cc cng ty khng
l th gii.
Ti mt cuc hp bn v : Lm th no khuyn khch u t- n-c
ngoi v m bo sn xut trong n-c -c t chc ti TP H Ch
minh tun qua, cc nh sn xut ca cc cng ty bt git Tico v
Lux, M phm P/S, n-c gii kht Tribeco, dt Vit Thng, bia Si
gn v cng ty gia cm vt nui TP H Ch Minh u thng nht mt
kin l cc doanh nghip trong n-c khng cn sc trong vic
cnh tranh vi cc i tc n-c ngoi v h khng -c h-ng
chnh sch -u i thu nh- cc doanh nghip c vn u t- n-c
ngoi.
41
Ch 1 nm sau khi lnh cm vn ca M -c bi b, cc cng ty
n-c gii kht khng l nh- Coca-cola, Pep si- Cola -c h-ng -u
i v vn, chnh sch tip th v cc -u i khc theo lut u
T- N-c Ngoi, nn cc cng ty ny dn dn thm nhp th phn
ca cc nahf sn xut trong n-c. Cc sn phm khc cng ri vo
hon cnh t-ng t. Bia Si Gn phi cnh tranh quyt lit vi
cc cng ty bia lin doanh vi n-c ngoi. Cc nh sn xut bt
git trong n-c, mc d c th p ng nhu cu trong n-c n nm
2000, nh-ng li b cc cng ty khng l nh- Procter & Gamble v
Unilever dn vo th b.
bo v vic sn xut trong n-c, cc nh sn xut trong n-c
ngh vi chnh ph mt s bin php. Th nht, nh n-c nn
c k hoch pht trin dnh ring cho vic u t- n-c ngoi v
lnh vc kinh doanh v phn b theo vng a l v khng nn
khuyn khch u t- n-c ngoi vo vic sn xut ra cc sn phm
m cc doanh nghip trong n-c c kh nng sn xut -c nh- n-c
gii kht, bt git, giy v thuc l. Th hai, vic cp giy
php nn -c p dng cho cc cng ty lin doanh hay cc doanh
nghip c 100% vn u t- n-c ngoi tham gia vo cc d n i
hi c nhiu vn, cng ngh cao hay sn xut cc mt hng xut
khu. Th ba, l nn c mt o lut chng i vic cnh tranh
khng lnh mnh c th dn c quyn kinh doanh, ph gi lm hi
ng-i tiu dng. Th t- nn c chnh sch khuyn khch u t-
trong n-c v cho cc doanh nghip trong n-c -c h-ng chnh
sch -u i thu nh- cc nh u t- n-c ngoi. Th nm, nn pht
ng mt chin dch ng vin ng-i Vit Nam dng hng ni a,
to iu kin cho cc doanh nghip trong n-c pht trin.
42
Lesson 13:

Hm th by, mt on doanh nhn trao cho tng thng Indonesia
Suharto -ng kim ch tch ca Din n hp tc Kinh t Chu
Thi Bnh Dng (APEC) mt bn bo co ngh t do mu dch
cn -c thc hin nm 2001.

Chng ti ang ng vin cc nh lnh o a khi nim v t
do mu dch vo nn kinh t vo nm 2001. l li ca ng Les
Mac Craw, ng ch tch Din n Kinh doanh Thi Bnh Dng
(PBF) ni vi tng thng Suharto khi ng trao tay cho tng
thng bn bo co ca on.

Bn bo co ca PBF mt t chc bao gm i din ca 33 doanh
nghip t- nhn ca 18 c cu t chc thnh vin, nu r rng cc
nn kinh t trong khi APEC pht trin nn thc hin t do mu
dch v s m rng t do u t- trong khu vc vo nm 2002 v vo
thi im khng qu nm 2010 i vi cc nn kinh t thuc thnh
phn khc.
Bn bo co cng nu r l mc ch ny cn -c tha nhn thc
hin trong nm nay th hin vai tr ca n l mt din n
chnh sch ch o cho s pht trin ca khu vc Chu Thi Bnh
D-ng.

Bn bo co cng nhc nh cc nh lnh o ca APEC nn nhanh
chng chp nhn v thc hin chnh sch tm ngng li v
vic gii thiu kiu mu dch mi v cc tr ngi v u t-.
Cc nh lnh o cng nn tha nhn cc nguyn tc ca iu l
u t- p dng vo lut trong n-c m iu ph hp v th hin
y nhng li cam kt ca hi ngh Uraguay cng nh- bo m
hn na nhng bin php m rng th tr-ng.

Mt nhm chuyn gia APEC, on nhng chuyn gia ni ting EPG,
trong thng 8, trnhf ln tng thng Shuharto bn bo co
ca h m trong h ngh t do mu dch v s m rng u t-
-c hon tt vo nm 2020.

Nhm EPG ngh rng s chuyn dch s -c bt u vo nm
2000, vi nhng n-c c nn kinh t pht trin hot ng th-ng
mi v u t- trong vng 10 nm, cc n-c mi cng nghip ha
trong vng 15 nm v cc n-c cn li trong vng 20 nm.

ng Craw ni rng nhng ngh ca h rt rm beng nh-ng chng
ti cng tha nhn rng nhng thay i kinh t ang din ra mnh
m. Chng ti mun chuyn n mt thng ip l cng vic
43
kinh doanh v nhng mi l-u tm v vn ny tin trin nhanh
hn nhng g cc chnh ph c th lm. ng Craw cho bit thm.

Tuy nhin ng cho rng cc nh lnh o APEC c nhim v phi
quyt nh v thi hn i vi nn kinh t ton khu vc v vic
m rng u t- trong khu vc. Tng thng Shuharto ni vi i
din ca PBF rng bn bo co ca PBF cng vi bn bo co ca
EPG s gi n cc nh lnh o khc ca APEC cc v ny c
c s v iu kin tho lun trong cuc hi nghm th-ng nh
gn Bogor vo ngy 15 thng 11.

Tng thng ni ng hi vng hi ngh th-ng nh s c th -a ra
mt gii php lm tng v to ra s hp tc kinh t kh thi gia
cac sthanhf vin APEC.
Trong nhng li ngh , bn bo co mun nu ln l cc nh
lnh o lun c gng thc hin tnh trong sng trong qun l,
lut l v cc qui tc, tha nhn mt lut quan thu chung, ci
tin nhng iu kin i hi v th thc i vi vic nhp cnh
ca cc doanh nhn thuc khi APEC i du lch v ci tin vic
bo v tc quyn.

Cng nh- trong bn bo co EPG, bn bo co ca PBF cng gii
thiu rng cc thnh vin APEC khng phi l thnh vin GATT hin
thi, nh- Trung Quc, s tr nn cc thnh kt giao cng sm
cng tt.

Nhm APEC gm : c, Bruny, Canada, Trung Quc, Hng Kng,
Newzealand, Papua New Guinea, Phi lip pin, Xingapo, Nam Triu
Tin, i loan, v M. Chi l mong mi chnh thc tham gia vo
nhm hi ngh cp B Tr-ng APEC t ch y vo thng 11.
Trong lc y, Sydney, Th t-ng c Paul Keating hoan nghnh
bn bo co ca PBF v nhn mnh s cn thit cho vic -a ra mt
k hn thc hin cho s t do mu dch gia APEC v cc thnh
vin.

Keating ni rng iu chnh yu i vi PBF vin t-ng v Chu
Thi Bnh D-ng nng ng l s cn thit cho mt chuyn bin
nhanh v t do mu dch v vic m rng u t- trong vng.

A group of businessmen Saturday handed over a report to the current chairman of the Asia
Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum, Indonesian President Suharto, proposing that Free
Trade in the region be reached by 2010.

Suggested Translation:
44
"We are encouraging the leaders to encourage their economies to reach the concept of free trade
by the year 2010," Les Mac Craw, who co-chairs the Pacific Business Forum (PBF) told Suharto
when handing over the group's report..

The report of the PBF, comprising 33 private business representatives of APEC's 18 member
economies, said developed APEC economies should achieve free trade and investment
liberalization in the region by 2002 and no later than 2010 for the other member economies. The
report also said that the goal should be adopted this year and that. APEC should produce
concrete. results this year in order to sustain its role as a policy forum which would guide the
growth of the Asia Pacific region.

It recommended that the leaders of APEC should immediately adopt. a policy of standstill on the
introduction of new trade and investment barriers.

They should also adopt the principles, of a non-binding investment code into domestic laws
where appropriate and implement the Uruguay Round commitments as well as undertake further
market opening measures.

