CH-7 MOTION

WHAT IS MOTION?

An object is said to be in motion if its position changes continuously with respect to a fixed
reference point or observer called origin.

MOTION IS RELATIVE IN NATURE!

An object perceived to be in motion only if its position changes with reference to the origin.

For eg- Two people sitting in a moving bus, are at rest with respect to each other, as their
relative positions are fixed but to an observer outside the bus they appear to be in motion.

WHAT IS PHYSICAL QUANTITY?

A physical quantity is anything which can be measured in terms of a known quantity called
'unit'.

For eg - Mass, time, temperature, distance, length etc are physical quantities.

HOW ARE PHYSICAL QUANTITIES CLASSIFIED?

SCALAR QUANTITIES

These are described with the help of their magnitude.

eg - time, speed, temperature etc.

VECTOR QUANTITIES

These are described with the help of their magnitude as well as direction.

eg- displacement, force, velocity, acceleration etc.

DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT

DISTANCE

The actual length of path travelled by a body irrespective of the direction of motion.

It is a scalar quantity whose SI unit is metre (m)

Other units of distance are Kilometres (1km = 1000m) and other such multiples and sub-
multiples.

Distance between two points, say your house and school can be different depending on the
path/route taken by you.

A device called odometer is fitted in automobiles to measure distance travelled.

It is always positive
It is always greater or equal to displacement

It cannot be zero for a moving body

DISPLACEMENT

Displacement is defined as the shortest distance from initial position of the object to the
final position of the object along the direction of motion, irrespective of the nature of path
taken.

It is a vector quantity whose SI unit is metre (m).

Between two given points, magnitude of displacement remains constant irrespective of the
nature of path followed by the object.

It can be positive, negative or zero

It is lesser than or equal to distance

It can be zero if body returns back

We go to school and then return back home, the displacement is zero

When the earth returns after one complete revolution, the displacement around the sun is
zero.

EXERCISE-1

Q1 A farmer moves along the boundary of a square field of side 10m in 40s. Find the
distance and displacement at the end of 2m 20s.

Solution:

Number of rounds in 40s = 1

2m 20s = 140s

Number of rounds = 140/40 = 3.5

Distance = 3.5 × Perimeter of square = 3.5 × 40 = 140m

Displacement = √(AB² + BC²) = 10√2 m along AC

Q2 An athlete runs along the boundary of a circular field of diameter 42m. Find the distance
and displacement after:

Given: d = 42m, r = 21m

a) 1/4 round

Distance = (1/4) × 2πr = πr = 66m

Displacement = 2r = 42m along AB

b) 1/4 round = Final point is C

Distance = (1/4) × 2π × 21 = 33m

Displacement = r√2 (Pythagoras theorem) = 21√2 m along AC

c) 3.5 rounds

Distance = 3.5 × 2πr = 3.5 × 2 × (22/7) × 21 = 462m

Displacement = diameter = 42m along AB

d) 5 rounds

Distance = 5 × 2πr = 5 × 2 × (22/7) × 21 = 660m

Q3 A person starts from a point and walks 3km towards the east. He then turns left and
walks 4km. Find his distance and magnitude of displacement.

Solution:

Distance = AB + BC = 3km + 4km = 7km

Displacement = AC = √(AB² + BC²) = √(3² + 4²) = √(9+16) = √25 = 5km

Q4 A car moving along in a straight highway from point P to point Q to point R and to point
S, then back to point Q and finally to the point R as shown in the figure below
P---3 km---Q---5 km---R---7 km---S
a) Find the distance travelled by car.
b) Find the displacement of the car.

Initial Position = P, Final Position = R

a) Distance Covered = 3+5+7+7+5+5 = 32km
b) Displacement = 3+5 = 8km

Q5Justin travels 12 kilometres south on a boat for his fishing trip. He moves 4 km west and
then 1 km north, following a school of fish.
calculate
a) distance
b) displacement.

A) Distance = 12+4+1 = 17km

B) Displacement = √(11²+4²) = √(121+16) = √137 = 11.7km

Q6. Anthony walks to the pizza place for lunch. He walks 1 km east, then 1 km south and
then 1 km east again. What distance did he cover? What was his displacement?
Distance = 1+1+1 = 3km
Displacement = √(2²+1²) = √5 = 2.2 km approx.

