Machine and equipments for Plant

protection
Chemical control of weed, pest and diseases

Chemical pesticide have played and will continue to

play a major role in the rapid advancement of
agricultural production. Crop quality and yield have
been improve and the use of chemical herbicide
has greatly reduce labor requirement for weed
control. But the widespread use of pesticide has
resulted in some serious environmental and health
problem. These problem are of direct concern to
both the user and equipment designer.
Methods of weed, pest and diseases control

• Mechanical control
• Chemical control
• Biological control
• Agronomical control
• Bio-physical control
• Fire as control
 Chemical application methods
• Spraying
• Dusting
• Granular application
 What is sprayer ?
• Sprayer is a machine used to applied liquid
chemicals to the plants to control pest and
diseases
• It can also be used to apply herbicide to
control weed and to spray micronutrients to
enhance the plant growth
 Functions
• Breaking the fine solution into fine droplets of
effective size
• Distributing the droplets uniformly over the
plants
• Appling the chemical with sufficient pressure
for positive reaching the plants
• Regulating the amount of liquid applied on
plants to avoid excessive application
 Qualities
• It should produced steady stream of spray
material in desired droplet size so that the plant
to be treated may be covered uniformly
• It should delivered the liquid in sufficient
pressure so that the spray solution reach all the
foliage and spread uniformly over the plant
body
• It should be light in weight yet sufficiently
strong, easily workable and reliable
 Types of Sprayers
• Bucket type sprayer
• Knapsack sprayer
 Manually pressurized
 Motorized mist blower cum duster
• Rocker sprayer
• Foot or pedal sprayer
• Compression sprayer
• Hand atomizer
• Engine powered sprayer
• Air plane sprayers
 Bucket type sprayer

This equipment consist of a

single or double acting
pump which may be placed
into any ordinary bucket
containing spray solution.
This pump is mostly made
of brass. It is very light and
easy to handled and
develops sufficient
pressure to spray small
garden and low trees.
Knapsack sprayer
 Hand compression sprayer

• Suited for applying

chemical for field crops
and lawn
• Capacity 10 to 12 liters
• Built pressure in the
tank 2.0 to 3.5 kg per sq
cm
• Application rate: 45
liters to 100 liters per
hectare
Construction of compression sprayer
 Hand atomizer

This is a smallest type of hand

sprayer used to treat the
plants in home garden or in
nursery and to apply fly spray
in the house. In this
instrument, compressed air is
allowed to pass over the end
of the tube of which the other
end dips into the spray
material. Blowing air sucks the
material through the tube and
blow it out of the nozzel as a
mist
 Engine powered sprayer

These machine are usually

portable type. Since the spray
pump is driven by an engine,
there is no variation in output
pressure and performance of
the sprayer. Sometimes power
sprayers are operated by the
power take off (PTO)shaft of
the tractor being pull by it.
Tractor mounted PTO operated
sprayers are also available.
Mostly the gear pump is used
in these sprayers.
 Air plane sprayer
Either centrifugal pump or a gear
pump is used to force to supply
liquid through the nozzels. The
pressure at which these pumps
work would be about 3.0 to 8.5 kg
per sq. cm. The pump gets its drive
from a wind driven propeller having
4 or 6 blades. Sometimes the
spraying liquid is allowed to flow by
gravity. In order to reduce the dead
load, aluminum tanks are used to
store the liquid. Depending upon
the size of plane, tank capacity may
range between 450 to 2200 liters.
Technique of spraying
Types of insecticide, herbicide and pesticide

• Contact and
• Systemic
A contact insecticide is one
that is harmful, damaging
or lethal to the target
insect when chemical is
absorbed through direct
contact. They may be
organic, inorganic or
natural insecticides which
leave behind toxic residue;
these chemical include
most fogger and aerosols.
Unlike other pesticide
which remains on the
surface of treated
foliage, systemic
pesticides are taken up
by the plant and
transported to all the
tissues (leaves, flower,
stem and roots as well
as pollen and nectar)
Spry pattern of nozzles and their
effectiveness
 Classification of spraying (application by
volume)
• High volume spraying: more than 400 litters of
spray liquid per hectare is used
• Low volume spraying: spray volume ranges
between 5 to 400 liters per hectare
• Ultra low volume (ULV): all technique in which
less than 5 liters per hectare is applied