COMPLEX NUMBER
CLASS XI
CPQ
COMPLEX NUMBER
If 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 be a complex number. Then 𝑅𝑒(𝑧) = 𝑎 and 𝐼𝑚 (𝑧) = 𝑏
CONJUGATE OF COMPLEX NUMBER
If 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 be a complex number. Then 𝑧̅ = 𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏 is the conjugate of 𝑧
Properties of Conjugate of Complex Number
Let 𝑧, 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 be the complex numbers, then
(i) (𝑧̿) = 𝑧
(ii) 𝑧 + 𝑧̅ = 2𝑅𝑒(𝑧)
(iii) 𝑧 − 𝑧̅ = 2𝑖 𝐼𝑚(𝑧)
(iv) if 𝑧 = 𝑧̅ then 𝑧 is purely real
(v) if 𝑧 + 𝑧̅ = 0 then 𝑧 is purely imaginary
(vi) 𝑧𝑧̅ = {𝑅𝑒(𝑧)}2 + {𝐼𝑚(𝑧)}2
(vii) ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 𝑧̅1 + 𝑧̅2
(viii) ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 𝑧̅1 − 𝑧̅2
(ix) 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑧̅1 𝑧̅2
̅̅̅̅̅̅
( 𝑧̅1 ) = ̅̅̅
𝑧 𝑧1
̅̅̅
(x) , 𝑧2 ≠ 0
2 𝑧 2
1|P a ge
MODULUS OF A COMPLEX NUMBER
If 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 be a complex number. Then modulus of 𝑧 is given by |𝑧| = √𝑎2 + 𝑏2
Properties of Conjugate of Complex Number
Let 𝑧, 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 be the complex numbers, then
(i) if |𝑧| = 0 then this implies that 𝑅𝑒(𝑧) = 𝐼𝑚(𝑧) = 0
(ii) |𝑧| = |𝑧̅| = |−𝑧|
(iii) −|𝑧| ≤ 𝑅𝑒(𝑧) ≤ |𝑧|; −|𝑧| ≤ 𝐼𝑚(𝑧) ≤ |𝑧|
(iv) 𝑧𝑧̅ = |𝑧|2
(v) |𝑧1 𝑧2 | = |𝑧1 ||𝑧2 |
𝑧 |𝑧1 |
(vi) | 1| = | ; |𝑧2| ≠ 0
𝑧2 𝑧2 |
(vii) |𝑧1 + 𝑧2 |2 = |𝑧1 |2 + |𝑧2 |2 + 2𝑅𝑒(𝑧1 𝑧̅2 )
(viii) |𝑧1 − 𝑧2 |2 = |𝑧1 |2 + |𝑧2 |2 − 2𝑅𝑒(𝑧1 𝑧̅2 )
(ix) |𝑧1 + 𝑧2 |2 + |𝑧1 − 𝑧2 |2 = 2(|𝑧1 |2 + |𝑧2 |2 )
𝑧1
(x) If |𝑧1 + 𝑧2 |2 = |𝑧1 |2 + |𝑧2 |2 then is purely imaginary
𝑧2
(xi) |𝑧1 + 𝑧2 | ≤ |𝑧1 | + |𝑧2 |
(xii) |𝑧1 − 𝑧2 | ≤ |𝑧1 | + |𝑧2 |
(xiii) |𝑧1 + 𝑧2 | ≥ |𝑧1 | − |𝑧2 |
(xiv) |𝑧1 − 𝑧2 | ≥ |𝑧1 | − |𝑧2 |
2|P a ge
RECIPROCAL OF A COMPLEX NUMBER
If 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 be a complex number. Then reciprocal of complex number 𝑧 is given by
1 𝑧̅ 𝑧̅
= =|
𝑧 𝑧𝑧̅ 𝑧|2
Very Important Observation
If |𝑧| = 1 then, since 𝑧𝑧̅ = |𝑧|2
Therefore 𝑧𝑧̅ = 1
1 1
Hence 𝑧̅ = or 𝑧=
𝑧 𝑧̅
ARGUMENT OF COMPLEX NUMBER
If 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 be a complex number. Then the angle θ which is made joining 𝑧 and origin and
measured in anticlockwise direction from positive direction of X – axis is called the Argument
or Amplitude of complex number 𝑧. It is denoted by arg(𝑧)
Principal value of Argument of Complex Number
The angle θ such that −𝜋 < θ ≤ 𝜋 is called the Principal Argument of complex number 𝑧
Algorithm for finding Principal Argument of Complex Number
𝑏
Step I: Find the value of tan−1 | | lying between 0 and 𝜋/2 . Let that be θ
𝑎
Step II: Find in which quadrant the 𝑧 is lying
Step III: If 𝑧 lies if first quadrant then arg(𝑧) = θ
Step IV: If 𝑧 lies if second quadrant then arg(𝑧) = 𝜋 − θ
Step V: If 𝑧 lies if third quadrant then arg(𝑧) = −(𝜋 − 𝜃) or 𝜋 + θ
Step VI: If 𝑧 lies if fourth quadrant then arg(𝑧) = −θ or arg(𝑧) = 2𝜋 − θ
Properties of Argument of Complex Number
Let 𝑧, 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 be the complex numbers, then
(i) arg(𝑧̅) = − arg(𝑧)
(ii) arg(𝑧1 𝑧2 ) = arg(𝑧1 ) + arg(𝑧2 )
(iii) arg(𝑧1 𝑧̅2 ) = arg(𝑧1 ) − arg(𝑧2 )
(iv) arg(𝑧1 /𝑧2 ) = arg(𝑧1 ) − arg(𝑧2 )
POLAR FORM OF COMPLEX NUMBER
If 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 be a complex number. Then Polar form of 𝑧 = 𝑟(cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)
3|P a ge
CUBE ROOT OF UNITY
If 𝑧 = 11/3 be a cube root of unity. Then 1, 𝜔, 𝜔2 are the cube roots of unity.
Properties of Cube Roots of Unity
−1+√3𝑖 −1−√3𝑖
Let 1, 𝜔, 𝜔2 be the cube roots of unity where 𝜔 = 2
and 𝜔2 = 2
(i) 𝜔3 = 1
(ii) 1 + 𝜔 + 𝜔2 = 0
4|P a ge