Q7. A body moves on three-quarters of a circle of radius r. Calculate the displacement and
distance by the body.

Circumference = 2πr
Distance = (3/4) × 2πr = (3πr/2)
Displacement = r√2

Q8. A vehicle moves from point P to Q to R to S in a circular path as shown in the below
figure
P---Q
| | r = 8 km
S---R

Find the distance travelled by the vehicle.

Find out the magnitude of the displacement of the vehicle.

a) Distance = 2πr = 2 × (22/7) × 8 = 50.3km

b) Displacement = √(8²+8²) = √(64+64) = √128 = 8√2

Q9. A body is moving along a circular path of radius R. What will be the distance travelled
and displacement of the body when it completes half a revolution?

Circumference = 2πr
Distance = (1/2) × 2 × π × r = πr
Displacement = diameter = 2r

Q10. The numerical ratio of displacement to distance for a moving object is,
(a) always less than 1
(b) always equal to 1
(c) always more than 1
(d) equal or less than 1

(d) equal to or less than one

Q11. Which of the following is true for displacement?
(a) It cannot be zero.
(b) Its magnitude is greater than the distance travelled by the object.

a) False
b) False

Q12. An object has moved through a distance. Can it have zero displacement? If yes,
support your answer with an example.

yes, an object can have zero displacement if it has moved through a distance.
eg-If athlete runs along a track and comes back to its starting point.

Q13. An athlete completes one round of a circular track of diameter 200 m in 40 s. What will
be the distance covered and the displacement at the end of 2 minutes 20 s?

D = 200m, R = 100m
Time taken for one round = 40s
2m 20s = 140s
Rounds completed = 140/40 = 3.5 rounds
Distance = 3.5 × 2 × (22/7) × 100 = 2200m

SPEED

Speed is defined as the distance travelled by a body per unit time

Speed = Distance Travelled (m) / Time Taken (s) = m/s or ms⁻¹

Speed is a scalar quantity

The common unit of speed is km/hr

Conversion:

1 km/hr = 1 km / 1 hr = 1000m / 3600s = 5/18 m/s

So, 1 m/s = 18/5 km/hr

AVERAGE SPEED

Sometimes, a body shows different speeds during its journey

Then we calculate the average speed of the body as the ratio of the total distance travelled
to the total time taken.
Average Speed = Total distance travelled / Total time taken

When the time intervals become infinitesimally small, then the speed in this instant of time
is called instantaneous speed.

Instantaneous speed is measured by the speedometer fitted in automobiles.

VELOCITY

Velocity is defined as the displacement of a body per unit time along the direction of
motion.

Velocity is a vector quantity and its SI unit is m/s

Velocity = Displacement / Time

The magnitude of average velocity is calculated as the ratio of the total displacement over
the journey to the total time taken and direction is along the direction of displacement.

It can never have more magnitude than speed of body and remains the same, irrespective of
nature of path.

Average speed can be equal to, greater than but not less than average velocity. If an
object moves in straight line without changing direction it is equal .Distance travelled
changes when direction is changed, making it greater.

The speedometer measures the INSTANTANEOUS speed of a car

An odometer is used to measure DISTANCE of a vehicle.

WHAT IS UNIFORM & NON-UNIFORM MOTION?

When a body travels equal distance in equal time intervals then it is said to be in uniform
motion.

eg- rotation/revolution of planets, motion of a car on a road with a constant speed.

When a body travels unequal distance in equal time intervals then it is said to be in non-
uniform motion.

If an object is in uniform motion it’s path can be straight, wavy, it can be of any kind

e.g.- a vehicle moving on a congested path, people walking

EXERCISE-2

Q1 An object travels 16m in 4s and another 16m in 2s. Find its average speed.

Solution:

Average Speed = Total distance travelled / Total time taken by object

= (16+16) / (4+2) = 32/6 = 5.3 m/s = 5.3ms⁻¹

 Q2 An odometer of a car reads 2000km at the start of the trip and 2400 km at the end. If he
took 8hrs then calculate the average speed in km/hr and m/s.

Solution:

Distance covered by car = 2400-2000 = 400km

Time taken = 8hrs

Average Speed = d/t = 400 Km / 8h = 50 km/h

= 50 km/hr × (1000m/1 Km) × (1h/3600s) = 13.9 ms⁻¹

Q3 A child swims in a 180m long pool and covers 180m back and forth in one minute. Find
the average speed and velocity of the child.