A group of APEC experts, the Eminent Person's Group (EPG), in August submitted their report
to Suharto in which they proposed that free trade and investment liberalization in the region be
completed by 2020.
The EPG suggested that the move be started in 2000, with; advanced economies freeing trade and
investment within 10 years, newly industrialized members within 15 years and the rest within 20
years. Mc. Craw said their proposal was "very aggressive but we also recognize the winds of
economic changes are blowing strongly". "We wanted to convey the recognition that the business
and business interests tend to sometimes outstrip and move faster than governments can", he said.

However, he said that it was up to the APEC leaders to decide on the dates for full trade and
investment liberalization in the region. Suharto told PBF representatives that the PBF report
together with the EPG reports would be sent to the other APEC leaders so that they would have
sufficient material to discuss during their upcoming summit in nearby Bogor on November 15.

He said he hoped the summit would be able to produce resolution enhancing and making possible
economic cooperation among APEC members.

Among its various recommendations, the report said that the leaders should also work towards a
transparency in administrative systems, rules and regulations, adopt a common custom code,
improve visa requirements for intra - APEC business travel and improve intellectual property
protection.

45
As in the EPG report, the PBF also recommended that APEC members that were not currently
GATT members, such as China, become contracting parties as soon as possible.

APEC group Australia, Brunei, Canada, China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico,
New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand
and the United States. Chile is expected to formally join the group during the APEC ministerial
summit here in November.

Meanwhile, in Sydney, Australian Prime Minister Paul Keating welcomed the PBF report and
stressed the need to set a realistic date for free trade among APEC members.
46
Lesson 14: VIETNAM TOLD TO PLAN WATER DEVELOPMENT

The overseas manager of the British water Association yesterday said Vietnam should work out a
development plan for its water sector before seeking joint projects with British companies.
Speaking at a press briefing in Hanoi, Paul Horton said British companies were here this time to
seek business deals and explore opportunities for future projects with local companies in waste
water treatment and water equipment.

There were still legal and financial difficulties for build -operate -transfer (BOT) projects in
Vietnam, but this was a common situation in other developing countries and was not too difficult
to overcome, said Clovis Hui, financial manager of the Bovis company
Bovis has been selected to join the Hoc Mon water exploitation and Supply company in a 20 year
BOT water supply project with a daily capacity of 300,000 cubic meters for HCMC. "We hope
our project will progress smoothly " he said

At the press briefing, U.K. Minister of Environment, communications and Regions Chris Mullin
handed a symbolic check for 25,000 pounds sterling (U.S $ 39,000) provided by the British
government for a project to protect rare animals in Cat Ba National Park in the country's north.

The project, monitored by Flora and Fauna International, also covers the training of forest rangers
and park managers and raising local's awareness of the park's biological diversity.
Mullin is leading a delegation representing 10 British companies engaged in water equipment,
water infrastructure development and waste water treatment.

Yesterday morning, before the press briefing, the delegation joined a workshop on opportunities
for U.K- Vietnam cooperation in water and the environment with 150 Vietnamese participants.
The delegation leaves Hanoi for HCMC today.

Suggested Translation:
VIT NAM CHO BIT K HOACH PHA T TRI N NGUN NUOC

(SGT - Hanoi) , Ngay hm qua, giam c nc ngoai cua hip hi ngu n nc Anh a noi :
Vit Nam se thc hin k hoach phat trin nganh nc trc khi tm hiu mt d an chung vi ca c
cng ty Anh.

Tai cuc hop bao ngn Ha Ni, ng Paul Horton phat biu : thi gian nay, cac cng ty Anh
n y tm mi quan h lam n va thm do thi c cho d an trong tng lai vi cac cng ty
cua nc lang gi ng v cach x ly lang ph nc va vic trang b cho ngun nc.

ng Lovis Hui - giam c tai chnh cua cng ty Bovis phat biu : Vn con nhng kho khn v tai
chnh va lut phap i vi d an xy dng va thc hin chuy n i Vit Nam, nhng y la
mt tnh trang chung cac nc ang phat trin ma qua kho kh c phuc.
47
Cng ty Bovis c cho n lin kt cng ty khai thac va cung cp n c Hoc Mn trong vong
20 nm. D an c xy dng va thc hin chuyn i cung cp ngun nc hang ngay vi
sc cha la 300.000 met khi cho thanh ph H Ch Minh.
Giam c tai chnh con noi thm "Chung ta hy vong, d an cua chung ta se tin trin tri chay".
Tai cuc hop bao ngn. B trng mi trng thng tin lin lac va khu vc Anh a gi tay
a ra ky hiu v vic kim tra 25.000 bang Anh (39.000bang My), ma chnh phu Anh cung cp
cho d an bao v ng v t quy him cng vin quc gia Cat Ba pha B c t nc.
D an cung c t chc bao v ng thc vt quc t giam sat v vic hun luyn v nhiu loai
sinh vt hoc khac nhau cua cng vin, cho ngi gac rng va ngi quan ly cng vin.
ng Mullin ang dn oan ai bieu - ai din cho 10 cng ty Anh ti tham d vao vic trang b
nc, chin dch phat trin nc va cach x ly lang ph nc.

Sang hm qua, trc cuc hop bao ngn, oan ai biu a tht cht thi c cua cuc hi thao hp
tac gia Vit Nam va Anh v mi trng nc v i 150 thanh vin Vit Nam tham d. Hm nay,
oan ai biu a ri Ha Ni ti thanh ph H Ch Minh

Lesson 15:
CHINH SACH KINH T MO VAVI C HUY DNG VN D U TU TRONG SU
NGHI P CNG NGHI P HOA - HIN DAI HOA


Cng nghip hoa -hin ai hoa phai c tin hanh theo m hnh kinh t m ca trong nc va vi
nc ngoai. Phat huy hn na quyn t chu, tnh nng ng, sang tao tng cng lin doanh lin
kt , hp tac cung co li gia cac nganh , cac a phng va c s phat trin san xut kinh
doanh co hiu qua. Khuyn khch ca c hnh thc a dang va cac giai phap cu th, thi ua ui kp
va vt cac n v , a phng khac nhng phai chng cuc b, ban v, v t chc, vi pham ky
lut, k cng, phap lut cua nha n c, phng ha i n li ch chung.

Nha noc cung nh doanh nghip phai tm ca ch thch ng va khai thac tt nhng thun li cua xu
th quc t hoa san xut va i sng, hiu ro i tac , co chin lc va sach lc khn ngoan
chin thng trong cu c canh tranh kinh t ngay ca ng gay gt.

Trong bi canh khu vc va quc t hin nay, s han ch quy t va v phn lon cac loai tai
nguyn , s di dao v ngun nhn lc, li th v gia nhn cng re, v tr a ly thun li, oi hoi
va cho phep chung ta la chon chin l c cng nghip hoa hng v xut khu la chnh phat
trin nhanh ng thi thay th nhp khu nhng hang hoa dch vu trong nc t cung ng co hiu
qua hn. Hng v xut khu la cach thc tn du ng nhng li th so sanh, tranh thu s c mua ln
trn th trng th gii tch tu vn nhm nhanh chong m rng quy m va nng cao trnh
48
san xut trong n c, tao thm nhiu vic lam va thu nhp, tng kha nng nhp vt t thit b
tao ra nhng hang hoa dch vu co gia tr gia tng ln, cht lng cao, co sc canh tranh manh ca
trn th trng ni a va th trng th gii, ap ng nhu cu san xut va i sng cua nhn dn.
thc hin thanh cng chin lc hong v xut khu, tao c s tin cy trong quan h qu c
t trn ba mt sau y: Trong thanh toan bng ngoai t, trong vic thc hin cac hp ng bun
ban , trong vi c bao a m phm cht hang hoa. t bit chu trong khng ngng nng cao cht
lng hang xut khu .

Hng v xut khu pha i i i vi khuyn khch phat trin manh va bao h ung mc san xut
ni a, khng hang ngoai nhp lu tran lan, bop cht hang ni, khin san xut trong nc b
giam sut hoc nh n, ngi lao ng mt cng n vic lam va thu nhp.

Suggested Translation:
OPEN ECONOMIC POLICY AND INVESTMENT CAPITAL
MOBILIZATION IN INDUSTRIALIZATION AND MODERNIZATION

Industrialization modernization must be carried out with an open economic model, both
domestically and abroad. Autonomy right, creative dynamism must be stimulated, joint venture
and integration, mutual benefit cooperation among sectors, localities and units must be intensified
for efficient business and production development. Diverse form and specific measures,
emulation for catching up with and surpassing other units and localities must be encouraged in
the framework of preventing from sectionalism, out of control violation of state disciplines
principles and laws detrimental to common interests.

