Crop Protection

Equipment

Group1
Cabugatan
C. CROP PROTECTION EQUIPMENT
 Crop protection Equipment – is a complex of instruments, products, and
strategies used to defend crops against pest such as weeds, insects and
pathogens (bacteria, fungi, virus and nematodes). Plant pests is an organism
that damage or interfere with desirable plants in our fields.
• In agricultural production a pest is anything that impedes or competes with the
desired crop. Control of these pests is accomplished by chemical means,
nonchemical treatments or a combination of measure sometimes known as
integrated pest management.
PEST
Crop Protection
Equipment:
A. Weeders
B. Sprayer
C. Duster
A. Weeder
Problems associated with weeds
• Serves as breeding ground for pests
• Compete with the crop for water,
sunlight and nutrients
• Yield losses due to uncontrolled
weeds alone are significantly high
Methods of Weed Control
1. Manual weeding requires about 120 man-
hour to finish one hectare
2. Mechanical weeders require 80-90 hours
to finish the same area.
• Classification of weeders:
A. By design of soil working part:
1. Blade type – rectangular, triangular and
trapezoidal shapes with cutting edges
sharpened and hardened for soil cutting
and weed uprooting.
2. Tine type – straight or curved, round or
square cross-section steel rods sharply
pointed and hardened at the soil working
end.
3. Rotary type – curved spikes or paddles
attached radially to a common axle which
rotates when pushed forward to uproot and
bury weeds.
B. By power source:
1. Manual weeders – hand-held or push-type
weeders for upland or lowland.
a) Hand-held weeders – utilize the blade and tine
type of soil working parts with short (< 0.5 m),
medium (< 1 m) and long (> 1 m) handles.
b) Push-type weeders – utilize any of the three
types of soil working parts for upland (wheel hoe)
and lowland (rotary weeder) weeding.
2. Animal-drawn weeders – soil working parts are
mounted on a frame or tool bar pulled by an animal
for upland weeding.
3. Tractor-drawn weeders – soil working parts are
mounted on a frame or tool bar pulled by a two-
wheel or four-wheel tractor for upland weeding.
4. Power weeders – rotary type weeder driven by
its own engine for lowland weeding.
Types of hand held weeders (Figure 1)

Figure 1.Hand held weeders.

Types of push-type weeders (Figures 2 and 3)

Figure 2. Wheel hoe (upland). Figure 3. Rotary weeder (lowland)

Figure 4. Animal drawn weeder Figure 5. Power weeder
Chemicals may be applied to the soil or to
the foliage as liquids (sprays) or as solids (dust
and granular).
This includes:
Spraying
Dusting
B. Sprayers are used primarily for the application of herbicides,
insecticides, fungicides and plant nutrients.
-application of herbicides to remove weeds.
-application of insecticides to control insect pests.
-application of fungicides to minimize fungus diseases.
-application of micro nutrients on the plants.
The main functions of sprayer are:
-to break the liquid droplets of effective size.
-to distribute them uniformly over the plants.
-to regulate the amount of liquid to avoid excessive application.
Requirements of a good sprayer:
It should distribute the chemical uniformly on the plants.
It should have provision to increase or decrease the
quantity of insecticides application.
It should break the liquid into fine droplets.
Basic components of a sprayer:
1. Chemical supply : Tank
2. Energy source : Pump and pressure chamber
3. Atomizer : Nozzles
4. Control device : Cut-off valve
5. Conductors : Flexible hose and rigid lance
Classification of Sprayers:
Based up on the volume of liquid handled, sprayers may be
classified in to
1. High volume sprayer (more than 400 liters/ha)
2. Low volume sprayer (5 to 400 liters/ha)
3. Ultra low volume sprayer (ULV) spray (less than 5 liters/ha).
the selection technique depends up on type of vegetation,
kind of pests and approach to the field.
Ultra Low Volume Sprayer
is used to spray chemicals on row crops like
cotton, cowpea, groundnuts, tobacco and
vegetables. It is ideally suited for home gardens.
It is hand-held sprayer with a spinning/rotating,
fungicides, pesticides, herbicides and all liquids.
Types of Sprayers:
• Hand Atomizer
- it is ideal for small nurseries, rose plants,
Kitchen gardens and spraying wettable
insecticides
And fungicides.
• Knapsack Sprayer – carried on the
back by means of shoulder straps
a. simple design and operation, and are
relatively inexpensive to buy and
maintain tank is usually shaped to fit
comfortably on the shoulders
b. capacity up to 22.5 liters pump used are
diaphragm pump and the plungertype
pump with cap leather
c. capable to maintaining pressures up to
about 4.2 to 5.4 kg/cm2
d. useful for boom spraying when series of
four nozzles or more are operating
at the same time.
Nozzle Type
1. Cone type- produces shaped pattern of
spray which could be hallow or solid cone.
o Best suited for spraying crops because it
produces a spray in which droplets
approach the leaves from several angles as
compared to the fan type nozzle.
o The pressure is high and the orifice is small.
2. Fan type- produces a flat pattern
o Best suited for spraying flat surfaces as in
the application of herbicides.
o The pressure is low and the orifices is large.
Purpose of
Calibrating Knapsack Steps in Calibrating Sprayer
Sprayer 1. Prepare the sprayer
a. to determine the 2. Determine the walking speed
application rate per 3. Determine the width of spray or swath.
hectare suing a certain
sprayer. 4. Calculate the area sprayed in 1 min.

b. to determine the Area sprayed in 1 min = distance covered in 1 min (m/min) x swath
number of sprayer loads 5. Determine the nozzle discharge.
per hectare and the 6. Calculate the application rate
amount of chemical to Application rate (li/ha) =
be mixed per load. 7. Calculate liquid herbicides or insecticides to mix in each sprayer load.
Amount of chemical per load =
Sample Problem 1:
Using the results of the calibration test of a knapsack sprayer, determine the application rate in
l/ha. Effective width or swath is 1.5 m, average walking speed is 20 m/min, and discharge rate is 1.5
l/min.

Given: Effective width or swath = W = 1.5 m

Walking speed = S = 20 m/min
Discharge rate = q = 1.5 l/min

Required: Application rate (l/ha)

Solution:

A = area per minute = W X S = 1.5 m X 20 m/min = 30 m2/min

T = time per hectare = = 333.33 min/ha

Q = application rate = q X T = 1.5 l/min X 333.33 min/ha = 500 l/min

• Rocker Sprayer
it is used for spraying on tall trees like coconut, areca nut,
sugarcane, rubber plantations, orchards, vineyard, and field
crops, vegetable gardens, flower crops, etc.
• Airplane Sprayer
it is used to cover large areas such as wheat and rice
fields.
• Tractor Mounted Sprayer
a. Boom Sprayer
Designed for economic and effective
application of pesticides, weedicides and
fertilizers in farm crops.
b. Tycoon Sprayer
For spraying on field crops, tall trees,
orchards and plantations.
C. Dusters is a machine used to apply chemicals in dust form. Dusters
make use of air stream to carry pesticides in finely divided from on the
plants.
A duster essentially consists of 1. Hopper 2. Agitator
3. Feed Control 4. Fan or blower 5. Delivery nozzle
Types Dusters
• Plunger Type
Small hand pump dusters of this type are available and are suitable only
where the area to be dusted is small
like vegetable gardens.
• Knapsack Type
This duster is suitable for small areas.
• Power Operated Duster
This type of duster is used for large areas.