OPERATE THE SPRAYER

Sprayer fish
1. INTRODUCTION
A. Background

The main characteristics of modern agriculture are productivity, efficiency, quality

and continuity of supply which must always be increased and maintained. Our
agricultural products, including food crops (horticulture), fisheries, plantations and
livestock, face the world market which have been packaged with high quality and
have certain standards. Of course, these high quality products are produced through a
process that uses standard technology loads. Indonesia faces tough and sharp
competition not only in the world but even in the ASEAN region. Can we spur our
agriculture into a sector on par with our neighbors and the world?

The illustration above shows that the agricultural sector will remain important in the
economy and will continue to play a role in national development. Especially if the
integrated development discourse between agriculture, industry and trade is seen as
a unified entity system. The close relationship between agriculture and industry as
well as trade always demands the development of dynamic agricultural development
policies in line with the economic transformation that is taking place. In the rapidly
changing strategic environment, sharpening the direction of policy and development
planning during the reform period is so important.

With agricultural mechanization, it is hoped that the efficiency and productivity of

resource use can be increased. Through agricultural mechanization, timeliness in
agricultural activities can be further improved. Agriculture is an activity that depends
on the seasons. During the planting and harvesting seasons, the labor required is very
large. But at other times less labor is needed and this results in subtle unemployment.
With agricultural mechanization all agricultural activities can be completed in a more
timely manner so as to provide better results, in addition the use of agricultural tools
and machinery can also reduce saturation in the work of farmers and labor can be
allocated to carry out other farming businesses or activities in other sectors that is
more continuous.

However, not all technologies can be adopted and applied just like that because
agriculture in technology source countries has different characteristics from ours,
even the conditions of agricultural land in each region are also different. These
technologies must be studied, modified, developed, and then applied to our
agricultural systems. In this case, the role of institutions is very important, both in
innovation of agricultural tools and machines that meet the needs of farmers and in
community empowerment. These institutions are also needed to assess the social,
economic response of the community to technological innovations, and make
adjustments in agricultural mechanization policy making. This paper is a study of
agricultural mechanization with a focus on the institutional aspects of technology and
its relation to the performance of agribusiness systems and businesses.

1. Formulation of the problem

The problem formulation of this paper is as follows:

1. Definition of sprayer
2. What are the functions of the sprayer
3. Types of sprayers and their specifications
4. Sprayer parts and their operational functions
5. Instructions and equipment for sprayer operators

1. Definition of Sprayer

The sprayer is used to apply a certain amount of water-soluble active chemicals to

eradicate pests and diseases to the spray object (leaves, stalks, fruit) and the spray
target (pest-diseases). The efficiency and effectiveness of this sprayer is determined
by the quality and quantity of the active ingredient contained in each droplet
attached to the object and spray target.

Sprayer is a tool/machine that functions to break up a liquid, solution or suspension

into droplets or spray. Sprayer is a pesticide applicator tool that is indispensable in
the context of eradicating and controlling plant pests and diseases. Sprayer is also
defined as a pesticide applicator tool that is indispensable in the context of
eradicating and controlling plant pests & diseases. The performance of the sprayer is
very much determined by the suitability of the application droplet size that can be
released in a certain time unit so that it is in accordance with the provisions on the
use of the pesticide dose to be sprayed.

The results of several studies show that the type of sprayer that is widely used by
farmers in the field is the type of hand sprayer (pump type), but the results are less
effective, inefficient and easily damaged. The results of a study conducted by the
Ministry of Agriculture in 1997 in several places in Indonesia showed that the carry-
type sprayer was often damaged. The components of the sprayer that often
experience damage include: leaky pump tube, easily broken piston rod, leaky valve,
often torn rubber gasket, worn threads, broken supply hose, easily damaged nozzle
and sprayer faucet, broken carrying rope, corrosion welded joints. , etc. (Directorate
General of Food Crops, 1977). In addition to problems with the equipment, another
problem is that most of the pesticides applied are not in accordance (exceeds) the
recommended dose and this is one of the reasons for the sprayer design that does not
support the application (Mimin, et.al., 1992).