The state and enterprises must find out the way to adapt to and well exploit the advantages of the
tendencies production and life internationalize correctly understand partners and work out
prudent strategies and tactics to conquer in the economic competition which is getting
increasingly fiercer.

In the present international and regional context, the constriction of land stock and various
national resources, the abundance of human power, the advantages of cheap labor costs,
favorable geographical position require and allow us to choose the industrialization strategy
mainly for export for rapid development and at the same time for import substitution of goods
and services more efficient if provided domestically.

Outwards policy means measures for full use of comparative advantages, gaining great
purchasing power in the world market to accumulate capital to expand rapidly dimensions and
upgrade domestic production ability, create more jobs and income, increase in capacity of
importing raw materials and equipment to produce goods and services of great added values, high
quality, strong competitiveness in both domestic and international markets meeting demand for
production and life of people. To carry out successfully the strategy in the direction to export, the
confidence in international relations must be generated with three regards as follow: Foreign
currency payment, trade contact implementation and goods quality assured. Much attention must
be paid to upgrading interruptedly export good quality.
49
Export oriented strategy must be coupled with encouraging rapid development and adequate
protection of domestic production, preventing contraband from spreading, hampering domestic
goods, making domestic production contracted or stagnated, labors out of jobs and income.

Lesson 16: BACK IN BUSINESS

Doimoi, or Vietnams policy of economic renovation, has paved the way for more than US $ 20
billion in foreign direct investment into the country. This much needed capital, gained from
countries and territories around the world, is brightening the general outlook of the economy,
creating jobs and raising the populations standard of living. Among the tops investors, those
from regional countries sentence and ahead and shoulder above the large corporations of Europe
and North American. While Europe companies seem to prefer small - to - medium - sized
projects and American ones are still fairly new to the market (US-Vietnam diplomatic
relationships but a year old), it is business people from Taiwan, South Korea, Singapore and
Hong Kong that are dominating the Vietnamese market with portfolios worth billions of dollars.

As of April this year, of the 33 licensed projects valued over US $ 100 million, more than 20 are
committed by Southeast Asian companies. And with Vietnam now an official member of
Southeast Asian Nations, which comprises Thailand, the Philippines, Singapore, Malaysia,
Indonesia and Brunei, the number of regional investors is expected to grow even further.

International corporations, including Daewoo and Hyundai of South Korea, Chinfon and Vedan
of Taiwan, Telstra of Australia, Kinnevik and Comvik of Sweden, see Vietnam as a potential
gold mine. Already with large investments, these groups, among others, continue to expand their
stake in projects ranging from hotel construction and infrastructure to motorbike production and
telecommunication.

The Chaebol Daewoo currently heads the investors' list in Vietnam with some US $ 565millions
invested in 33 projects, including an oil and gas exploring contract an auto-assembly and
electronics plant, a business center, a good course and a five-star hotel in Hanoi. According to
Daewoo, these under- takings have provided jobs for about 4,700 local residents.

In partnership with the Hanoi Electronics Corporation (Hanel), Daewoo has completed the US $
177 million Daeha Business Center in Hanoi which features an offices tower, a five star hotel
and a residential building with serviced apartments and a shopping hall. The eighteen-floor Hanoi
Daewoo Hotel boasts to be the first international five-star hotel in Hanoi, offering 411 rooms, an
50
outdoor swimming pool, fitness center and other amenities. Opened on July 1,1996, the hotel
provides much - needed competition for the few top - rate hotels now serving the capital.

Late last year, Daewoo announced that the group intends to invest another US $ 200 billion to
Vietnam by the year 2000. One month after this pledge, the Chaebol entered the negotiations
with Hanoi Car Service Company to discuss building a US 136 million public transportation
network nationwide. Once approved by the Government, the close project will modernize
Vietnams public transportation system with 4000 new vehicles, including local and inter - city
buses, taxis and trucks.

South Korea, however, is not the largest territory to invest into Vietnam. That distinction goes to
Taiwan whose roster includes Vedan, which operates an integrative food-processing complex in
Dong Nai province, and Fei-Yuen. Investing and Development Co Ltd with its commercial
complex in Ho Chi Minh City is worth 115$ 486 million.

Another major Taiwanese player is the Chinfon Group which has so far poured into Vietnam
more than US $420 million in three major sectors: cement, motorcycle and banking. Chinfon
marked its presence in Vietnam Manufacturing and Export Processing Company Ltd (VMEP) to
assemble motorbikes and a cement plant in Hai Phong. Later on, to better support its own bank in
Hanoi.

Apart from heavy and manufacturing includes, which claim US $ 9,5 billion of the total
investment figure, other major sectors include infrastructure construction (US 6,6billion) and oil
and gas (US$1,2). With the Government currently considering a massive US $ 2,1billion
residential and commercial compound for Hanoi (proposed by a Singaporean Group), the
construction sector could soon rival for the leading position.

For 1996 and the near future, Vietnam Ministry of Planning and Investment (MPI) looks to shift
away from small projects (which now dominate the local scene) to bigger ventures promising
fatter portfolios.

Its time to concentrate on serious players one MPI official said. Under this policy, the
ministry expects to license and commitment of each undertaking.
51
Suggested Translation: NGI KHONG LO VAO CUOC

Cong cuoc oi m i Viet Nam a m ng cho hn 20 ty o la a u t trc tiep cua nc
ngoai o vao nen kinh te nc nay. Lng von au t a phan nao lam thay oi bo mat nen
kinh te Viet Nam. Cho du nam 1996, von au t o vao Viet Nam co ve cham lai, nhng nhn
chung au t nc ngoa i van tiep tuc tang. ai Loan va Han Quoc, vi kha nang au t do i
dao van ang dan au trong lnh vc nay tai Vie t Nam. Cac quoc gia chau au thng thch au
t vao cac x ngiep va va nho nen van to ra kha lung tung khi quyet nh nhnh khoan au t
ln, ngc lai, cac nc chau A -Thai Bnh Dng lai chu trong vao cac d an ln tr gia trieu
o la.

Trong so 33 d an vi tong so von hn 100 trie u o la c cap giay phep thang t va roi th
20 d an thuoc ve cac cong ty Chau A t ai Loan, Han Quoc, Nhat Ban va cac nc trong
khoi ASEAN.

Mi ay Bo Ke Hoach au t cho biet khoang 2,5 ty o la c au t sap c Chnh phu
Viet Nam phe duyet trong vai thang ti. Neu ca c d an nam trong so vo n noi tren c pha
Viet Nam cap giay phe p th tong so von au t trong nam nay se at 4,4 t o la v t 2/3 ke
hoach nam 1996.

Cac tap oan quoc te trong o co ca DEAWOO va HYUNDAI cua Han Quoc, CHINFONG va
VEDAN cua ai Loan TELSTRA cua Ucs KINNEVIK va COMVIK cua Thu y ien, van coi
Viet Nam nh mot con vt e trng vang ay ha hen va v the van tiep tuc rot von vao nen
kinh te ang giai oan chuyen tiep nay. Hien nay Daewoo van dan au danh sach cac nha
au t tai Viet Nam v i tong so von khoang 520 trieu o la thuoc 10 d a n ang thc thi, trong
o co mot hp ong khai thac dau va kh o t, mot xng lap rap o to, mot nha may san xuat
hang ien t va mot trung tam thng mai. Cong trnh ang chu y nhat cua Daewoo tai Ha N
oi la khu trung tam thng mai khong lo Daeha, gom mot toa nha cao o c, cac van phong, mot
khach san 5sao, mot khu chung c vi cac can ho tien nghi va mot khu ban hang. Cong trnh
nay c Daewoo va oi tac Viet Nam, cong ty ien t Ha Noi (Hanel) au t vi so von 177
trieu o la, d kien se hoan tat vao mua thu na m nay.

Tuy nhien Deaha van cha phai la d an au t ln nhat cua Daewoo tai Viet Nam, v vao
thang gieng 1993, tap oan nay a c cap giay phep thanh lap mot nha may san xuat en
hnh tivi tai khu cong nghiep Sai ong, lien doanh vi oi tac truyen thong laHanel. Lien
doanh nay mang ten Orion Ltd, ra i sau khi vt qua nhng thu tuc can thiet cua Viet Nam
e cung vi ngi ban ng Hanel, mot cong ty quoc doanh Viet Nam, tiep tuc thc hien
hang loat d an khac cua tap oan.