Solution:

Distance Covered = 360m (back and forth = 180 × 2)

Time taken = 60s

Average speed = 360/60 = 6m/s

Average velocity = 0/60 = 0m/s (returns to starting point)

Q4 Joseph jogs from one end A to another end B of a straight 300m road in 2 mins 30s and
then turns around and jogs 100m back to point C in another one min. What are Joseph's
average speed & velocity in jogging (a) from A to B & (b) A to C

(a) Total Distance = 300m

Total Time = 150s
Average Speed = TD/T = 300/150 = 2 m/s

(b) Distance = 400m

Time = 210s
Average Speed = TD/T = 400/210 = 40/21 = 1.9 m/s

Q5 Abdul while driving to school, computes the average speed for his trip to be 20 kmh⁻¹.
On his return trip along the same road the average speed is 30kmh⁻¹. What is the average
speed for Abdul's trip?

Solution:

Let the distance on one side = x.

Time taken while going = x/20 h

Time taken on returning = x/30 h

Total time = x/20 + x/30 = 5x/60 = x/12 h

Avg Speed = Total distance/Total time = 2x/(x/12) = 2x × 12/x = 24 km/hr

Q6 During an experiment, a signal from a spaceship reached the ground station in 5 mins.
What was the distance of the spaceship from ground? The signal travels at the speed of light
that is, 3 × 10⁸ m/s.

Solution:

Time = 5m = 300s

Speed = 3 × 10⁸m/s

Distance = Speed × time = 3 × 10⁸ × 300 = 9×10¹⁰m

WHAT IS ACCELERATION ?

Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity of a body.

Consider a body having initial velocity 'u'. After a time 't', its final velocity becomes 'v'.

Change in velocity = (v-u)

Rate of change of velocity = (v-u)/t

Acceleration a = (v-u)/t

It is a vector quantity. Its direction is along the direction of change of velocity. If the velocity
of the body increases with time, acceleration is positive. If velocity decreases, acceleration is
negative.

Negative acceleration is called RETARDATION

SI unit of acceleration is m/s² or m s⁻²

The acceleration of a body is said to be uniform if its velocity changes by equal amount in
equal time intervals along the same direction.
eg-a body falling freely near the surface of earth

The acceleration of a body is said to be non-uniform if its velocity changes by unequal

amount in equal time intervals.
eg-motion of a car through busy roads.

Acceleration is in direction of motion -An apple falling from a tree

Acceleration is against the direction of motion -Slowing down of vehicle from some distance
before red signal.

Acceleration is uniform -Uniformly accelerating train from a platform on a straight track

Acceleration is non-uniform -Merry go round ride in amusement park.
An object with constant acceleration but with zero velocity - When a body is at the highest
point of its motion, the velocity of the body becomes zero but it still accelerates with a
constant acceleration, which is equal to the acceleration due to gravity.

An object moving with acceleration but with uniform speed- In case of a uniform circular
motion, the direction of the motion is always along the tangent. Therefore, the speed is
constant but the velocity keeps changing as the direction changes. Acceleration is the rate
of change of velocity. As velocity is changing, acceleration is produced. Therefore, in
uniform circular motion an object moves with acceleration but with uniform speed.

An object moving in a certain direction with acceleration in a perpendicular direction-

Whenever a body is in uniform circular motion, the direction of the body is always
perpendicular to the acceleration of the body. The acceleration of the body is along the
radius, while the direction of the body is along the tangent. Radius is perpendicular to
tangent. Thus, acceleration is perpendicular to direction.

EXERCISE-3

Q1 Starting from a stationary position, Rahul paddles his bicycle to attain a velocity of 6ms⁻¹
in 30s. Then he applies brakes such that the velocity of the bicycle comes down to 4ms⁻¹ in
next 5s. Calculate the acceleration of the bicycle in both the cases.

Solution:
Case 1: u = 0, v = 6 m/s, t = 30s
a = (v-u)/t = (6-0)/30 = 0.2ms⁻²

Case 2: u = 6 m/s, v = 4 m/s, t = 5s

a = (v-u)/t = (4-6)/5 = -0.4ms⁻²

Q2A bus decreases its speed from 80kmh⁻¹ to 60kmh⁻¹ in 5s. Find the acceleration of the
bus.

