AG 39201: Farm Machinery Laboratory (0-0-3)
Agricultural and Food Engineering Department
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Laboratory 4: Study and Performance Testing of Patternator Spray Distribution and
Ultrasonic Sensor Controlled Sprayer
A. Scope:
The scope of this laboratory experiment involves studying and testing two key components of
modern agricultural spraying systems. The students will examine ultrasonic sensor-controlled
spraying technology, which automatically adjusts spray rates based on real-time distance
measurements. This experiment provides practical experience with both traditional spray
analysis methods and modern precision agriculture technologies used in variable rate
application systems.
1. Patternator Spray (Spray Distribution Measurement)
It is a specialized testing apparatus used to evaluate spray distribution patterns from agricultural
nozzles. It consists of multiple collection tubes arranged across the spray width to capture and
measure spray volume at different positions. It is used to assess spray uniformity, nozzle
discharge, spray pattern, droplet spectrum, identify distribution irregularities, and determine
the coefficient of variation across the spray width. The patternator enables quantitative analysis
of how factors like nozzle wear, pressure variations, and boom height affect spray pattern
quality. This testing is essential for optimizing sprayer performance, ensuring uniform chemical
application, and minimizing crop damage or environmental impact from uneven spray
distribution.
Fig. 1: Patternator setup
2. Ultrasonic Sensor Based Sprayer (Sensor‑Controlled Application)
Ultrasonic sensor-controlled sprayers utilize sound wave technology to detect crop canopy
presence and height in real-time. The ultrasonic sensors emit high-frequency sound pulses that
reflect off vegetation, measuring distance to determine canopy density and structure. This
information is processed by a microcontroller that automatically activates solenoid valves to
control spray application only when crops are detected. The system includes ultrasonic sensors
mounted on the boom, a central microcontroller unit, electronically-controlled solenoid valves
for each nozzle section, a PTO-driven pump, spray nozzles, and chemical tank. This precision
technology significantly reduces chemical waste, minimizes environmental impact, and
ensures targeted application by eliminating spraying over bare ground or gaps in crop rows.
Fig. 2: Image of tractor-operated ultrasonic sprayer
B. Objectives:
1. To study the working principles of the patternator spray distribution system and the
ultrasonic sensor-based sprayer.
2. To measure spray pattern, distribution uniformity, and evaluate field performance
parameters of the ultrasonic sprayer.
C. Observations: (to be submitted with lab report)
Table 1: Technical Specifications of Patternator Spray System
S. No. Particulars Values
1 Overall dimensions (L × B × H), mm
2 Nozzle type
3 Number of nozzles
4 Operating pressure (kPa)
5 Total number of trays
6 Pump type and drive
7 Tank capacity (L)
Table 2: Technical Specifications of Ultrasonic Sensor Based Sprayer
S. No. Particulars Values
1 Make and model
2 Overall dimensions (L × B × H), mm
3 Sensor type & range (m)
4 Nozzle type & cone angle (°)
5 Number of nozzles per side
6 Operating pressure (kPa)
7 PTO speed (rev/min)
8 Tank capacity (L)
9 Power transmission system (PTO to pump)
Table 3: Performance Test Patternator
Nozzle1 Volume in beakers (mL)
Pressure 1 2 ... ………. n
(psi)
P1
P2
P3
Nozzle2 Volume in beakers (mL)
Pressure 1 2 ... ………. n
(psi)
P1
P2
P3
D. Questions:
1. Explain different types of sprayers used in agriculture. What are the nozzle types used in
the conventional sprayers, and state their difference.
2. What is the importance of a patternator in spray analysis?
3. Draw the histogram chart for Table 3, and calculate average volume, swath width, standard
deviation, coefficient of variation, spray angle, and discharge rate. Justify the variation in
results for different pressures.
4. Write the working principle of an ultrasonic sensor-based sprayer. Provide your ideas to
make it more mechanized and user-friendly.
5. Write a paragraph on the agricultural spraying issue in your area.