Cuoi nam ngoai, giam oc cua Daewoo ong Lee Jung Seung, tuyen bo tap oan nay d nh
au t khoang 2 t o la vao Viet Nam trong na m 2000 va hien nay ang thng lng e c
52
thc hien 20 d an khac trong lnh vc ong tau va xay dng cac khu trung tam cong nghiep.
Mot thang sau tuyen bo nay, Daewwoo lai tham gia am phan vi co ng ti vn tai Ha Noi ve
viec thiet lap mot mang li giao thong cong co ng tren toan Viet Nam. D an nay tr gia 136
trieu o la ang ch c chnh phu Viet Nam phe duyet. Va ngay sau khi c chap thuan,
cong ty nay se trang b lai he thong giao thong cong cong cua Viet Nam vi 4.000 au phng
tien mi bao gom cac xe tai, tai va xe buyt no i o va lien tnh.

Tuy nhien Han Quoc va n cha phai la quoc gia au t nhieu nhat vao Viet Nam v ai Loan
luon dan au danh sach nay, tieu bieu la Vedan, hien ang co mot trung tam che bien thc
pham tai ong Nai va cong ty phat trien va au t Fei - Yeun dang xay dng mot trung tam
thng mai vi so von 468 trieu o la ta i thanh pho Ho Ch Minh.
Trong so cac cong ty a i Loan, tap oan Chinfong la cong ti rot von vao Viet Nam nhieu nhat
vi hn 420 trieu o la trong 3 lnh vc chnh: xi mang, xe may va ngan hang. Chu tch
Chinfon Shi Huang tng tuyen bo tren mot t bao Viet Nam rang cong ty nay ac biet chu
trong vao phat trien co ng nghiep e khai thac phu hp vi chien lc phat trien kinh te cua
Viet Nam.

Chinfon bat au hoat ong Viet Nam t 1992 vi hai d an ay tham vong: Cong ty hu han
che tao cong nghiep va gia cong che bien hang xuat khau Viet Nam (VMEP) chuyen lap rap
xe may Bonus, Angel va Magic (vi tong so vo n au t la 120 trieu o la). D an th hai vi
so von la 288.3 trieu do la la nha may san xuat xi mang Trang Kenh, Hai Phong, tiep sau o,
tap oan nay a thanh la p mot ngan hang Ha Noi vi so von au t la 15 trieu o la nham ho
tr cac d an khac ve ke toan va tn dung. Ong Shi Huang noi: Muc ch au t cua chung toi
tai Viet Nam la em lai li ch cho ca hai ben. Cac d an au t ch co trie n vong lau dai khi
da tren nguyen tac nay.

Cho en nay cong nghiep van la lnh vc au t chu yeu tai Viet Nam. Chinfon cung nh cac
nha au t khac y thc rat ro ieu nay. en cuoi thang 4 va qua, to ng so au t vao cong
nghiep a at en con so 9,5 t o la, so vi 1,2 t trong lnh vc quan tro ng hang th hai la dau
kh. au t ve xay dng khach san, van phong, nha va du lch chiem v tr th hai tai Viet
Nam vi 6,6 t o la. Hien nay chnh phu ang xem xet d an xay dng mot trung tam thng
mai va nha tai Ha Noi tr gia 2,1 t do la va hy vong se nhanh chong nang cao tong lng
au t vao lnh vc nay. Ve viec cap giay phep trong nam 1996, Bo Ke Hoach va au T cho
biet Viet Nam ang tro ng i co them nhng d an nhieu trieu o la va cac nha au t t cac
quoc gia khac .Mot quan chc cua bo nay noi: Bay gi la luc e chung ta quan tam en
nhng nha au t thc thu cung nh chat lng cac d an. Ong con nhan manh rang Bo Ke
Hoach au t ang tap tung lam cham lai dong von au t o vao Viet Nam nham at c
nhng d an tot hn, c chuan b ky lng hn.

53
Lesson 17:
HA NOI PLANS TO DOUBLE TO GDP BY THE YEAR 2000

Ha Noi- Ha Noi is trying to nearly double its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) to US$1,100 per
capita over the next five years.

The ambitious projection has been based on the current annual GDP growth rate of 11.9 per cent.
Participants at yesterdays Ha Noi Communist Party Conference were told if the current growth
rate continues as expected, it should reach 15 per cent by the turn of the century.

This should translate into a doubling of the GDP. The conference was also told the traditional
rural and small industry base of the capital citys economy had rapidly been replaced by
industrial endeavor and the trading and services industries, and that about 19 per cent of Hanoi
families could now be classified as well-off.

Last years average GDP was estimated at $650 per capita compared with $470 in 1991.
The sharp rise was due to massive investments from both foreign and domestic sources estimated
as VND32, 570 (about $3.257 billion), according to a senior Ha Noi party official.

Deputy Secretary of the Ha Noi Party Committee Le Xuan Tung told participants at the
conference yesterday that part of the investment was spent on transfer of new technology and
renovating equipment in existing industrial plants. The major part of the investment, however,
was for setting up new joint ventures with foreign partners.

By the end of 1995, up to 210 foreign investment projects had been licensed to operate in Ha Noi
involving $3.3billion of prescribed capital. Of this amount $1.3billion has been consumed, Tung
said.

This has helped Ha Noi along its chosen path to restructure its economic base towards industries
and services rather than rely on its traditional agricultural and small industry underpinning.

The proportion of industries and that of trade and services in Ha Noi GDP in the 1991-1995
period rose sharply to 33.1 per cent and 61.6 per cent respectively.

Meanwhile the agricultural share fell to just 5.3 per cent of the total GDP share, Tung said.
Tung said the change in the economic face of Hanoi was because of the sharp increase in the
annual growth rate for the past five years.

He said that a growth rate of 11.9 per cent was ensured year after year, which is almost double
the figure set for the same period by the Ha Noi Party Committee back in 1991.

Tung told participants that by the year 2000 the growth rate would reach 15 per cent per year and
GDP per capita would be estimated at $1,100.

54
By that stage the industrial share in Ha Noi GDP should reach 40 per cent, up seven per cent on
the current rate.

Five industries have been targeted as the key industries for the city, Tung said. They include
mechanical engineering and electrical equipment production; textiles, garments and leather
goods; the food processing industry electronics; and construction materials.

In the next five years Ha Noi would need up to $9 billion in investment to develop new industrial
zones, renovate existing industrial zones and build more high rise buildings in the inner city for
office space, trade centers and entertainment centers.
Hanoi has about 10 established and five new industrial zones. Many of the existing industrial
areas need intensive-investment to replace old technology, and expand their premises for more
plants.

However the deputy party secretary for Hanoi reminded participants to the conference that more
effort was needed to keep development in line with what he termed as a socialist- oriented market
economy.

Ha Noi authorities had failed to pay due attention to the consolidation of socialist production
relationships while the administration at all levels remained weak and the role of the Party in
different economic and social organizations remained limited, he said.

Tungs comments were supported by Party General Secretary Do Muoi, who also addressed the
conference.

The party leader told the Ha Noi conference that despite its initial success, Ha Noi should be
more aware of economic development and human resource development.

About six per cent of Hanois population remained unemployed which, Do Muoi said, was a
challenge Ha Noi had to tackle.

Part of the solution was to set up production groups, which could be engaged in small industries
and the services industry.

Deputy Secretary Tung said that in the 1991-1995 period the number of well-to-do families
increased to nearly 19 per cent while those families classified as financially needy dropped to
about two per cent.
Suggested Translation:
H Ni t k hoch tng gp i GDP vo
nm 2000.

H Ni ang c gng tng gp i GDP ln 1100 la M trong vng
5 nm ti.

55
K hoch y tham vng ny -c -a ra trn c s 11,9% t l
tng GDP hng nm ca thnh ph.

Ti i hi i biu ng B thnh ph H Ni -c t chc va
qua, cc i biu -c thng bo: nu t l tng tr-ng vn
tip tc nh- d tnh th GDP s t khong 15% vo u th k.
iu c ngha l GDP tng gp i.

i hi cng cp n vn c s CN nh truyn thng ca nn
kinh t th tng nhanh b thay th bi cc hot ng CN v
nghnh cng nghip dch v-th-ng mi. Ngoi ra i hi cn -c
bo co l khong 19% s h gia nh H Ni c th xp vo din
h giu.

Mc GDP bnh qun nm ngoi ca thnh ph -c -c tnh l khong
650 la. Cao hn so vi 470 la nm 1991 (tc tng tr-ng
mnh m).

S tng tr-ng ny l kt qu ca hng lot cc d n u t-
trong n-c v n-c ngoi -c tnh vo khong 32,570VND (khong
3.275 triu USD).
Ph ch tch hi ng Nhn Dn thnh ph H Ni, ng L Xun Hng
bo co vi i hi rng:

Mt phn ca s vn u t- -c s dng cho qu trnh chuyn
giao cng ngh, i mi thit b trong nghnh CN. Phn ln s vn
u t- cn li -c dng vo vic thit lp cng ty lin doanh
vi i tc n-c ngoi.