From the results of previous studies, it can be seen that the performance of the
electrostatic sprayer is better than other types of sprayers, but further modifications
are needed, especially in the power source (battery) and the droplet distribution
pattern so that the discharge is really controlled, the contact fluid carrier (contact
medium) is expensive. considering that not all chemicals can be applied using an
electrostatic sprayer. Another weakness is that the design is still not ergonomic
(heavy and less flexible) so it is a bit difficult to operate in the field. In addition, the
design of this electrostatic sprayer needs to be modified considering that the price or
production cost is still high when compared to other types of sprayers (especially the
knapsack sprayer), both local and imported. The results of research by Kusdiana
(1991) and Roni Kastaman (1992) show that the type of sprayer that can be considered
the best and meets the criteria for use desired by the user (generally farmers) is a
Microner or Electrostatic Sprayer.

Generally, the criteria that are prioritized by many users are the criteria for
guaranteeing the availability of spare parts, safety in the use of tools, economy,
capacity and practicality. Similarly, the conclusions from the research results of
Mimin et.al. (1992), namely that the best sprayer in terms of spraying performance is
the electrostatic sprayer and the worst is the hydraulic sprayer.

Pesticides used in plant cultivation are generally in liquid form and some are in
powder form, used to control weeds, pests and plant diseases. To apply liquid
pesticides, a sprayer is used, while for powder pesticides, a duster is used. In their
daily use, farmers often encounter problems such as usage techniques, as well as
repair and maintenance. Things like this will ultimately determine the level of
efficiency and effectiveness in its use.

Based on the power used, atomizers are divided into hand sprayers and high pressure
pumps. The performance of the sprayer is very much determined by the suitability of
the application droplet size that can be released in a certain time unit so that it is in
accordance with the provisions on the use of the pesticide dose to be sprayed
(Hidayat, 2001). The results of several studies show that the type of sprayer that is
widely used by farmers in the field is the type of hand sprayer (pump type), but the
results are less effective, inefficient and easily damaged. The results of a study
conducted by the Ministry of Agriculture in 1977 in several places in Indonesia showed
that the carry-type sprayer was often damaged. The components of the sprayer that
often experience damage include: leaky pump tube, easily broken piston rod, leaky
valve, often torn rubber gasket, worn threads, broken supply hose, easily damaged
nozzle and sprayer faucet, broken carrying strap, corrosion welded joints. , etc. In
addition to problems with the equipment, another problem is that most pests are
recommended and this is one of them caused by the sprayer design that does not
support the application.

1. Sprayer Function

The main function of the sprayer is to break the sprayed liquid into small droplets and
distribute it evenly on the protected object.

1. The specific uses of the sprayer are as follows:

o Spraying insecticides to prevent and eradicate pests.

o Spraying fungicides to prevent and eradicate disease.

o Spraying herbicides to prevent and eradicate weeds.

o Spraying liquid fertilizer.

o Spraying hormone fluids on plants for certain purposes.

2. Sprayer Purpose

To be able to calibrate and determine the amount of solvent for the needs of certain
plant cultivation.

1. Types of Sprayers and Their Specifications

sprayer pump :

1. Based on driving force

2. Hand Operated Sprayer

o Atomizer (Hand sprayer)

o Automatic sprayer (Compressed air sprayer)

o Semi-automatic sprayer (Knapsack sprayer)

o Bucket sprayer

o Barrel sprayer

o Wheel barrow sprayer

o Slide pump sprayer

1. Motorized Sprayer (Power Sprayer)

o Hydraulic sprayer

o Blower sprayer

o Hydro pneumatic sprayer

o Aerosol generator

2. Based on the sprayer pump

3. Air pressure pump, which pumps air into the liquid tank and presses
the liquid into the nozzle.

o Automatic sprayer (Compressed air sprayer)

o Hydro pneumatic sprayer

1. The liquid pump is pumping the liquid directly into the nozzle.

o Semi-automatic sprayer

o Bucket sprayer
o Barrel sprayer

o Wheel barrow sprayer

o Slide pump sprayer

o Power hydraulic sprayer

1. Air blower pump

o Atomizer (Hand sprayer)

o Power blower sprayer

The types of sprayers used in the field are:

1. a) Home hold sprayer (for household needs)

2. b) Knapsack-sprayer with compressed air pump
3. c) Constant pressure knapsack sprayer with plunger pump
4. d) Bucket sprayer (bucket sprayer)
5. e) Barrel sprayer (barrel sprayer), and Wheel barrow sprayer (wheel
sprayer)

Handsprayer Specifications

In general, the specifications of the atomizer include technical data regarding:

ü Tank volume: 10 – 20 L

ü Tank capacity: 8 – 16 L

ü Tank strength: 10-15 kg / cm2 ( 140 - 200 psi)

ü Construction material: stainless steel plate

 1. Sprayer Parts And Their Operational Functions

The main parts of a sprayer in general include a nozzle, pump, distribution pipe,
filter, liquid tank and some are equipped with a pressure gauge and spray regulating
valve. Of the parts above, the nozzle is the most important part.

The nozzle is the part of the sprayer that determines the characteristics of the spray;
i.e. discharge, spray angle, closure width, spray pattern, and resulting spread
pattern. Nozzles are made in various designs. Each typical type of liquid droplets is
produced by a distinctive nozzle according to needs.

Type :

o Centrifugal nozzle is the most common form of nozzle, made with a wide spray
angle and with various models of spraying patterns and capacities.

o Flooding nozzle, which produces a spray with a burst model. This nozzle is also
called a fan spray nozzle.

o Two-fluid atomizer which produces very fine droplets and avoids wasting liquid, but
requires more energy than other types.

o Rotary atomizer is used for large jobs, spraying large amounts of liquid with
centrifugal force and has a 360o distribution pattern .

Nozzle components :

o Body

o Filter

o nozzle (nozzle tips), and nozzle cap

There are several types of nozzles on the sprayer , namely:

o Hallow cone nozzle

The way that is pulled into the nozzle is centrifuged until the distribution of the liquid
droplets will take the form of a ring. The size of the sprayer, unless determined by
the applied pressure, is also determined by the applied pressure, which is also
determined by the centrifuge distance of the liquid. The longer the centrifuge
trajectory, the larger the spray size, but the smaller the diameter of the dispersion of
the sprayer grains. The advantage of using this nozzle is that a uniform spray grain
size distribution can be obtained.

o Solid cone nozzle

This nozzle is a modification of the halo cone nozzle. The principle of spray formation
is almost the same as the hollo cone nozzle, but the solid cone nozzle is given an
additional internal axiat jet of the right size which will hit the liquid in the rotating
nozzle. With this beating the liquid will become more turbulent and the liquid flow
will be destroyed, leaving the nozzle in the form of spray droplets, with the
distribution in a full circle.

o Fan type nozzle

This type is made by making a smooth cut or channel that crosses the outer surface of
the arifice plate. This shape causes the liquid leaving the nozzle to form a thin sheet
like a fan, which will then break up into spray droplets, with the distribution taking
the form of a full ellipse. The disadvantage of this nozzle is that it has an uneven
liquid grain size. Especially at the end of the spraying edge, there is a large collection
of grain sizes. This type of nozzle is mostly used in low pressure sprayers (20-100 psi)
for herb control.

Based on the working principle, this carrying type sprayer has the following main
parts :

o Tank made of stainless plate material, to hold liquid.

o The pump unit, which consists of a pump cylinder, a leather piston.

o Pump shaft, for pumping liquid.

o Spray line, consisting of a faucet, rubber hose, valve and pipe with a nozzle at the
end.
o Manometer, to measure the air pressure in the tank.

o Carrying belt.

o Rubber hose.

o Pump pistons.

o Control valve for liquid flow out of the tank.

o Control valve for the flow of pressurized liquid exiting the rubber hose.

o The barrel of the channel for the flow of pressurized liquid from the hose to the
nozzle

o Nozzle, to break up liquid into fine particles

Image : part

1. Instructions and Equipment for Sprayer Operators

In spraying, the things that must be considered when applying pesticides in the field
are:

1. The air at the time of spraying should allow for, among other
things, calm conditions (not windy) and the air is still cold, for
example in the morning or evening.
2. The use of the drug and how to mix it must be in accordance with
the instructions that have been determined.
3. Avoid direct contact with drugs to avoid poisoning.
4. In order to avoid washing/watering of chemicals, do not spray when
there is a lot of dew or before and during rain.
5. During spraying, observe that the size of the droplets of liquid that
comes out, the pattern of distribution and the results are constant,
the droplets of liquid when they hit the plant parts do not bounce.
In windy conditions, people walk in the direction of the wind.
6. As much as possible avoid the imposition of drugs directly on the
flowers.
The requirements needed to operate this handsprayer include filling the tank with
pesticide liquid and leaving approximately 1/5 of the tank space for air. After being
filled with liquid, the tank is pumped approximately 50-80 pumping times. To
determine the intensity of air pressure in the tank can be observed through a
manometer.

Some other requirements are that the construction material is made of stainless steel
plate, the pump construction part is easy to remove for cleaning, the hose is made of
rubber or plastic, the nozzle can be removed and can be replaced both the type and
size of the hole. Another requirement related to the effectiveness of pesticide
application in the operation of the sprayer is that the wind speed does not exceed 10
km/hour .

The equipment needed to operate this atomizer includes:

1. Masks, complementary tools to cover the mouth and nose so that

the mist containing pesticides does not enter the breath.
2. Long-sleeved clothing to cover the skin on the hands, gloves, and
protective eyewear.
3. Buckets, measuring cups, and plastic funnels for measuring,
mixing, and pouring the applied pesticide solution into the tank.
III. CLOSING
1. Conclusion
From the discussion, the following conclusions can be drawn:
1. Sprayer is a tool/machine that functions to break up a liquid,
solution or suspension into droplets or spray.
2. The function of the sprayer can be adjusted according to the
type of sprayer itself to meet the needs of agricultural
mechanization.
3. When using a sprayer that is filled with pesticides, it must meet
safety standards.
Summary.
1. Know the various types of sprayers and their equipment.

In plant cultivation to control weeds, pests and plant diseases, pesticides are
generally used in the form of liquid and flour. To apply liquid pesticides, a sprayer is
used, while for powder pesticides, a duster is used. Sprayer is a pesticide applicator
tool that is indispensable in the context of eradicating and controlling plant pests &
diseases.
The performance of the sprayer is very much determined by the suitability of the
application droplet size that can be released in a certain time unit so that it is in
accordance with the provisions on the use of the pesticide dose to be sprayed.

The type of sprayer that is widely used by farmers in the field is the type of hand
sprayer (pump type), but the results are less effective, inefficient and easily
damaged. The results of a study conducted by the Ministry of Agriculture in 1997 in
several places in Indonesia showed that the carry-type sprayer was often damaged.
The components of the sprayer that often experience damage include: leaky pump
tube, easily broken piston rod, leaky valve, often torn rubber gasket, worn threads,
broken supply hose, easily damaged nozzle and sprayer faucet, broken carrying strap,
corrosion welded joints. , etc. (Directorate General of Food Crops , 1977 ). In addition
to problems with the equipment, another problem is that most of the pesticides
applied are not in accordance with (more than) the recommended dose and this is one
of the reasons for the sprayer design that does not support the application (Mimin,
et.al., 1992). In their daily use, farmers often encounter problems such as usage
techniques, as well as repair and maintenance. Things like this will ultimately
determine the level of efficiency and effectiveness in their use. Based on the power
used, atomizers are divided into: hand-powered atomizers, and high-pressure pump
atomizers.
1. Tool Working Principle
One type of atomizer that is available is a high air pressure sprayer or often called a
carry sprayer, because in its operation, this tool is carried by the operator. The
working principle of the atomizer is to break the liquid into fine particles that
resemble mist. With this smooth shape and size, the use of pesticides will be
effective and evenly distributed over the entire leaf surface or plant crown. To
obtain fine granules, it is usually done by using a particle formation process using
hydraulic atomization , where the liquid in the tank is pumped so that it has a high
pressure, and finally flows through a rubber hose to the atomizer. The liquid is under
high pressure and flows through the narrow opening of the atomizer, so that the
liquid will break up into very fine particles.
2. Tool Requirements
The requirements needed to operate this sprayer include: Fill the tank with pesticide
liquid and leave approximately 1/5 of the tank space for air. After being filled with
liquid, the tank is pumped approximately 50-80 pumping times. To determine the
intensity of air pressure in the tank can be observed through a manometer. Some
other requirements are the construction material is made of stainless plate, the pump
construction part is easy to remove for cleaning, the hose is made of rubber or
plastic, the nozzle can be removed and can be changed both the type and size of the
hole. Another requirement related to the effectiveness of pesticide application in the
operation of the sprayer is that the wind speed does not exceed 10 km/hour.
3. Tool Specifications
In general, the specifications of the atomizer include technical data regarding: - Tank
volume: 10 – 20 L- Tank capacity: 8 – 16 L- Tank strength: 10 – 15 kg / cm2 ( 140 – 200
psi) - Construction material: stainless steel plate .