Solution:
Initial velocity (u) = 80 km/hr = 80 × (5/18) = 22.22 m/s
Final Velocity (v) = 60 × (5/18) = 16.67m/s
Acceleration = (v-u)/t = (16.67-22.22)/5 = -5.55/5 = -1.11 m/s²

Q3 A train starting from a railway station and moving with uniform acceleration attains a
speed 40kmh⁻¹ in 10min. Find its acceleration.

Solution:
u=0
v = 40km/hr = 40 × (5/18) m/s = 100/9 m/s
t = 10min = 600s
a = (v-u)/t = (100/9-0)/600 = 100/(9×600) = 1/54 m/s²

THREE EQUATIONS OF MOTION

Consider a body moving with initial velocity = u

It accelerates uniformly at 'a' for time 't'

It changes to a final velocity 'v'

Displacement in the process = s

Three equations of motion are stated as:

Velocity-time ⇒v = u + at

Displacement-time ⇒s = ut + ½at²

Displacement-velocity ⇒v² = u² + 2as

EXERCISE-4

Q1 A train starting from rest attains a velocity of 72km/hr in 5min. Assuming that the train is
uniformly accelerating, find: i) the acceleration and ii) distance travelled by the train for
attaining the velocity.

Solution:
u=0
v = 72km/hr = 72 × (5/18) m/s = 20m/s
t = 5min = 300s
v = u + at or a = (v-u)/t = (20-0)/300 = 1/15 m/s²
s = ut + ½at² = 0 + ½ × (1/15) × 300 × 300 = 3000m = 3km

Q2. A car accelerates uniformly from 18 kmh⁻¹ to 36 kmh⁻¹ in 5s. Calculate i) the acceleration
and ii) distance covered by the car in that time.

Solution:
u = 18 km/h = 5m/s
v = 36 km/h = 10m/s
t = 5s
a = (v-u)/t = (10-5)/5 = 1m/s²
s = ut + ½at² = 5×5 + ½×1×5×5 = 25 + 12.5 = 37.5 m

Q3 The brakes applied to a car produce an acceleration of 6ms⁻² in the opposite direction to
the motion. If the car takes 2s to stop after the application of brakes, calculate the distance
travelled during this time.
Solution:
a = -6m/s²
t = 2s
v=0
u = v - at = 0 - (-6)×2 = 12m/s
s = ut + ½at² = 12×2 + ½×(-6)×2×2 = 24 - 12 = 12m

Q4 A bus starting from rest moves with a uniform acceleration of 0.1 ms⁻² for 2 mins. Find
(a) the speed acquired (b) the distance travelled.

Solution:
u=0
a = 0.1 m/s²
t = 2 min = 120s
v = u + at = 0 + (0.1)(120) = 12 m/s
s = ut + ½at² = 0 + ½×(0.1)×(120)×(120) = 720m

Q5 A train is travelling at a speed of 90kmh⁻¹. Brakes are applied and a uniform acceleration
of -0.5ms⁻² is produced. Find how far will the train go before it is brought to rest.

Solution:
u = 90 km/hr = 25m/s
a = -0.5m/s²
v=0
v² = u² + 2as or s = (v²-u²)/(2a) = (0²-(25)²)/(2×(-0.5)) = -625/(-1) = 625m

Q6 A racing car has a uniform acceleration of 4ms⁻². What distance will it cover in 10s after
start?

Solution:
a = 4m/s²
t = 10s
u=0
s = ut + ½at² = 0 + ½×4×10×10 = 200m

Q7 A trolley while going down an inclined plane, has an acceleration of 2cms⁻². What will be
the velocity after 3s of start?

Solution:
a = 2cm/s⁻²
t = 3s
u=0
v = u + at = 0 + (2)(3) = 6cm/s
Q8 A stone is thrown in a vertically upward direction with a velocity of 5m/s. If the
acceleration of the stone during its motion is 10m/s² in the downward direction, how much
time will it take to reach there?

Solution:
u = 5m/s
a = -10m/s²
v=0
s = (v²-u²)/(2a) = (0²-5²)/(2×(-10)) = -25/(-20) = 1.25 m
t = (v-u)/a = (0-5)/(-10) = 0.5s

What is uniform circular motion?

