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The most common rice crop maintenance machineries

are:

CROP MAINTENANCE MACHINERY AND  Sprayer,

EQUIPMENT OPERATIONS  Irrigation Pump,
 Weeder, and
 FertilizerApplicators.

Sprayer The main function of the sprayer is

Sprayer is a machine to apply fluids in the form of  To break the liquid droplets of effective size.
droplets. Sprayer is used for the following purpose:  To distribute them uniformly over the plants.
 Application of herbicides to remove weeds.  To regulate the amount of liquid to avoid
 Application of fungicides to minimize fungus excessive application.
diseases.
 Application of insecticides to control insect
pests.
 Application of micro nutrients on the plants.

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The common type of sprayer used for rice crop

maintenance is the Lever-Operated Knapsack
Sprayer (LOKS).

This type of sprayer is

operated manually with a
lever and can be carried
on the back of an
operator for spraying

Parts of Lever-Operated Knapsack Sprayer

Basic Components of Sprayer

Components of a sprayer are as Nozzle Body - It is the main component on which
follows: other component of a nozzle fit.
Swirl Plate - It is the part of a cone nozzle which
1. Nozzle body 9. Drop legs imparts rotation to the liquid passing through it.
2. Swirl plate 10. Nozzle boss Spray Gun - It is a lance from which spray is readily
3. Filter 11. Nozzle disc adjustable during the operation.
4. Over-flow pipe 12. Nozzle cap Spray Boom - It is a spray lance with spray nozzles
5. Relief valve 13. Nozzle tip fitted to a head, mounted at right angles to the lance.
6. Pressure regulator 14.Spray lance Filter - It is a component to remove suspended matter
7. Cut-off valve 15.Spray gun larger than a predetermined size from fluid.
8. Spray boom

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Over-flow Pipe - It is a conduit through which excess
fluid from a pump is by-passed by the action of a relief
valve or pressure regulator.
Relief Valve - It is an automatic device to control the
pressure of fluid or gas within range a predetermined
value.
Pressure Regulator - It is an automatic device to
control the pressure of fluid or gas within a range of
settings.
Cut-off Valve - It is a mechanism between the pump
and the nozzle to control the flow of liquid from the
sprayer. This is operated by hand.
Nozzle Disc - It is component containing the final
orifice of a nozzle usually a cone nozzle.
Nozzle Boss - It is a lug on spray boom or spray lance
to which a nozzle body or cap is screwed.
Nozzle Tip - It is component containing the final orifice
of a nozzle usually a fan nozzle.
Spray Lance - A hand-held pipe through which the
liquid reaches the nozzle mounted at the free end.

Type of Sprayer
High Volume Sprayer
 The dilute liquids are applied by hydraulic
 High volume spray (more than 400 liters machines.
spray/ha)
 Low volume spray (5 to 400 liters, per hectare)
 Ultra low volume (ULV) spray (less than 5 liters
spray/ha).

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Low Volume Sprayer Knapsack Sprayer

 It uses air stream from a fan as carrier with small
quantities of liquid.
 They are carried at the back by means of
shoulder straps.
 Simple in design and operation and relatively
cheap to buy and maintain.
 Capacity is up to 22.5 liters and capable to
operate at a pressure of 4.2 to 5.4 kg/cm2.
 They are useful for boom spraying when series
of four nozzles or more are operating at the
same time.

Ultra Low Volume Sprayer

The sprayer has a motor powered by 6 to 12 volt
battery and is attached with a spinning disc, having
grooves or teeth and rotates at a very high revolution
per minute (4000-9000). The spinning disc receives the
concentrated chemical from a plastic container having a
capacity of 1 liter (approx).Average droplet size
varies between 35-100 micron. It is used for application
of weedicide and for spraying small trees and crops.
Ultra Low Volume Sprayer