4. Equipment Equipment

The equipment needed to operate this sprayer includes :

1. Masks, complementary tools to cover the mouth and nose so that

the mist containing pesticides does not enter the breath.
2. Long-sleeved clothing to cover the skin surface of the hands, gloves,
and protective eyewear.
3. Buckets, measuring cups, and plastic funnels for measuring, mixing,
and pouring the applied pesticide solution into the tank.
5. Parts of the Spraying Machine and Their Functions

Based on the working principle, this carrying type sprayer has the following main
parts :

1. Tank made of stainless plate material, to hold liquid

2. The pump unit, is a very principle part for a sprayer. If the
condition of the pump is not good then the results will be
unsatisfactory. Sprayers that will be used for various purposes
should be selected using a high-pressure pump : piston pump, gear
pump, vane pump, pump with impeller (blades), and others. In
compressed air (pneumatic) or hydropneumatic sprayers, the pump
can be a suction pump or a compressor.
3. Pump shaft, for pumping liquid
4. The spray line consists of a faucet, rubber hose, valve and pipe with
a nozzle at the end
5. Manometer, to measure the air pressure in the tank
6. sling belt
7. Rubber hose
8. pump piston
9. Liquid flow control valve out of the tank
10.Control valve for the flow of pressurized liquid exiting the rubber
hose
11.The barrel of the channel for the flow of pressurized liquid from the
hose to the nozzle
12.Nozzle, to break liquid into fine particles

There are several types of nozzles on the sprayer , namely:

 1. Hallow cone nozzles:

The way that is pulled into the nozzle is centrifuged until the distribution of the liquid
droplets will take the form of a ring. The size of the sprayer, unless determined by
the applied pressure, is also determined by the applied pressure, which is also
determined by the centrifuge distance of the liquid. Image of Hollow cane Nozzle The
longer the centrifuge trajectory, the larger the spray size, but the smaller the
diameter of the dispersion of the sprayer grains. The advantage of using this nozzle is
that a uniform spray grain size distribution can be obtained.

2. Solid cone nozzle

This nozzle is a modification of the halo cone nozzle. The principle of spray formation
is almost the same as the hollo cone nozzle, but the solid cone nozzle is given an
additional internal axiat jet of the right size which will hit the liquid in the rotating
nozzle. With this beating the liquid will become more turbulent and the flow of the
liquid will be destroyed, leaving the nozzle in the form of spray droplets, with the
distribution in a full circle.

The disadvantage of this nozzle is that it has an uneven liquid grain size. Especially at
the tip of the spraying edge, there is a large collection of grain sizes. This type of
nozzle is mostly used in low pressure sprayers (20-100 psi) for herb return.

4. Boom and water hose

The boom is part of the nozzle support, each boom can contain one or more nozzles
depending on the type of sprayer. Hose as a pressurized liquid channel from the tank
to the nozzle. Hoses must be flexible and strong and resistant to wear.

5. Other parts consist of pressure gauge (manometer) in the tank,

valve cover, etc
6. How to calibrate the sprayer .

Knapsack (carrying type) can be used more accurately if calibrated correctly. We will
use a small plot to calibrate the knapsack and then work to find out how much water
is used per 1,000 square meters (m2) and per hectare (10,000 m2).