When an object travels in uniform motion along a circular path, then it is said to be in
uniform circular motion.

The direction of motion changes at every point during u.c.m

Thus, even though speed is constant, velocity of the object is not constant. Hence, u.c.m is
an example of accelerated motion.

The object has uniform acceleration always directed towards the centre of circular path.

Examples of u.c.m: Motion of planets around the sun; motion of a stone tied to a string and
whirled around etc.

If an object completes one revolution along a circular path of radius r, then, Speed = 2πr/t
FORCE & LAWS OF MOTION

What is Force?
Force is defined as an effort in the form of a push or a pull, which can cause the following
effects on a body:

 Change in shape (e.g., rolling chapati, squeezing lemon)

 Change in state of rest (e.g., pushing a stationary toy)
 Change in direction (e.g., changing direction of a flying shuttle)
 Change in state of motion (e.g., changing speed of a bicycle)

What are Balanced and Unbalanced Forces?

Balanced Forces: Two or more forces acting on an object are said to be balanced if they
cancel each other and no net force is produced.

Unbalanced Forces: Two or more forces acting on an object are said to be unbalanced if
they do not cancel each other and a net effect is produced.

Example: In tug of war, the rope moves only when there is an imbalance of forces.

Is Force a Scalar or Vector?

Force is a vector quantity as it has direction along with magnitude.

Examples of Force Concepts:

Example 1: A box kept on a rough surface doesn't move on pushing even though a force acts
on it. This is because friction acts in a direction opposite to the push. This friction force arises
between two surfaces in contact and balances the pushing force. If we push harder, the
pushing force becomes bigger than friction force, creating an unbalanced force, so the box
starts moving.

Example 2: A bicycle slows down when we stop pedaling because of friction forces acting
opposite to the direction of motion. An object moves with uniform velocity when forces
acting on it are balanced and there is no net external force on it.
EXERCISE 1 - Force Direction Problems
Q1: In which direction would the object move in the following cases:

 Case 1: 2N ← → 2N ← 5N
 Case 2: 10N ← → 10N
 Case 3: 5N → 10N →
 Case 4: 1N ← 1N ← 2N → 3N →
 Case 5: 10N → 3N → 2N →

A1:

 Case 1: Net force = 2+2-5 = -1N towards left

 Case 2: Net force = 10-10 = 0, Object doesn't move
 Case 3: Net force = 5N+10N = 15N towards right
 Case 4: Net force = 1+1+2-3 = 4-3 = 1N towards left
 Case 5: Net force = 10+3+2 = 15N towards left

GALILEO'S EXPERIMENT
By observing the motion of objects on an inclined plane Galileo deduced that objects move
with a constant speed when no force acts on them. He observed when a marble rolls down an
inclined plane its velocity increases. The marble falls under the unbalanced force of gravity
as it rolls down the slope and attains a definite velocity by the time it reaches the bottom. Its
velocity decreases when it climbs up.

Galileo argued that when the marble is released from left, it would roll down the slope and go
up on the opposite side to the same height from which it was released. If the inclinations of
the planes on both sides are equal then the marble will climb the same distance that it covered
while rolling down. If the angle of inclination of the right-side plane were gradually
decreased, then the marble would travel further distances till it reaches the original height.

If the right-side plane were ultimately made horizontal (that is, the slope is reduced to zero);
the marble would continue to travel forever trying to reach the same height that it was
released from.

NEWTON'S FIRST LAW OF MOTION

STATEMENT: An object continues to remain in state of rest or of uniform motion along a
straight line path unless an external unbalanced force acts upon it.
MEANING: When forces acting on an object are balanced, it either remains at rest or moves
with uniform speed in a straight line. When forces acting on an object are unbalanced, the
object may accelerate, retard or change its direction.

WHAT IS INERTIA?
Inertia is a tendency of a body to resist any change in its state of rest, state of uniform motion
or direction of motion.

It is of 3 types:
a) Inertia of rest - by virtue of which a body at rest resists to move.
b) Inertia of motion - by virtue of which a body in motion resists to stop.
c) Inertia of direction - by virtue of which a body in a certain direction, resists to change its
direction.