Vo cui nm 1995 c n hn 210 d n u t- n-c ngoi -c
cp giy php kinh doanh trn a bn thnh ph H Ni vi tng
s tin ln ti 3,3 t la. ng Tng ni trong s l 1 phn 3
t la -c s dng.

iu ny gip H Ni trong vic la chn h-ng c cu li c
s kinh t theo h-ng CN-DV thay cho c cu c vi vai tr tr
ct ca CN nh v nng nghip truyn thng.

Theo li ng Tng, t l sn phm CN, th-ng mi, dch v trong
tng sn phm quc ni ca thnh ph H Ni giai on 1991-
1995 tng ln n 33,1% i vi cng nghip v 61,6% i vi
th-ng mi v dch v.

Trong khi t l nng nghip li gim xung cn 5,3% trong
tng GDP.
56
ng Tng cn ni s thay i ca b mt kinh t H Ni cn nh
vo s tng vt ca t l tng tr-ng hng nm ca 5 nm tr-c.

ng ni t l tng tr-ng 11,9% hng nm cng -c m bo chc
chn, con s ny cao hn gp i so vi t l ra nm 1991.

ng Tng bo co vi cc i biu rng vo nm 2000 t l tng
tr-ng ca thnh ph s t 15% 1 nm. GDP -c tnh t khong
1000 la.

Vo thi im t l sn phm cng nghip tng s GDP ca
thnh ph H Ni s t 40% tng 7% so vi hin ti.

Nm ngnh cng nghip t -c mc ch tr thnh ngnh cng
nghip then cht ca thnh ph bao gm: ngnh sn xut thit b
in, my mc, c kh; ngnh dt; ch bin thc phm; in t;
vt liu xy dng.

Trong 5 nm ti H Ni cn khong 9 t USD u t- xy dng
pht trin nhng khu cng nghip mi, i mi cc khu cng nghip
c, xy dng cc to nh ln trung tm thnh ph lm cc vn
phng i din, khu th-ng mi, khu vui chi gii tr, H Ni
c khong 10 khu cng nghip v 5 ci khc ang -c xy dng.

Nhiu khu cng nghip hin nay cn nhng khong u t- theo chiu
su thay th cc k thut c, m rng xy dng nhiu nh my
hn na.
Tuy nhin ph b th- ng u thnh ph H Ni cn nhc nh cc
i biu rng cn phi n lc hn na gi vng s pht trin
theo hng nn kinh t th trng theo nh hng x hi ch
ngha.

ng cn ni chnh quyn thnh ph H Ni tht bi trong vic
xy dng s on kt cc quan h sn xut kinh doanh x hi ch
ngha . Trong khi b my hnh chnh cc cp cn yu v vai tr
ca ng trong cc t chc kinh t x hi khc nhau vn cn hn
ch .

Nhng tham vn ca ng Tng cn -c Tng b th- M-i cng c
thm, ng Tng ch pht biu vi i hi rng:

Bn cnh nhng thnh cng ban u H Ni cn ch n vic pht
trin kinh t v xy dng ngun nhn lc.

57
ng ch ni 6% nhn dn thnh ph H Ni tht nghip l mt
thch thc m thnh ph cn phi gii quyt.

C th l bng cch lp nn cc nhm sn xut t hnh thnh
cc c s cng nghip nh v pht trin cng nghip dch v.

ng ch ph b th- L Xun Tng ni rng: trong giai on 1991-
1995 s l-ng cc gia nh giu tng ln gn 19%. S h ngho
gim xung ch cn khong 2%.

58
Lesson 18: Khai Thc Du ti Vit Nam
Sau khi t nhiu hi vng vo vic khoan trng cc m du kh
ngoi khi Vit Nam, cc cng ty du m khng l trn th gii
nhn ra nhng ri ro. Ci gi u t- khng l nh-ng li nhn -c
mt khon li nhun cm ci. Tm trng gim i trong s
nhng cng ty n-c ngoi tham gia trin lm tr-ng by cc mt
hng ca ngnh cng ngh ti cuc Trin lm Du v kh t Quc
t ln th hai H Ni.

ng Melchior de Matharel, V Tr-ng ng Nam ca hng Total
Php pht biu : Kt qu khng phi l t, nh-ng khng ln
nh mt s ngi hy vng.

Nu s ch by gi l khu hiu lm tht vng cc cng
ty du la n-c ngoi c th to ngun an i t nhng khm ph
y khch l va qua v du do cng ty Mitsubishi v cng ty du
Petrornas Cairigali ca Malaisia, v v kh t ca BP, ngoi
b bin nam Vit Nam.

Vic thm d du kh thm lc a Vit nam l ht sc kh khn.
Tuy nhin, ng Matherel ni rng thm lc a Vit Nam l mt ni
cha du. S nhit tnh ca nhng ng-i thm d t nhin suy
gim vo thng 5 tr-c khi cng ty du BHP ca c thng bo tr
l-ng du v tr m i Hng, 375 cy s ng nam thnh ph
HCM l t i hn so vi d tr.

Ti v tr ny, BHP -c tnh s khi l tr l-ng y khong
t 700 n 800 triu thng du, nh-ng hin nay con s y xung
100 n 200 triu thng.
Vic sn xut -c d kin bt u vo thng ti, mc khim
nh-ng l 25000 thng mt ngy.

iu l mt n ging mnh cho BHP, mt cng ty u t
n 240 triu la Vit Nam v mt na ca kinh ph ny
-c s dng cho d n i Hng.
59

BHP n u mt hip hi quc t bu chn vo thng 4/1993 c
trch nhim trin khai tng kinh ph 1,5 t trong lnh vc
ny. BHP chim 43,75% tng s vn ca Hip hi, Petronas chim
20%, cng ty quc doanh Petro-Vietnam chim 15%. Phn 21,25% cn
li chia u cho cng ty Total (Php) v cng ty Sumitomo ca
Nht.

Vo thi im , chnh Nht Bn l khch mua hng chnh ca du
th Vit Nam, l din c -c mt c may tt nht.

Cng ty Du Kh Vit nam- Nht bn (JVPC), mt chi nhnh ca tp
on du kh Mitsubishi thng bo trong thng 6 l c mt
s khm ph rt ha hn ti v tr Rng ng.

Theo kt qu ghi nhn -c t mt t mt ging du thm d, khu
vc khai thc c th c cng cht l-ng nh- v tr m Bch H
gn mt a im duy nht hin gi ang -c kinh doanh khai
thc Vit Nam. Tr l-ng ca Bch H -c tnh mc cao nht l
3000 triu thng.

Nh-ng t nht cn phi mt nm na v cn n vic khoan d na
th mi c th xc nh chnh xc -c mc tiu vic thm d ca
cng ty Nht.

Nhng ng-i bi quan th cho rng cn n khong 5 nm mi nh
gi ng v y tr l-ng du ca Vit Nam.

Vic thm d v khai thc kh t cng chng t l mt dch v
ang gp kh khn, d c may mm c-i vi vi cng ty BP Anh,
mt n v m trong thng 9 thng bo l pht hin ra hai
ti du kh, -c tnh t -c 57 t mt khi Nam Cn Sn,
pha nam thnh ph HCM.

60
Cng ty BHP v cng ty Quc gia Na Uy Statoil mua li cc phn
c nh-ng ca cng ty kh t v du kh quc gia n (ONGC)
vo nm 1992.

Lin hip, vi ONGC nm 55% c phn, BP 30% v Statoil 5% tin
hnh thm d v th nghim theo mt hp ng phn chia sn phm
vi Vit Nam, mt n v ln l-t nhn 5% tin gp vo, cn c
trn quyn li ca mi i tc Chu u.

Suggested Translation:
Oil Exploitation in Vietnam

After getting high on the hopes of striking black gold off the shores of Vietnam, the world's oil
giants have now glumly awoken to the hazards- - the immense coot of investment and, so far, the
meager rewards.

The mood was subdued among foreign companies exhibiting their technological wares this week
at the second International Oil and Gas Fair in Hanoi.

"The results aren't bad, but they, are not as great as some had hoped, "said Melchior de Matharel,
head of Southeast Asia operations with the French firm Total.

If caution is now the watchword, disappointed foreign petroleum companies may draw comfort
from the recent. "encouraging" discoveries of oil made by Mitsubishi Oil and the Malaysian firm
Petronas Carigali, and of gas made by British Petroleum (BP), off the coast of southern Vietnam.
"Oil exploration is plainly hazardous. But the good news is that the Vietnamese basin is oil-
bearing", Matharel said. Prospectors enthusiasm was abruptly dampened last May, when BHP
Petroleum of Australia announced the reserves at the Dai Hung ("Great Bear") site, 375
kilometers (235 miles) southeast of Ho Chi Minh City, were far smaller than projected.