1. 1. Calibration
Calibrating a knapsack sprayer or pressure sprayer is a simple job that takes very little
time. There are a few things to consider before calibrating:

 Knapsacks must be in a clean and well-maintained condition

 Use plain water to calibrate the sprayer,
 The accuracy of the calibration depends on whether you can use the
pump to produce a constant pressure continuously, and run at a
constant speed continuously. You should run the pump at a constant
(correct) speed so that you can find the spray speed that is most
comfortable for you.
1. 2. Calibration method
1. Check if your spray is working properly.
1. Mark the area to be used for calibration (area of 25 m2) by using a
turret in every corner of the land. It would be better if the area to
calibrate is the same area (part of) that will be sprayed (applied
pesticides) so that the calibration rate of the application is the
same as the time of application.
2. Fill the knapsack to the brim.
3. Spray the calibration plot with the same spraying pressure and
speed as you will use when spraying your field.
4. After you have finished spraying the field for calibration, take the
knapsack sprayer to the water refill station, and measure how much
water is needed to fully fill the knapsack sprayer. The amount of
water used to fully fill the knapsack sprayer must be measured in
liters.
5. The amount of water needed for 1,000 square meters, or per
hectare, can be shown in the table or using the following formula.

Water rate/1,000 sqm = amount of water (liters) used in calibration plot 40Water
rate/hectare = amount of water (liters) used in calibration plot x 400

Example of mixing liquid spray.

This work uses a 16 liter knapsack sprayer to spray potato fields with a length of 50 m
and a width of 30 m (1,500 m2), using a fungicide at a dose of 2.5 kg/ha.

The amount of water used to spray the calibration plot is 0.4 L (400 mL). Using the
table, we can get the water rate per hectare of 16 L/1,000 m2 or 160 L/ha.

To find out how many tanks of water will be needed to spray an area of one hectare,
you can use this formula:
Number of tanks/hectare = (amount of water( liter)/hectare) / (Volume of knapsack
sprayer in liters)

= 160/16

= 10

Therefore, 10 full tanks of water are needed to spray an area of one hectare using
160 L of water/hectare.

Next, calculate the quantity (amount) of fungicide that must be added to each
knapsack full of water using the following formula:

Number of chemical compounds/tank = (amount of chemical compound/hectare) /

(number of tanks/hectare)

= 2.5 kg/10

= 0.25 kg

= 250 grams

This indicates that 250 grams of fungicide must be added to each full tank of water to
ensure a dose of 2.5 kg of fungicide product per hectare in 160 L of water per
hectare.

1. Completeness of tools and how to operate the handsprayer.

2. Equipment Handsprayer

The equipment needed to operate this sprayer includes :

1. Masks, complementary tools to cover the mouth and nose so that

the mist containing pesticides does not enter the breath.
2. Long-sleeved clothing to cover the skin on the hands, gloves, and
protective eyewear.
3. Buckets, measuring cups, and plastic funnels for measuring, mixing,
and pouring the applied pesticide solution into the tank.
 2. How to operate the handsprayer

Fill the tank with pesticide liquid and leave approximately 1/5 of the tank space for
air. After being filled with liquid, the tank is pumped approximately 50-80 pumping
times. To determine the intensity of air pressure in the tank can be observed through
a manometer.

Practice Questions:
1. If you want to spray water spinach with an application volume of
600 liters/hectare, use a hands sprayer with a spray range (based on
measurements) of 8 m and a spraying speed of 60 m/minute. What
is the nozzle bulk number required for calibration/spraying?
1. What volume of water is needed on an area of 1 hectare if the rate
of water coming out of the nozzle is 5 liters/minute and after
measuring the width of the spray 2m with a running speed of 6
meters/minute?
1. If you want to plant caisim on an area of 250 m2 with a spacing of
20×20 cm with a land effectiveness of 90%, then how many seeds
are needed if only one seed is planted in one planting hole?
1. What volume of water is needed to fertilize an area of 500 m if the
water flow rate is 5 liters per minute and the spray width is 50 cm
with a running speed of 2 meters per minute?
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