Pesticides and their Application

BY UMAIR RASOOL AZMI

 Course contents

 Pesticide.
 Classification of Pesticide.
• Based on toxicity.
• Based on mode of entry.
• Based on mode of action.
• Based on chemical structure.
 Qualities of a good pesticide.
 Pesticide bottle Examination.
 Field application.
• Apparatus.
• Precautions.
• Hazards.
 Pesticide

 A pesticide is a chemical used to kill pests.

 Pest is any organism that threatens human directly

by creating annoyance or indirectly by damaging our
crops .
 Classification of Pesticide

 Insecticide: To kill insects.

 Herbicide: To kill herbs.
 Weedicide: To kill weeds.
 Fungicide: To kill Fungi.
 Bactericide: To kill Bacteria.
 Acaricide/Miticide: To kill Mites.
 Nematocide: To kill Nematodes.
 Rodenticide: To kill Rodents.
 Classification based on Toxicity

 Toxicity refers to “degree to which a substance can

damage an organism.”
 It is measured in LD50 and LC50.

 Oral toxins: kill through oral cavity or Stomach.

 Dermal toxins: kill through Skin.
 Respiratory toxins: kill through respiratory System.
 Classification based on Mode of Entry

 How a chemical enters into the insect body cavity?

 Stomach poison.
 Contact Poison.
 Systemic Poison.
 Fumigant Poison.
 Trans-laminar Poison.
 Classification based on Mode of Action

 How a pesticide acts after entering in body of insect?

• Nerve Poison.
• Muscle Poison.
• Physical Poison.
• Metabolic Poison.
 Classification based on chemical structure

 Based on chemical structure Pesticides are of five

types:
1. Organochlorine (DDT, Chlordane).
2. Organophosphate (Profenofos, Chloropyrifos).
3. Carbamates (Carbaril, Carbosulfan, Carbofuran).
4. Pyrethrides (Bifenthrine, Lambda-cyhalothrine).
5. New chemistry (Imedacloprid, Acetamiprid, Leufenuron,
Amamactin etc.).
 Classification based on Formulation

 Formulation is the mixture of active and inactive

ingredient in a specific proportion for specific
purposes.

 Solid Formulations
 Liquid Formulations
 Gas Formulations
 Solid Formulations
 Soluble Powder
 Wet-able Powder
 Dust
 Granules
 Baits
 Slow Release Tablets
 Liquid Formulations

 Emulsifable Concentrate
 Flow-able Concentrates
 Aerosol
 Solution
• Low Concentrate
• High Concentrate
• Ultra Low Volume
 Gas Formulations

 Fog
 Smoke
 Qualities of a Good Pesticide
 Highly potent.
 Quick Knockdown Effect.
 Broad Spectrum Activity.
 Cheap.
 Compatible with other pesticides.
 Non inflammable/ Non corrosive.
 Not off taste the crop.
 Easy Formulation.
 Optimum Residue Persistence.
 Least environmental pollution.
 Non-Phototoxic.
 Low possibility of insect Resistance.
 Activation in insects.
 Safe for beneficial Insects.
Examining Pesticide Bottle Label
 Apparatus for Application

 About Nozzles.
 Knap Sack Sprayer.
 ULV Sprayer.
 Compressed Sprayer.
 Boom Sprayer.
 Nozzles

Nozzle Spray Angle Pressure Drop size Target

(bars)

Hollow Cone 65-110 3 100-150 Cotton foliage

Solid Cone 25-70 3 100-200 Spot treatment

Variable Cone 0-110 3-10 100-200 Orchards

Flat-Fan 80-110 2-3 200-250 Pre-emergence

Flood Jet 90-140 1-2 Less than 250 Post-

emergence
Dual Fluid 90-140 1-2 Less than 250 Foliage
emergence
 Knap Sack Sprayer

 Components:
• Main body
• Straps
• filler hole
• Pump
• Pump handle
• Pressure chamber
• Hose pipe
• Trigger
• Lance
• Nozzle

 Working:
When a stroke is made, pressure is created in pressure chamber.
When trigger is pushed, the pesticide solution is ejaculated with a pressure.
The drop size depends upon the type of nozzle attached.
 Ultra Low Volume Sprayer

 Vegetable oil is used

instead of water.

 It is battery operated.

 Drop Drift chances are

very low due to high
density of oil.

 Pesticide consumption is
very low 0.6-4.7liters per
acre.
 Compressed Sprayer

 It is used in Gardens.
 It has a big lance and also has
high pressure as compared to a
normal sprayer.
 Boom Sprayer

 It is used at large scale.

 Battery operated.
 High pressure pump.
 Auto-leveling mechanism
in field.
 Precautions

 Pesticides are chemicals use them carefully.

 Wear gloves, cowboy shoes and mask while application.
 Wear the straps properly and keep lance at 1ft. to the
height of the plant.
 Only use a pesticide according to recommended dose.
 Do not make mixture of any kind of pesticides unless it is
recommended.
 When using Herbicides/Weedicides spray a row only
once as these chemicals can burn plants.
 After application wash the tank properly.
 In case of any personnel accident, take the victim to a
doctor immediately along with pesticide bottle.
 Hazards

 Killing of natural enemies.

 Insect Resistance problems.
 Residual hazards.
 Upsetting of natural balance.
• Air pollution–-water pollution—Soil pollution.

 Hazards to personnel and domestic animals.

 High cost of pesticides, labour, Maintenance of
equipments.