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Application Rate
 The amount of any material applied per unit
treated.
Active Ingredient Rate
 The amount of active ingredient applied per unit
treated expressed in terms of mass per relevant
unit treated. Example, kg a.i./ha, mg a.i./m3, mg
a.i./plant or animal.
Drift
 The movement of chemicals outside the intended
target area by air mass transport diffusion.
Formulation
 The form of a chemical that is supplied of the
user, and which includes both the active and the
inert ingredients.
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Formulation Rate
 The amount of chemical formulation applied per
unit treated. Example kg/ha, mg/m3, mg/plant or
animals.
Spray Rate
 The amount of spray liquid applied per unit
treated. Example, liter/ha, ml/ plant or animals.
Deposit Rate
 The amount of any material deposited per unit
area.
Nozzles
Sprayer nozzles serve three important functions:
 break the liquid into droplets,
 spread the droplets in a specific pattern
 help regulate the rate of sprayer output.
Most sprayers use interchangeable nozzles. There are
many types of nozzles with different combinations of
output capacity, spray pattern and operating pressure.
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Parts of Nozzle
Hollow Cone Nozzles
 used for spraying agricultural
crops (rice), especially if
wettable powders, flowables
and suspensions are used at
higher pressures.
Tapered Edge Flat Fan Nozzles
 Tapered edge flat fan nozzles
make a narrow oval pattern
with tapered ends.
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Solid Stream Nozzles
 used in handgun sprayers to spray directly for
livestock or nursery and tree pests.
Full or Solid Cone Nozzles
 used where dense foliage
requires a penetrating
spray.
Off-Center Nozzles
 Off-center nozzles produce a
wide flat spray which is off to
one side of the nozzle.
Nozzle Discharge
 The output from the nozzle depends upon:
• size of the nozzle opening.
• spray pressure.
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Even Flat Fan Nozzles
 Even flat fan nozzles make a
narrow oval pattern with a sharp
cutoff at the edge of the
pattern.
Flooding Nozzles
 They are usually operated at
low pressures to produce
large droplets.
4. Directed Application
 An application of chemical to a specific area
such as row bed or base of the plant.
5. FoliarApplication
 An application of a chemical to the steam, fruit,
leaves, or needles of the plant.
6. Spot Treatment
 An application of chemical to a small restricted
area usually to control the spread of pest.
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Methods of Application of Chemical
1. BandedApplication
 Distribution of chemical in a parallel bands
leaving the area between the bands free of
chemicals.
2. BasalApplication
 An application of chemical into the base of the
plant.
3. Broadcast Application
 An application of chemical over an entire area
of a field.
Sprayer Calibration
 The procedure of determining the performance
of a sprayer in terms of application under
different conditions is called calibration.
 Sprayers are calibrated when newly acquired
and at regular intervals.
 It is necessary to calibrate the sprayer before
operating in the field to get a predetermined
application rate of the equipment.
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Sample Problem Computation of SprayerApplication Rate Solution:

Walking in the rice field operating the sprayer with a spray Area covered by spray swath per minute
swath of 1 m, a person covers 20 m/min. If the nozzle = (1m)(20m/min)
discharge is 0.4 liter/min, what is the application rate per = 20m2/min
hectare? Time to finish 1 hectare
Given: = (1 ha)/(20m2 /min)
Swath = 1m = 500 min/ha
Walking Speed = 20 m/min Application Rate
Nozzle Discharge = 0.4 liter/min = (500 min/ha)(0.4 liter/min)
Required: = 200 li/ha
Application Rate

Irrigation Pump Two Most Common Types of Pump

 It a device that is used to lift or transfer water from
 Centrifugal Pump
one source to another.
 It a mechanical device using suction or pressure to
raise or move liquids. In the case of rice, pumps
are use to irrigation.
 Axial Pump

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Centrifugal Pump
 Type of pump with impellers rotating inside a
closed casing which draws water into the pump
through a central inlet opening and forces water
out through a discharge outlet at the periphery of
the housing by means of centrifugal force .

Centrifugal Pump System

Delivery Pipe

Delivery Pipe
Prime Mover
Prime Mover

Pump Pump

Suction Pipe
Belt Transmission

Centrifugal Pump System Centrifugal Pump System

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Axial Pump
Axial Pump
 Type of pump which develop most of the suction
and discharge head by propelling or lifting action of
the impeller vanes on the water.

End of Presentation

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