BHP initially estimated the site to contain 700 million to 800 million barrels of oil, but has now
downgraded it to 100 million to 200 million. Production is scheduled to begin neat month, at a
modest level of 25,000 barrels per day.

That was a tough -blow for BHP. It has already invested 240 million dollars in Vietnam- - and
half of it went into the first phase of the Dai Hung project.

61
BHP headed an international consortium, selected in April 1993, to develop the field at a total
cost estimated at 1.5 billion dollars. BHP holds 43.75 percent of the consortium, with Petronas
holding 20 percent, and state - owned PetroVietnam 15 percent. The remaining 21.25-percent
share is equally split between Total and the Japanese firm Sumitomo.

For the moment, it is the Japanese- the main buyers of Vietnam's crude oil- who appear to have
had the best luck.

The Japan Vietnam Petroleum Co. (JVPC), a branch of the Mitsubishi Oil group, announced in
June a "very promising" discovery at the Rang Dong (:Dawn) site.

According to the results of an exploratory well, the field may be "of the same caliber" as
neighboring Bach Ho ("White Tiger") the only site now being commercially exploited in
Vietnam. Bach Ho's reserves are estimated at a maximum of :300 million barrels. But et will take
at least another year and other drillings to precisely determine the scope of the Japanese
discovery, industry experts in Hanoi cautioned.

Pessimists say it will take four to five years in all to gauge Vietnam's oil potentially.

Gas exploration and exploitation have also proven to be a risk business, although fortune has so
far smiled on British Petroleum, which announced in September the discovery of two gas
pockets, estimated to be 57 billion cubic meters (1,995 billion cubic feet), in Nam Con Son, south
of Ho Chi Minh City.
BHP and the Norwegian national company, Statoil, bought shares in the offshore concession,
held by the Indian state firm Oil and Natural Gas Co. (ONGC), in 1992.

The consortium, with ONGC holding 55 percent, BP 30 percent. and Statoil five percent, has
conducted exploration and tests under a shared - production contract with PetroVietnam, which in
turn has taken a five percent stake on the interests of each of the European partners.

Lesson 19:
Cc nh xut khu c uy th ca Trung Quc ang cha tm ngm ca
mnh vo Vit Nam, nhn ra n-c lng ging ph-ng nam nh-
chn mui cho mt k hoch qung co trong vic mua sm hng ha
tiu dng v my mc, cc nh qun l iu hnh Trung Quc
pht bin nh- th vo hm th nm.

Cc nh qun l Trung Quc ni trong bui l khai mc hi ch
t chc ti H Ni: Nhng Vit Nam c mt kinh nghim
62
lu di tr-c khi nhn ra hng xut khu ca mnh vo Trung Quc
tng ln khi mt vi sn phm l c th xm nhp vo th tr-ng
Trung quc m rng hn.

Khong 60 cng ty Bc Kinh tr-ng by nhng mt hng ca h
t chi bng nha r tin v cc trang tr cho n cc
loi xe c ti hi ch H Ni, mt hi ch u tin trin lm
cc mt hng Trung Quc k t khi hai n-c c quan h tr li vi
nhau.

Jeep- Bc Kinh, mt lin doanh sn xut t Trung-M, hi vng s
chen chn vo th tr-ng xe hi ang ln mnh ti Vit Nam, nh-ng
ang i mt vi mt s cnh tranh khc nghit vi th tr-ng xe
hi Nht Bn xy phng tuyn xung quanh y, ng Guo
Fengli, ph ch tch cng ty Xut Nhp Khu t Bc Kinh pht
biu nh- vy.

Theo li ca ng Guo th th trng y ang m ra kh nhanh
cho cc sn phm ca chng ti, c bit l khi gi c ca chng
ti thc s cnh tranh c vi cc i th ca chng ti.

BAIEC ang mong mun thit lp quan h mu dch vi Vit Nam
nh-ng cng ang phi i u vi vic tm kim cc mt hng thch
hp buon bn, mc d l ng Guo ngh l c th tm ra li gii
p cho mt vn bnh th-ng.

Cng ty Trung Quc d kin trao i xe hi ly l-ng thc, v s
l-ng thc ny s em bn Nam Trung Quc. Tuy nhin h vn
thch trao i nhng mt hng c gi tr cao hn.

Chng ti khng bit nhiu v nhng g m Vit Nam mi cho.
ng Guo ni n iu ny, mt quan im -c cc nh doanh
th-ng khc nhc li nhiu ln. Nhng ng-i nn nng bn hng hn
l mua hng.

63
Vic bun bn qua bin gii tng vt k t ngy hai n-c m
li bin gii vo nm 1991. Ni mt cch chnh thc th, vic
bun bn hai chiu c gi tr khong 500 triu la d cho vic
bun bn bt hp php c th cao hn nhiu. Trung quc -c h-ng
mt gi tr thng d- to ln.

Trong chuyn ving thm Trung Quc tun tr-c, Ph th t-ng Phan
Vn Khi ku gi hai bn thay th vic bun bn qua bin gii
bng nhng tha hip chnh thc gia cc cng ty th-ng mi v
cc nh ch to m cch lm ny s lm tng gi ca cc sn phm
Vit Nam.

Vit Nam mun y mnh hn na vic xut khu than v du kh cho
cc trung tm sn xut ang bng pht Nam Trung Quc, ni xa
ngun nng l-ng ca Trung Quc c hng ngn cy s.

ng Phan Vn Khi cn nhn mnh thm v gi go v cc mt hng
thc phm khc v pha Vit Nam nhp nhiu hn na cc my mc
ch to v cc cng ngh khc ca Trung Quc.

Suggested Translation:
China's powerful exporters are training their sights on, Vietnam, seeing their southern neighbor
as ripe for a boost in purchases of consumer goods and machinery, Chinese executives said here
Thursday.

But. Vietnam has a long way to go before it sees its exports to China grow as few products are
likely to break into the more developed Chinese market, the executives said at the opening of a
trade fair here.

Some 60 firms from Beijing are showing off their wares ranging from cheap plastic toys and
ornaments to off - road vehicles at the fair in Hanoi in what is the first exhibition of Chinese
goods here since the two countries began patching up their relations.

Beijing Jeep, a Sino - American auto manufacturer, is hoping to squeeze into Vietnam's growing
car market but is facing stiff competition from Japanese firms already entrenched here, said
Beijing Automotive Import Export Corp. (BAIEC) vice president Guo Fengli.
64
"The market here is opening up quite quickly for our products, particularly as we are very
competitive in pricing with our rivals," Guo said.

BAIEC is looking to set up barter deals with Vietnam but is facing problems finding suitable
moods to trade although Guo thinks he may have found the answer in the humble sweet potato.

The Chinese firm is planning to trade cars for foodstuffs that will be sold in southern China but
would prefer to exchange higher value goods.

"We don't know much about what Vietnam has to offer, "said Guo, a point repeated by other
traders who were more eager to sell than buy.

Cross border trade has boomed since the frontier was reopened in 1991.

Officially, two - way trade stands at around 500 million US dollars although the illegal frontier
trade is believed to b! much higher, with China enjoying a massive surplus.

During a visit to China last week, Deputy Prime Minister Phan Van Khai called for both sides to
replace the cross border trade with official agreements between trading companies and
manufacturers that would boost sales of Vietnamese products.,

Vietnam wants to step up exports of coal and oil to southern China's booming manufacturing
centers, which are thousands of kilometers (miles) from China's own sources of energy.

Khai also called for more sales of rice and other food products and for Vietnam to import more
manufacturing machinery and other technology from China.

Lesson 20:

The countrys GDP growth rate in 2000 has reached roughly 6.7%, much higher than 1999 and
the set target. The Partys guideline to develop the countrys internal strength has been realized
with high determination by production and business circles, enterprises of different economic
sectors, and authorities at all levels.

The slowdown in growth rate as a result of regional financial and monetary crisis has been
stopped. Notably, the Party and the State have since early this year focused their efforts on
resolving social issues. The national programme for hunger elimination and poverty reduction,
labour and job generation, education and training, and health care are part of the efforts.
65
An impetus has been given to socio-economic growth. Many positive changes have been effected
in production and business operations of different economic entities. The countrys political
stability, national security and public order have been firmly maintained.

Those achievements can be attributed to the untiring efforts made by the entire Party, people and
army. From the events of the past year, many valuable lessons can be drawn but the biggest one
for the leadership of the Party and the State is to count on the people and work for the people.
Only when policies and guidelines of the Party take root in practical life can they be translated
into reality.