Why is first law of motion called the law of inertia?

Objects resist a change in their state of motion. In a qualitative way the tendency of
undisturbed objects to stay at rest or to keep moving with the same velocity is called inertia.
This is why first law of motion is called law of inertia.

Examples of Inertia:
Inertia of Rest Examples:

 The coin falls in water when the cardboard is flicked quickly

 When a carpet is beaten with a stick, dust comes out because dust particles remain at
rest due to their inertia
 A pile of carrom coins when hit with striker - only bottom coin moves, others stay at
rest

Inertia of Motion Examples:

 When a car suddenly stops, we tend to fall forward due to inertia of motion

Inertia of Direction Examples:

 When a car takes a sharp turn, we fall sideways

Daily Life Applications:

 We should always wear seat belts in vehicles because sudden braking may cause
injury due to inertia
 Luggage on roof of bus is tied with rope because bus may accelerate, retard, stop or
take sharp turns causing luggage to fall due to inertia
 A groove is provided in tea saucer to prevent the cup from toppling over during
sudden jerks
  When tree branch is suddenly shaken, leaves get detached and fall due to inertia of
rest

Mass and Inertia:

Objects with greater mass have more inertia:

 Stone has more inertia than rubber ball of same size

 Train has more inertia than bicycle
 Five rupee coin has more inertia than one rupee coin

EXERCISE 2 - Inertia Applications

Q1: An object experiences a net zero external unbalanced force. Is it possible for the object
to be travelling with a non-zero velocity? If yes, state the conditions that must be placed on it.

A1: Yes, it is possible for the object to move with uniform velocity in a straight line with no
unbalanced force acting on it. The applied force balances with the frictional force, due to the
surface. This is in accordance with Newton's first law of motion. An unbalanced force is
needed to change only the state of motion of the body.

Q2: In the following example, try to identify the number of times the velocity of the ball
changes: A football player kicks a football to another player of his team who kicks the
football towards the goal. The goal keeper of the opposite team collects the football and kicks
it towards a player of his own team.

A2: The velocity of the football changes 4 times by Player 1, Player 2 and twice by the
goalkeeper respectively.

NEWTON'S SECOND LAW OF MOTION

STATEMENT: It states that the force acting on a body is directly proportional to the rate of
change of its momentum.

MOMENTUM
Momentum is a measure of impact of force exerted on an object.

 Momentum is a vector quantity denoted by symbol 'p'.

 The magnitude of momentum is defined as the product of mass and velocity of the
body and its direction is same as that of the velocity.
 When an unbalanced force acts on an object, it results in a change in momentum.

Formula: For a body of mass m having velocity v,

p=m×v
SI unit of momentum: kg m/s

Mathematical Derivation of Second Law:

If a force F acts on a body of mass m for time t
Initial momentum = p₁ = mu
Final momentum = p₂ = mv

Change in momentum = p₂ - p₁ = mv - mu

By statement, F ∝ (p₂ - p₁)/t

F ∝ (mv - mu)/t
F ∝ m(v - u)/t
F ∝ ma

As K = 1, F = ma

Definition of 1N force:
F = ma
1N = 1kg × 1m/s²
1N = 1kg m/s²

Thus, 1N is the amount of force required to give an object of mass 1kg an acceleration of
1m/s².

Why Second Law is the Great Law of Motion:

The first law of motion can be mathematically stated from the second law of motion's
mathematical expression. From F = ma, if F = 0, then a = 0 for whatever time taken. This
means that the object will keep on moving with uniform velocity u throughout the time. If u
is zero, v will also be zero. That is, object will remain at rest.

Applications of Second Law:

Example 1: A fielder lowers his hands while catching a ball to help increase the time of large
momentum change. This reduces the acceleration of the ball and less force acts on the hands
of fielder.

Example 2: In high jump athletic events, athletes are made to fall on cushioned bed to
increase the time of large momentum change. This reduces the force acting on the body and
prevents injury.

Example 3: A karate player brings his hand suddenly to rest as soon as he hits the pile. This
decreases the time of momentum change and a large force acts on the pile.
EXERCISE 3 - Second Law Numerical Problems
Q1: A constant force acts on an object of mass 5 kg for a duration of 2s. It increases the
object's velocity from 3ms⁻¹ to 7ms⁻¹. Find the magnitude of the applied force. Now, if the
force was applied for a duration of 5s, what would be the final velocity of the object?

