2023 AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING

BOARD EXAM REVIEWER

SPRAYING AND DUSTING

EQUIPMENT
by

Engr. Alexis T. Belonio, MS

Agricultural and Biosystems Engineer
ASEAN Engineer

VOLUME 3 – AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY AND

MECHANIZATION
Disclaimer

Photos, illustrations and schematic diagrams of equipment or machine parts are shown in the
presentation solely for educational purposes to facilitate comprehension of the topics by the students.
Showing them does not endorse a product nor imply criticism of similar products not mentioned.
 PRIMARY FUNCTIONS OF SPRAYER
☐ Breaks liquid droplets of effective size.
☐ Distributes the droplets uniformly over the surface or space to
be protected.
☐ Regulates the amount of chemical solution in order to avoid
excessive application that may be harmful or wasteful to the
plants.
 TERMINOLOGIES

☐ Application Rate – amount of any

material applied per unit treated.
☐ Active Ingredient Rate – amount of
active ingredient applied per unit treated,
expressed in terms of mass per relevant
unit treated. Examples: kg a.i./ha; mg
a.i./m3; mg a.i./plant or animal.
☐ Formulation Rate – amount of
chemical formulation applied per unit
treated. Examples: kg/ha; mg/m3;
mg/plant or animals.
☐ Spray Rate – amount of spray liquid
applied per unit treated. Examples:
liter/ha; ml/m3; ml/ plant or animals.
☐ Deposit Rate – amount of
any material deposited per unit
area.
☐ Drift – movement of
chemicals outside the intended
target area by air mass
transport diffusion.
☐ Formulation – form of a
chemical that is supplied to the
user, including both the active
and the inert ingredients.
 CLASSIFICATIONS OF SPRAYER

☐ Hand Sprayer –manually

operated by driving a pump,
usually by hand.
• Compressed-air sprayer
• Knapsack sprayer
☐ Power Sprayer –
mechanically driven by an
engine or a motor. In large
scale sprayer with boom, tractor
PTO is used as power source.
• Hydraulic or field sprayer
• Hydro-pneumatic sprayer
• Blower sprayer
 COMPRESSED-AIR SPRAYER

☐ Simple in design and operation and is not too expensive to buy and
maintain.
☐ Particularly useful for spot and small-area application.
☐ Tank capacity is usually 7.5 to 15 liters and nozzle operating
pressure is up to 3.5 kg/cm2.
 KNAPSACK SPRAYER

☐ Carried at the back by means of shoulder straps.

☐ Simple in design and operation and relatively cheap to buy
and maintain.
☐ Capacity is up to 22.5 liters and capable to operate at a
pressure of 4.2 to 5.4 kg/cm2.
☐ Useful for boom spraying when series of four nozzles or more
are operating at the same time.
PARTS OF HAND-OPERATED SPRAYER

Hand Lever
Tank

Shoulder Strap

Pump

Cutoff Valve Spray Hose

Spray Nozzle
Extension
Spray Tube
 CALIBRATING HAND-OPERATED
SPRAYER
☐ Prepare the sprayer
☐ Determine the walking speed
☐ Determine the width of spray or swath
☐ Calculate the area sprayed
☐ Calculate the application rate
☐ Calculate the liquid herbicides or insecticides to mix in each
spryer per load.
 POWER SPRAYER
☐ Power sprayer – a spraying apparatus that transports or
operates with a power source such as tractor, small engine, or
electric motor.
☐ Usually uses plunger or piston pumps.
☐ Usually operates at a pressure of under 40 kg/cm2.
BASIC PARTS OF POWER SPRAYER
 PARTS DEFINITION
☐ Agitator – A rotating device located
inside the hopper of gravity flow
applicators and broadcasts spreader
that enhances the delivery of granules
to the adjustable orifice.
☐ Drop Tube – A conduit either plastic,
metal, or rubber that directs granule
flow of a granular applicator from the
metering device to the target.
☐ Rotor – A metering device used in
positive displacement of granular
applicator that regulates flow rate by
displacing a fixed rate per revolution.
 TYPES OF SPRAYER NOZZLE

☐ Cone-Type Nozzle – consists of

tip and core or swirl plate. Usually
operates between 40-60 psi. It is
lever operated.
☐ Fan-Type Nozzle – the shape of
the hole is responsible for the
shape of the spray and the angled
form.
☐ Impact-Type Nozzle –
Pressurized liquid passes through
the nozzle orifice which is relatively
large and strikes the angled face.
Spray Pattern
 SPRAY CLASSIFICATION

☐ Aerosol – Distribution of droplets is £50 um.