The central Government and the local authorities have this year kept close contact with producers
and businessmen to better understand their views and aspirations. Many amendments have been
made to the guidelines and policies in a bid to simplify procedures and reduce bureaucracy in the
States administrative and management apparatus.

Vietnam is still beset with many socio-economic difficulties. We have to cope with fierce
competition in overseas markets while not many changes have been effected in the structure and
quality of our export goods. Market information remains limited and economic forecasts are far
from accurate. Commercial services do not yet meet the demand and smuggling and trade frauds
have not yet been controlled. These are major challenges. It is imperative that we generate the
momentum needed to meet them and bring about a new strength and position in our international
economic relations. Only this can help us take the initiative in the process of regional and global
integration.

2001 will be the first year that the country implements resolutions passed by the Ninth Party
Congress on the socio-economic development strategy for the 2001-2010 period. The general
objective at this state is to accelerate the process of industrialization and modernization to take
the country out of an under-developed state and cement the foundations for the Vietnam to
become an industrialized country by 2020. The quality of the peoples material, cultural and
spiritual life will be raised substantially. The institution of socialist-oriented market economy will
take its main shape. Human resources and skills, scientific and technological capacities,
infrastructure, economic potential security and national defense will be further improved. The
countrys role and position in the international arena will be constantly enhanced.

In the first year of the 2001-2005 five-year plan, we will have to achieve the following main
targets: in a higher and more stable economic growth rate in parallel with cultural and social
development; improved scientific and technological research and applications to raise the
competitiveness of products, sectors and the economy as a whole; improved quality of education
and training, and better health care. Greater investment will be made to create jobs; eradicate
hunger and alleviate poverty; fight social evils, drug addiction in particular; and reduce traffic
accidents.
Notes:
- The GDP growth rate: ty le tang trng GDP
- the set target: muc tieu a e ra
- The Partys guideline: ng loi cua ang
66
- internal strength: noi lc
- enterprises: x nghiep
- economic sectors: bo phan kinh te, lnh v c kinh te
- slowdown in growth rate: suy giam ty le tang tr ng
- financial and monetary crisis: khung hoang tien te va tai chnh
- social issues: nhng van e xa hoi
- be attributed to: nh vao
- untiring efforts: nhng no lc khong met moi
- take root in: bat nguo n t
- be translated into reality: bien thanh hien thc
- bureaucracy: quan lieu
- cope with: ng au vi
- the Ninth Party Congress: ai Hoi ang lan th 9
- major challenges: nhng thach thc to ln
- cement the foundations for: at nen tang cho
- infrastructure: c s ha tang

Suggested translation:

Toc o tang trng GDP nc ta trong nam 2000 at khoang 6,7%, cao hn nhieu so vi
nam 1999 va ch tieu a e ra. Gii san xuat kinh doanh, cac doanh nhgiep thuoc nhieu thanh
phan kinh te cung nh chnh quyen cac cap a y thc ro rang v tr lanh ao cua ang trong
vai tro phat trien noi lc cua at nc.

Toc o pha t trien cham lai do cuoc khung hoang tai chnh tien te trong khu vc. ang chu y la
ngay t au nam ang va Nha nc a tap trung moi noi lc nham giai quyet cac van e xa
hoi. Trong o viec thc hien chng trnh xoa o giam ngheo, tao cong an viec lam cho lc
lng lao ong, nang cao hieu qua giao duc ao tao va cham soc sc khoe la mot phan trong
nhng no lc nay.

S tang trng KTXH la mot ong lc mi. Nh ng thay oi tch cc a anh hng tot en hoat
ong kinh doanh cua cac thanh phan kinh te. S on nh ve chnh tri, an ninh quoc phong va
trat t tr an a c gi vng.

S d at c nhng thanh qua tren la nh s no lc khong met mo i cu a toan ang, toan dan
va toan quan. Chung ta co the rut ra nhieu ba i hoc qu gia t nhng bien co trong nam va
qua, nhng bai hoc quan trong nhat am bao cho s lanh ao cua ang va Nha nc la phai do
dan va v dan. Cac chu trng, chnh sach cua ang ch co the tr thanh hien thc mot khi
xuat phat t thc te.
67
Nam nay chnh quyen cac cap a tiep can v i gii kinh doanh nham hieu ro hn quan iem
cung nh yeu cau cua ho. Nhieu khoan trong cac chu trng, chnh sach a c ieu chnh
nham n gian hoa cac thu tuc hanh chnh cung nh nan ca quyen trong ca n v quan ly.

Viet Nam ang gap phai nhieu kho khan ve kinh te xa hoi. Trong khi c cau va chat lng cac
mat hang xuat khau cu a nc ta khong thay oi la may, chung ta phai oi au vi s canh
tranh gay gat vi th trng nc ngoai. Thong tin ve th trng van con han che, d bao hinh
te lai khong chnh xac va khong ang tin cay. Dch vu thng mai cha ap ng c nhu cau
ngi dan, nan buon lau va gian lan thng mai van ang hoanh hanh. Tren ay la nhng th
thach c ban. Van e dat ra la phai tao bc a can thiet e o i au vi nhng th thach o va
mang lai nguon lc cung nh v the mi trong quan he kinh te quoc te cua mnh. Ch ieu nay
mi giup chung ta bc khi au hoi nhap vao khu vc va the gii.

Nam 2001 se la nam au tien nc ta thc hie n Ngh quyet ve chien lc phat trien KTXH
trong giai oan 2001-2010 c H ang toan quoc lan th 9 thong qua. Muc tieu c ban
trong giai oan nay la ay nhanh tien trnh cong nghiep hoa, hien ai ho a nham a at nc
thoat khoi tnh trang kem phat trien va thiet lap mot nen tang vng chac e en nam 2020 VN
se la mot quoc gia cong nghiep. Chat lng i song vat chat, van hoa va tinh than se a t c
bc tien quan trong. Che o XHCN phat trien theo nen kinh te th trng se c hnh thanh.
Nguon nhan lc va oi ngu lanh nghe, o i ngu KHKT, c s ha tang, tiem nang kinh te, an
ninh quoc phong ngay cang c cai thien. Vai tro, v tr cua nc ta tren trng quoc te se
ngay cang c khang nh.

Vao nam au tien cua ke hoach 5 nam t 2001-2005 chung ta phai at c cac muc tieu sau:
toc o tang trng kinh te cao va on nh hn i kem vi s phat trien van hoa xa hoi ; cai tien
KHCN va ng dung vao viec tang sc canh tranh cua cac loai san pham, cac nganh KT va
toan bo nen KT; nang cao chat lng GD T va cham soc y te. Se tap trung au t nhieu hn
nham tao cong an viec lam, xoa oi giam ngheo va bai tr te nan xa ho i, ac biet la nan
nghien ma tuy, cung nh giam tai nan giao thong.

Lesson 21:
HOAT ONG XUAT NHAP KHAU: Thanh Qua va Trien Vong

Vi kim ngach xuat khau 11,4 trieu USD, tang 22% so vi nam 1998, tang 10 lan so vi to c o
tang tr ng cua nam 1998 (2,4%) va tnh trang nhap sieu c cai thien a lam cho bc tranh
xuat nhap khau (XNK) nam 1999 cua nc ta dan sang len trong bo i ca nh kho khan cua cuoc
khung hoang KT khu vc. Mot trong nhng ong lc chnh tao nen nhng chuyen bien ang
ghi nhan tren ay xuat phat t s oi mi c che, chnh sach XNK cua Nha noc. o la Ngh
nh 57/1998/CP ve khuyen khch san xuat ha ng XK; m rong quyen XNK cua cac doanh
68
nghiep (DN) ; che o khen thng XNK; Chnh sach thng han ngach det may, chu trng
m rong XK oi vi Lao; thanh lap quy ho tr xuat khau

Trong bc tranh tong the tren, hoat ong XNK tnh ta a co nhng chuyen bien ang mng.
Mac du ma lu lien tuc lam sut giam kim ngach hn 1,4 trieu USD , song nam qua kim ngach
XNK cua tnh ta c at 43,26 trieu U SD, tang gan 8% so vi nam 1998. Trong o kim ngach
XK at gan 27,2 trieu U SD, tang 11,2%; kim ngach NK hn 16 trieu U SD, tang 2,7%. Ngoai
nhng san pham truyen thong, Cong ty Thuy san tnh va cong ty XK Thuy San Song Hng
au t them thiet b , nang cao chat lng san xuat, tao them mat hang mi va mm rong th
trng XK. Ben canh cac th trng truyen tho ng nh Nhat, ai Loan Cac DN a m them
th trng tai My, Thai Lan, Lao Rieng san lng XK hai san ong la nh tren 996 tan vi gia
tr 1,35 trieu U SD, tang 36% so vi nam 1998. ac biet trong nam qua san pham mc kho lot
da cua Cong Ty Thuy San tnh c tang Huy Chng Vang.