A1:
Given: m = 5kg, t = 2s, u = 3m/s, v = 7m/s

a = (v-u)/t = (7-3)/2 = 2m/s²

F = ma = 5 × 2 = 10N

If t = 5s:
F = ma = 10N = 5 × a
a = 2m/s²
v = u + at = 3 + (2×5) = 13 m/s

Q2: Which would require a greater force - accelerating a 2 kg mass at 5 m/s² or a 4 kg mass
at 2 m/s²?

A2:
F₁ = m₁a₁ = 2kg × 5m/s² = 10N
F₂ = m₂a₂ = 4kg × 2m/s² = 8N
Thus F₁ > F₂

Q3: A motorcar is moving with a velocity of 108 km/h and it takes 4s to stop after the brakes
are applied. Calculate the force exerted by the brakes on the motorcar if the mass of the
motorcar along with the passengers is 1000 kg.

A3:
Given: u = 108 km/hr = 108 × 5/18 = 30m/s
v = 0, t = 4s, m = 1000 kg

a = (v-u)/t = (0-30)/4 = -7.5m/s²

F = ma = 1000 × (-7.5) = -7500N (against the direction of motion)

Q4: A force of 5N gives a mass m₁ an acceleration of 10 m/s² and an acceleration of 20 m/s²

to a mass m₂. What acceleration would it give if both the masses were tied together?

A4:
F = 5N
m₁ = F/a = 5/10 = 0.5 kg
m₂ = F/a = 5/20 = 0.25 kg

When masses are tied together, m = m₁ + m₂ = 0.75kg

a = F/m = 5/0.75 = 6.67m/s²
Q5: The velocity-time graph of a ball of mass 20g moving along a straight line on a long
table is given in Fig 8.11. How much force does the table exert on the ball to bring it to rest?

A5:
m = 20g = 0.02 kg
a = Slope of v-t graph = (0-20)/(10-0) = -2 m/s²
F = ma = 0.02 × (-2) = -0.04 N (against the direction of motion)

Q6: A batsman hits a cricket ball which starts on a level ground. After covering a short
distance, the ball comes to rest. The ball shows a stop because:
a) The batsman did not hit the ball hard enough
b) Velocity is proportional to the force exerted on the ball
c) There is a force on the ball opposing motion
d) There is no unbalanced force on the ball so the ball would want to come to rest

A6: c) There is a force on the ball opposing motion

Q7: A truck of mass 1000 kg starts from rest and rolls down a hill with a constant
acceleration. It travels a distance of 400 m in 20s. Find the acceleration and force.

A7:
Given: u = 0, s = 400m, t = 20s, m = 1000 kg

s = ut + ½at²
400 = 0 + ½ × a × 20²
a = 2m/s²
F = ma = 1000 × 2 = 2000 N
Q8: A locomotive of mass 8000 kg pulls five wagons each of mass 2000 kg along a
horizontal track. If the engine exerts a force of 40,000 N and the track offers a friction force
of 5000 N, then calculate:
(a) the net accelerating force and
(b) the acceleration of the train.

A8:
a) Net accelerating force = 40,000 - 5,000 = 35,000 N
b) Total mass = 8000 + 5×2000 = 18,000 kg
F = ma
35,000 = 18000 × a
a = 35,000/18000 = 1.95 m/s²

Q9: An automobile vehicle has a mass of 1500 kg. What must be the force between the
vehicle and road if the vehicle is to be stopped with a negative acceleration of 1.7 m s⁻²?
A9:
m = 1500 kg, a = -1.7 m/s²
F = ma = 1500 × (-1.7) = -2550N (against the direction of motion)

Q10: An object of mass 1 kg travelling in a straight line with a velocity of 10 m s⁻¹ collides
with, and sticks to, a stationary wooden block of mass 5 kg. Then they both move off together
in the same straight line. Calculate the total momentum just before the impact and just after
the impact. Also, calculate the velocity of the combined object.