☐ Mist – Distribution of droplets is >50 um and £100 um.
☐ Fine Spray – Distribution of droplets is >100 um and £400
um.
☐ Medium Spray – Distribution of droplets is >400 um and
£1200 um.
☐ Course Spray – Distribution of droplets is >1200 um.
HOSE-END SPRAYERS
METHODS OF APPLICATION OF CHEMICAL

☐ Banded Application – Distribution of chemical in parallel bands

leaving the area between the bands free of chemicals.
☐ Basal Application – Application of chemical into the base of the
plant.
☐ Broadcast Application – Application of chemical over an entire
area of a field.
☐ Directed Application – Application of chemical to a specific
area, such as row bed or base of the plant.
☐ Foliar Application – Application of chemical to the stems, fruits,
leaves, or needles of the plant.
☐ Spot Treatment – Application of chemical to a small restricted
area, usually to control the spread of pest.
AEROSOL GENERATOR OR FOGGER
☐ Aerosol generator or fogger - a mechanical or thermal device
that produces a liquid dispersion having a volume median
diameter of <50 um. A fog machine sprays liquid-type
chemicals as an aerosol. It is classified into cold-fog machine
by generating process of fog.
 Duster
Compressed-air from the fan is guided to the bottom of the tank
to agitate the powder of granules. Due to pressure difference at
the throat in the discharge pipe, the air with a powder or granules
is conveyed to the discharge pipe.
 REFERENCES

☐ ASAE. ASAE Standards 1997. Standard Engineering

Practices and Data.The Society for engineering in agricultural,
food, and biological systems. 2950 Niles Road, St. Joseph, MI
USA. 978pp.
☐ Hunt, D. and D. Wilson. 2016. Farm Power and Machinery
Management. 11th Edition. Waveland Press, Inc. Long Groove,
Illinois. 360pp.
☐ Hunt, D. 1983. Farm power and Machinery. 8th edition. The
Iowa State University Press. Ames, Iowa. 352pp.
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS
1. Process of applying
chemicals to agricultural crops.
a. Fertilizing
b. Spraying
c. Dusting
d. None of the above
2. Equipment that breaks the
liquid droplets to an effective
size and distributes them
uniformly over the surface or
space to be protected, and
regulates the amount of
chemical solution to avoid
excessive application that
might prove harmful or
wasteful.
a. Duster
b. Sprayer
c. All of the above
d. None of the above
3. When calibrating a sprayer,
an Agricultural Engineer ____.
a. measures the diameter of
its tank
b. cleans the nozzles
c. measures and adjusts its
application rate
d. None of the above
4. Amount of any material
applied per unit treated.
a. Application rate
b. Active ingredient rate
c. Formulation rate
d. None of the above
5. Amount of chemical
formulation applied per unit
treated.
a. Application rate
b. Active ingredient rate
c. Formulation rate
d. None of the above
6. Primary factor that affects the 9. Which of the following is a
performance of the sprayer. primary function of sprayer?
a. Spray-particle size a. Break liquid droplets to effective
b. Spraying time size.
c. Spray materials b. Distribute the droplets uniformly
d. None of the above over the surface or space to be
protected.
7. Amount of spray liquid per unit c. Regulate the amount of chemical
treated. solution to avoid excessive
a. Deposit rate application that might prove harmful
b. Active ingredient rate or wasteful.
c. Spray rate d. All of the above
d. None of the above
10. Sprayer apparatus consisting of
8. Unit for spray rate is ____. pressure source as well as
a. mg a.i./plant or animal controlling and specifically
b. mg/plant or animal employing an over-the-crop boom
c. ml/plant or animal with automizer arranged in order to
d. None of the above provide uniform coverage of the
treated surfaces.
a. Boom sprayer
b. Knapsack sprayer
c. Compressed-air sprayer
d. None of the above
11. A farmer wishes to spray his a. Knapsack sprayer
cotton plantation at a rate of 300 b. Aerosol generator
gallons per hectare. A 16-nozzle, c. Compressed-air sprayer
18in. apart, sprayer will be used. d. None of the above
The forward speed of the tractor is
5kph. Compute the field capacity of 14. Approximate pressure used in
the sprayer in hectare per hour. spraying weedicide.
a. 5.6 ha/hr a. 10-25 psi
b. 3.6 ha/hr b. 25-40 psi
c. 4.7 ha/hr c. 40-60 psi
d. None of the above d. None of the above

12. Type of hand sprayer that is 15. Amount of any material deposited
useful for boom spraying when per unit area.
series of four nozzles or more are a. Deposit rate
operating at the same time.
b. Active ingredient rate
a. Knapsack sprayer
c. Spray rate
b. Compressed-air sprayer
d. None of the above
c. Power sprayer
d. None of the above
16. Movement of chemicals outside
the intended target area by air mass
13. Mechanical or thermal device
transport diffusion.
that produces liquid dispersion with
a. Deposit rate
less than 50 um volume median
b. Formulation
diameter.
c. Drift
d. None of the above
17. Form of chemical supplied to
the user that includes both the
active and the inert ingredients.
a. Formulation
b. Drift
c. Deposit rate
d. None of the above
18. Which of the following are the
general classification of sprayers?
a. Hand-and-power sprayers
b. Compressed-air and knapsack
sprayers
c. All of the above
d. None of the above
19. Spraying apparatus that
transports or operates with power
such as tractor, small engine or
electric motor.
a. Knapsack sprayer
b. Compressed-air sprayer
c. Power sprayer
d. None of the above
20. Type of hand sprayer that is
particularly useful for spot and
small area application.
a. Knapsack sprayer
b. Compressed-air sprayer
c. Power sprayer
d. None of the above
21. Capacity and the nozzle
operating pressure of a knapsack
sprayer are____.
a. 7.5 to 15 liters & 3.5 kg/cm2
b. 17 liters & 3.8 to 4.0 kg/cm2
c. 22.5 liters & 4.2 to 5.4 kg/cm2
d. None of the above
22. Power sprayer usually operates
at a pressure ____.
a. under 40 kg/cm2
b. at 40 kg/cm2
c. above 40 kg/cm2
d. None of the above