Ve khoang san XK, nhng bien ong th trng lam giam san lng XK cua quang Imenic,
rieng quang Zincon at san lng hn3143 ta n, tang 41,6% so vi nam 1998. Chu trng
khuyen khch kinh doanh XNK cua Nha Nc tao ong lc va c hoi cho Cong Ty Thng
Mai Tong Hp tnh tang nhanh kim ngach XNK bang hoat ong hang o i hang. Ngoai ra, nam
1999, viec san xuat hng va bot hng xuat khau cua Cong Ty cung co bc phat trien m i,
at gia tr XK hn 0,43 trieu U SD, tang 13,4% so vi nam 1998.

Do bien ong cua th trng nen hoat ong cua Cong Ty XNK tnh van tiep tuc gap phai
nhng kho khan. Nam qua Cong ty ch at kim ngach 11,8 trieu U SD, at 86,1% so vi ke
hoach va giam 1,2 trieu U SD so vi nam 1998. u the cua DN nay la san xuat gia cong hang
thu cong XK. Song nam qua do anh hng cua khung hoang tai chnh khu vc nen cac c s
lam vao tnh trang kho khan, gia tr XK cung nh kim ngach NK san lng nguyen lieu hang
gia cong giam gan 30% so vi nam 1998. ay la nguyen nhan chu yeu lam giam sut kim
ngach cua DN. Trong boi canh o, cong ty pha t trien viec thu mua XK hang nong san. Dac
biet la viec thu mua XK cac san pham mi nh ca phe, t tam ben canh cac san pham khac
nh t, muoi, lac, toiHoat ong tren a nang cao kim ngach XK nam 1999 len 7,5 trieu U
SD, tang 0,8 trieu U SD so vi nam 1998.
Notes:
- kim ngach xuat khau: export turnover
- toc o tang trng: growth rate
- cuoc khung hoang KT khu vc: regional economic crisis
- ong lc: impetus
- s oi mi c che : change in mechanism
- Ngh nh 57 : the Decree 57
- han ngach det may: quota of garment
- Huy Chng Vang : Gold Medal

69
Suggested translation:

EXPORT-IMPORT ACHIEVEMENTS AND PROSPECT

With the export turnover of $11.4 million, increasing by 22% (10 times as much as that in 1998
(2.4%)) and the improvement in the limitation of trade deficit, the export-import sector of our
country is gradually enjoying favourable conditions despite the difficulties caused by the regional
crisis. One of the motives for that remarkable change originated from the reforms in the economy
mechanism as well as the State export-import policy including the 57/1998/CP Decree of
encouraging the production of encouraging the production of export goods and broadening the
export right for the businesses; the regulation for export and import reward; the policy of garment
quota reward; the decision of expanding export to Laos; and the establishment of the export
supporting fund.

In the overall picture, our provinces activities have had encouraging changes. Despite of the fact
that continuous floods resulted in the reduction of the turnover by more than $1.4 million, the
export-import turnover of our province last year was estimated to be $ 43.26 million, increasing
by 8% in comparison with that in 1998. (export turnover was nearly $ 27.2 million, increasing by
11.2%, import turnover $ 16 million , increasing by 2.7 %). Apart from the traditional products,
the Provincial Sea Products Company and the Perfume River Sea-products Company and the
Perfume River Sea-products exporting Company have invested for more equipment, created how
to improve products and expand the export market. Along with traditional market such as Japan,
Taiwan many business enterprises have entered those of the markets in the USA, Thailand and
Laos In consideration only to the frozen sea-products, the yielding was over 996 tons, worth $
199835 million, increasing by over 36% in comparison with that in 1998. Particularly, the dried
squid of the Sea Product Company was rewarded with Gold Medal last year.

As far as mineral products are concerned, the markets fluctuation made the export of Irenic ore
decrease. However, Zircon ore used over 3143 tons, increasing by 41.6% in comparison with that
in 1998. The state encouragement policy for export-import business has created the impetus and
opportunities for the provinces General Commercial Company to boost up the export-import
turnover of goods-for-goods activities (barter). Moreover, in 1999 the production of exporting
joss stick and incense pulp did have a higher development, yielding over $ 0.43 million in the
export value, increasing by 13,4% compared with that in 1998.
The Export-import Companys operation is still facing difficulties due to the markets
fluctuation. Last year the Companys turnover was only $ 11.8 million accounting for 86.1% of
the target and decreasing $ 19982 million in comparison with that in 1998.The enterprises
supremacy is to produce handicraft goods for export. Many enterprises, however, had to undergo
hardship as a result of the effect of regional financial crisis. The export value as well as the
import turnover of the handicraft output decreased by nearly 30% in comparison with that in
1998.This was the main factor leading to the fall of the enterprises turnover. In this context, the
Company turned to purchasing and exporting agricultural products, especially the new ones
including coffee, silk along with chili, salt, peanuts, garlic. That helped to make export
turnover reach $ 7.5 million, 0.8 million higher than that in 1998.
70
REFERENCES

Bronte, E. 1995. Withering Heights. Oxford University Press, London UK.

Butler, O. 1993. A Good Scent From A Strange Mountain.Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, UK.

Clark, A. 1976. The Secret Of The Andes. Penguin Group, Maryland, USA.

Grisham, J. 1999. A Time To Kill. Penguin Readers Ltd Original Publishing House, Maryland,
USA.

Hailey, A. 1999. Airport. Penguin Books, Maryland, USA.

Hawthorn, N. 2000. The Scarlet Letter. Penguin Group, Maryland, USA.

Lawrence, D. 1999. British And American Short Stories. Penguin Ltd, Maryland, USA.

London, J. 1994. The Call Of The Wild. Penguin Group, Maryland, USA.

Lowry, L. 1989. Number The Stars. Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Maryland, USA.

Shelley, Mary. 1988. Frankenstein. Oxford University Press, London, UK

Spack, R. 1999. International Story. Ho Chi Minh City Publishing House, HCM City, Vietnam.

Thomson, A. 1989. A Practical English Grammar. Oxford University Press, London, UK







CONTENTS

Introduction 1

Chapter 1: GENERAL ECONOMIC ISSUES 2
Lesson 1 2
Lesson 2 5
Lesson 3 7
Lesson 4 9
Lesson 5 11
Lesson 6 13
Lesson 7 15
Lesson 8 18
Lesson 9 22
Chapter 2: STRATEGIES FOR ECONOMIC GROWTH 28
Lesson 10 28
Lesson 11 30
Lesson 12 32
Lesson 13 35
Lesson 14 38
Lesson 15 39
Lesson 16 41
Lesson 17 45
Lesson 18 49
Lesson 19 52
Lesson 20 54
Lesson 21 57


References 60
Thng tin v tc gi ca gio trnh:
- H v tn: Nguyn Vn Tun
- Sinh nm: 1963
- C quan cng tc: T Bin-phin dch, Khoa Ting Anh, Trng i hc Ngoi
Ng Hu
- a ch email: tuannguyen11863@yahoo.com

Phm vi v i tng s dng gio trnh:
- Gio trnh Translation 4 ch yu s dng dy cho sinh vin ngnh Ting Anh,
chuyn ngnh S phm v Bin phin dch. Gio trnh ny cn c th dng dy
hoc dng nh ngun tham kho cho sinh vin ngnh Quc t hc, Vit Nam hc.
- Gio trnh c th dng cho cc trng i hc ngoi ng, i hc s phm ngoi
ng.
- Yu cu kin thc trc lc hc mn ny:
hc tt mn ny, ngi hc cn c trnh ting Anh t Intermediate tr ln
v c li din t ting Vit r rng, chnh xc. Ngoi ra ngi hc cn phi c k
nng c hiu, tra cu, phn tch v vit vn bn tt. Ngi hc cn phi chun b
lng t vng nht nh lin quan n ch im kinh t tip cn, hiu v dch
vn bn v ch ny tt hn.
- Cc t kha tra cu:
General economic issues, food production, highlands economic development,
planning, decentralized development, joint-stock company, market mechanism,
startegies for economic growth, eco-tourism, sustainable management.
- Gio trnh cha c xut bn, nhng c s dng lm gio trnh ging dy
trong chng trnh o to c nhn s phm ting Anh ca i hc Ngoi ng
Hu v chng trnh elearning ca i hc Hu.