A10:
m₁ = 1 kg, u₁ = 10 m/s, m₂ = 5 kg, u₂ = 0

Total momentum before collision = m₁u₁ + m₂u₂ = 1×10 + 5×0 = 10 kg m/s

Total momentum after collision = (m₁ + m₂)v = 6v = 10 kg m/s
v = 10/6 = 1.67 m/s

Q11: An object of mass 100 kg is accelerated uniformly from a velocity of 5 m s⁻¹ to 8 m s⁻¹
in 6 s. Calculate the initial and final momentum of the object. Also, find the magnitude of the
force exerted on the object.

A11:
m = 100 kg, u = 5 m/s, v = 8 m/s, t = 6s

Initial momentum = mu = 100×5 = 500 kg m/s

Final momentum = mv = 100×8 = 800 kg m/s
Force = (mv-mu)/t = (800-500)/6 = 50 N

Q12: A hammer of mass 500 g, moving at 50 m s⁻¹, strikes a nail. The nail stops the hammer
in a very short time of 0.01 s. What is the force of the nail on the hammer?

A12:
m = 0.5 kg, u = 50 m/s, v = 0, t = 0.01 s
F = ma = m(v-u)/t = 0.5×(0-50)/0.01 = -2500N (against the direction of motion)

Q13: A motorcar of mass 1200 kg is moving at 25 m/s. The driver applies the brakes and the
car comes to rest after travelling 25 m. Calculate the force applied by the brakes.

A13:
m = 1200 kg, u = 25 m/s, v = 0, s = 25m
v² - u² = 2as
0 - 625 = 2×a×25
a = -12.5 m/s²
F = ma = 1200×(-12.5) = -15000N (against the direction of motion)
NEWTON'S THIRD LAW OF MOTION
STATEMENT: Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.

Important Points:

 Action and reaction forces always act on different bodies.

 If they acted on the same body, no object would ever be able to move.

Examples and Applications:

Example 1: When we push on an object, the object pushes back on us with equal and
opposite force. If the object is a massive truck parked along roadside, it will not move
because the force exerted by person is not sufficient to overcome static friction between truck
and ground. The action-reaction forces act on different bodies, so they cannot cancel each
other.

Example 2: When a gun is fired, it exerts forward force on bullet. The bullet exerts equal and
opposite force on gun, causing recoil. Since gun has much greater mass than bullet,
acceleration of gun is much less than acceleration of bullet. New shooters practice with heavy
guns so that acceleration decreases as mass increases, reducing impact of recoil.

Example 3: When sailor jumps to shore, he pushes boat backwards and reaction force of boat
pushes sailor in forward direction.

Example 4: Horse applies force on ground in backward direction. Due to reaction force,
ground pushes horse and cart forward.

EXERCISE 4 - Third Law Applications

Q1: If action and reaction forces are equal and opposite, explain how a horse can pull a cart.

A1: The horse applies force on the ground in backward direction. Due to the reaction force
the ground pushes the horse and cart along with it in forward direction. This is in accordance
with Newton's third law of motion.

Q2: Explain the recoil of a gun.

(i) Why is the acceleration produced in the gun less compared to that of bullet?
(ii) Why are new shooters made to practice with heavy guns?

A2:
(i) When a gun is fired, it exerts a forward force on the bullet. The bullet exerts an equal and
opposite force on the gun. This results in recoil of the gun.

(ii) Since the gun has a much greater mass than the bullet, the acceleration of the gun is much
less than the acceleration of the bullet.
(iii) New shooters are made to practice with heavy guns so that the acceleration of the gun
decreases as the mass of the gun increases and the impact of recoil on the shooter would be
less. This is due to the second law of motion (F=ma) so more the mass less the acceleration.

Q3: If one child throws the bag towards the other in which direction do they move and why?

A3: Both the children move in backward direction. The child which throws the sandbag
applies force in forward direction and due to reaction force the sandbag applies force in
backward direction. The child catching the sandbag applies force in forward direction to stop
it and due to the reaction force he also moves backwards.

Q4: As a sailor jumps to the shore, the boat moves back. Why?

A4: When the sailor has to jump on the shore he pushes the boat backwards and the reaction
force of the boat pushes the sailor in forward direction. This is in accordance with Newton's
third law of motion.

Q5: The student is actually trying to push the truck. Explain why the truck doesn't move.

A5: The student is actually trying to push the ground which will exert equal and opposite
force on the truck but the force exerted by the child is not enough to overcome the frictional
force between the truck and the ground.